【Objective】 To screen superior Avena sativa germplasm resources introduced from Australia,providing references for A. sativa variety improvement and parental selection. 【Methods】 Fourteen A. sativa germplasm resources introduced from Australia were used as experimental materials. Nineteen traits,including grain phenotypes,root indicators,plant morphology,biomass,and root-to-shoot ratio of A. sativa,were measured. Combined with correlation analysis,principal component analysis,and related methods,genetic diversity of the Australian A. sativa germplasm resources was systematically analyzed and comprehensively evaluated. 【Results】 The coefficients of variation of 14 A. sativa germplasm resources ranged from 8.50% to 60.34%,and the diversity indices ranged from 1.43 to 1.97. Among them,root biomass exhibited the largest coefficient of variation,while thousand-grain weight showed the highest diversity index. Correlation analysis indicated that grain width was significantly positively correlated with thousand-grain weight（P<0.05）;root length,root volume,and root surface area were extremely significantly positively correlated with tiller number,root biomass,aboveground biomass,and total biomass （P<0.001）;tiller number was significantly positively correlated with leaf length（P<0.05） and extremely significantly positively correlated with root biomass,aboveground biomass,and total biomass（P<0.001）. Principal component analysis combined with the minimum data set identified grain area,grain length,root diameter,leaf width,relative chlorophyll content,root biomass,and root-to-shoot ratio as key indicators for discriminating superior A. sativa germplasm resources. Among them,Oat grata80,Oat galileo,and Oat mortlock ranked among the top three in comprehensive scores. Cluster analysis classified 14 A. sativa germplasm resources into three groups：Group Ⅰ consisted of medium-grain germplasm with large root biomass and thick root diameter,including Oat grata51,Oat grata80,Oat mortlock,Oat galileo,Oat culgoa,and Oat quoll;Group Ⅱ consisted of long-grain germplasm with long grain length,high relative chlorophyll content,and large root-to-shoot ratio,including two germplasm resources;Group Ⅲ consisted of short-grain germplasm with short grain length,small root biomass and small root-to-shoot ratio,and less developed root systems,including six germplasm resources. 【Conclusion】 Comprehensive evaluation indicated that Oat grata80,Oat galileo,and Oat mortlock exhibited outstanding comprehensive performance and can serve as important parental materials for A. sativa breeding.

【Objective】 To screen high-quality Panicum miliaceum L. varieties suitable for cultivation in Ordos City,Inner Mongolia,with the aim of promoting rational utilization of P. miliaceum L. germplasm resources. 【Methods】 Field experiments were conducted on 22 P. miliaceum L. varieties over two consecutive years. Agronomic traits and yield were measured,followed by cluster analysis,grey relational analysis,and principal component analysis. 【Results】 Regarding agronomic traits,Neimi No. 5 exhibited the best performance among the 22 varieties in terms of single panicle weight,grain weight per panicle,and yield. Through cluster analysis,the 22 varieties were classified into six groups：the first three groups（Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ）,comprising 12 varieties,demonstrated high yield potential;the fourth and fifth groups（Ⅳ and Ⅴ）,comprising 5 varieties,were early-maturing types;the sixth group（Ⅵ）,comprising 5 varieties,exhibited large biomass. Comprehensive evaluation of all varieties using grey relational analysis and principal component analysis indicated that Neimi No. 5 achieved the highest grey relational degree and comprehensive score. 【Conclusion】 Among the 22 P. miliaceum L. varieties,Neimi No. 5 showed the best performance in single panicle weight,grain weight per panicle,and yield,and is therefore well suited for cultivation in Ordos City.

【Objective】 To determine the effects of two high-quality subunits,7^OE+8^* and 13+16,on wheat processing quality by utilizing near-isogenic lines under a winter wheat background. 【Methods】 Strong-gluten spring wheat variety Jinqiang No. 1 （containing 7^OE+8^* subunit）and strong-gluten winter wheat variety Gaoyou 2018（containing 13+16 subunit）were crossed. The F₄ and F₅ generation near-isogenic lines materials,in which 7^OE+8^* and 13+16 subunits segregated,were selected and planted in fields and glass greenhouses,respectively. After harvesting,the seeds were ground into wholemeal flour to determine the swelling index of glutenin（SIG）,lactic acid-SDS solvent retention capacity（LA-SDS SRC）,and micro-SDS sedimentation value. 【Results】 Under the genetic backgrounds of subunits 1/5+10 and 1/4+12,the SIG of near-isogenic lines containing the 7^OE+8^* subunit in the F₄ generation was significantly higher than that of the 13+16 subunit（P<0.05）. In the F₅ generation near-isogenic lines,those containing the 7^OE+8^* subunit exhibited higher LA-SDS SRC and micro-SDS sedimentation value. 【Conclusion】 Compared with the 13+16 subunit,the 7^OE+8^* subunit has a greater effect on gluten strength and is a more suitable high-quality subunit for promotion and application in the breeding of strong-gluten winter wheat in China.

Cucurbita pepo L. is an economically important cucurbit vegetable. Breeding and utilizing new C. pepo L. varieties characterized by strong market demand,disease resistance,broad adaptability,and international competitiveness are of critical importance for achieving the development of breakthrough varieties of C. pepo L. and ensuring the sustainable,stable and innovative development of the seed industry of C. pepo L. This paper reviews taxonomic studies,collection and conservation of germplasm resources,key research progress in genetic breeding,and related aspects of C. pepo L.,with the aim of providing a reference for genetic breeding research of C. pepo L. in China.

【Objective】 To investigate the characteristics and functions of the bHLH gene family of Platycodon grandiflorus. 【Methods】 Analyses of physicochemical properties,phylogenetic tree,conserved motifs,gene structures,cis-regulatory elements,and collinearity analysis were conducted for the bHLH gene family of P. grandiflorus. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） was used to examine the expression patterns of bHLH genes in tissues of P. grandiflorus. 【Results】 A total of 94 members were identified in the bHLH gene family of P. grandiflorus,which were classified into nine subfamilies and distributed across eight chromosomes. Conserved motif analysis showed that Motif1 and Motif2 were the major conserved motifs of this family. The gene structures were diverse,containing 1-11 exons. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements in the promoters revealed that they contained response elements associated with light responsiveness,plant hormones,and stress. Collinearity analysis identified 18 pairs of duplicated bHLH genes. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that PgbHLH65,PgbHLH8,and PgbHLH72 were higher relative expression in stems,PgbHLH82 and PgbHLH20 showed higher relative expression in roots,and PgbHLH10,PgbHLH52,and PgbHLH91 exhibited higher relative expression in leaves. 【Conclusion】 Different bHLH genes may perform specific functions in the roots,stems,and leaves of P. grandiflorus.

【Objective】 To investigate the effects of maize-soybean intercropping on crop root length density and spatial distribution of soil nutrients in the oasis region of Xinjiang,aiming to provide a reference for improving the productivity of intercropping patterns. 【Methods】 Using maize variety Zhengdan 958 and soybean variety Dongsheng No. 5 as experimental materials,three treatments were set：monocropped maize（MM）,monocropped soybean（MS）,and maize-soybean intercropping（IMS）. Crop root length density（RLD）,as well as organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus contents in the 0-60 cm soil layer at the jointing,silking,and maturity stages,were measured. The yield and land equivalent ratio（LER） were also analyzed. 【Results】 Whole growth period,the total root length density of intercropped maize（IM） increased by an average of 49.43% compared with MM,while intercropped soybean（IS） increased by an average of 90.67% compared with MS;soil organic matter content in the 0-20 cm soil layer in IM decreased by an average of 14.11% compared with MM,while in the 20-40 cm soil layer in IS,it increased by an average of 8.57% compared with MS;soil total nitrogen content in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers in IM increased by an average 16.68% and 29.05%,respectively,compared with MM,while in the 0-20 cm,20-40 cm,and 40-60 cm soil layers in IS,it decreased by an average 24.51%,31.20%,and 42.80%,respectively,compared with MS;soil total phosphorus content in the 0-20 cm,20-40 cm,and 40-60 cm soil layers in IM increased by an average 27.84%,59.67%,and 141.55%,respectively,compared with MM,whereas in the 20-40 cm soil layer in IS,it decreased by an average 13.59% and in the 40-60 cm soil layer,it increased significantly by an average 134.01% compared with MS（P<0.05）;soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content in the 0-20 cm,20-40 cm,and 40-60 cm soil layers in IM decreased by an average 6.97%,7.30%,and 25.37%,respectively,compared with MM,while in IS it decreased by an average 5.72%,17.46%,and 45.66%,respectively,compared with MS;soil available phosphorus content in the 40-60 cm soil layer in IM decreased by an average 31.10% compared with MM,and in the 0-20 cm,20-40 cm,and 40-60 cm soil layers in IS,it decreased by an average 29.47%,21.93%,and 19.53%,respectively,compared with MS. Yield of IM decreased significantly by 21.49% compared with MM（P<0.05）,and yield of IS decreased significantly by 35.50% compared with MS（P<0.05）. However,LER of the maize-soybean intercropping was 1.43（>1）,indicating an intercropping advantage. 【Conclusion】 Although maize-soybean intercropping leads to intense competition for soil available nutrients and a suppression in crop yield,it can still improve soil nutrient content and overall crop yield through root spatial complementarity,demonstrating a significant intercropping advantage.

【Objective】 To clarify the effects of straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilization on growth and yield of mung bean,and to provide a reference for the rational utilization of straw resources and scientific nitrogen application in mung bean cultivation. 【Methods】 The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences using the mung bean variety Kelv No. 1 as the test material. A split-plot design with two factors was adopted,with maize straw returning（ST） and no straw returning（NST） as the main plots,and four nitrogen application levels-0（N0）,45（N45）,90（N90）,and 135（N135） kg/hm²-as subplots,resulting in a total of eight treatment combinations. The effects of different treatments on emergence rate,growth indicators,root system architecture,dry matter weight of aboveground organs,and yield of mung bean were analyzed. 【Results】 Under different treatments,the mung bean emergence rate,plant height,stem height,stem diameter,total root length,total root surface area,total root volume,leaf dry matter weight,stem dry matter weight,pod dry matter weight,grain dry matter weight,and yield were consistently as follows：ST+N90>ST+N135>ST+N45>NST+N90>NST+N135>NST+N45>ST+N0>NST+N0. Specifically,compared with the ST+N0 treatment,the ST+N90 treatment increased by 4.36%,8.06%,4.23%,14.29%,42.05%,29.75%,23.45%,21.10%,17.95%,38.48%,27.03% and 17.80%,respectively;compared with the NST+N0 treatment,the NST+N90 treatment increased by 3.31%,5.88%,3.68%,9.75%,29.77%,20.83%,14.84%,15.58%,13.91%,27.93%,19.20% and 17.12%,respectively. Mung bean yield showed extremely significant positive correlations with emergence rate,plant height,stem height,stem diameter,total root length,total root surface area,total root volume,leaf dry matter weight,stem dry matter weight,pod dry matter weight,and grain dry matter weight（P<0.01）. 【Conclusion】 The maize straw returning combined with 90 kg/hm² nitrogen fertilizer（ST+N90 treatment） can increase mung bean emergence rate,promote root growth,enhance dry matter weight of various organs,and improve yield. This treatment is a suitable nitrogen-reduction and efficiency-enhancement cultivation practice for mung bean production in central Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】 To investigate the dynamic growth processes of hypocotyls of peanut sprouts of different varieties constructed based on growing days,providing support for the efficient production of peanut sprouts. 【Methods】 Using Yuhua 9326,Yuhua 93,Luhua No. 8,and Zhuhua 11 as experimental materials,Logistic models for the dynamic growth of hypocotyl length and hypocotyl fresh weight of peanut sprouts were constructed based on growing days. The precision and accuracy of the models were verified using measured values,and the dynamic growth characteristics of hypocotyls were analyzed by using the characteristic parameters of the models. 【Results】 Extremely significant positive correlations（P<0.01） were observed between growing days and hypocotyl length,growing days and hypocotyl fresh weight,as well as hypocotyl length and hypocotyl fresh weight across all peanut sprouts of different varieties. The hypocotyl length of peanut sprouts of different varieties,as well as the hypocotyl fresh weight of Yuhua 9326,Luhua No. 8 and Zhuhua 11,generally showed a unidirectional increasing “S-shaped” curve with growing days,experiencing three dynamic growth stages of “gradual increase-rapid increase-slow increase”. The determination coefficient（R²） of the Logistic equations for the dynamic growth of hypocotyl length and hypocotyl fresh weight of peanut sprouts constructed based on growing days were all over 0.960 0,with test probabilities all less than 0.000 1,indicating an extremely significant level;the correlation coefficients（r） between measured values and simulated values were all extremely close to 1 ,with measured values evenly distributed on both sides of the simulated curves and closely approaching the simulated curves,demonstrating high goodness of fit. Significant differences were observed in the characteristic parameters of the Logistic models for hypocotyl length and hypocotyl fresh weight of peanut sprouts of different varieties. The average elongation rate and maximum elongation rate of hypocotyl length were Yuhua 93>Luhua No. 8>Yuhua 9326>Zhuhua 11,while the average growth rate and maximum growth rate of hypocotyl fresh weight were Luhua No. 8>Yuhua 93>Yuhua 9326>Zhuhua 11. 【Conclusion】 The Logistic models for the dynamic growth of hypocotyls of peanut sprouts of different varieties constructed based on growth days show an excellent simulation effect with good predictability and interpretability,and can accurately simulate the growth process of the hypocotyl length and hypocotyl fresh weight of peanut sprouts,demonstrating significant practical value.

【Objective】 To investigate the contents of secondary metabolites and total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and total potassium in Paeonia lactiflora with different flower colors,providing a reference for the development and utilization of P. lactiflora resources. 【Methods】 Twelve varieties of P. lactiflora belonging to four color series（red,purple,yellow,and white）were used as experimental samples. The contents of secondary metabolites（total phenols,tannins,proanthocyanidins,flavonoids,and anthocyanins） and total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and total potassium in the petals were determined. 【Results】 The red color series P. lactiflora exhibited all higher contents of total phenols,tannins,flavonoids,and anthocyanins,with the ranges of 47.582-52.167,66.768-82.746,6.194-9.055,and 0.187-2.844 g/kg,respectively. The total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and total potassium contents in the purple color series P. lactiflora were 4.787-5.756,1.085-1.541,and 2.757-3.822 g/kg,respectively;these contents in the red color series P. lactiflora were 4.456-4.740,0.860-1.204,and 2.338-3.432 g/kg,respectively;these contents in the yellow color series P. lactiflora were 3.884-4.371,0.923-1.143,and 2.294-3.526 g/kg,respectively;these contents in the white color series P. lactiflora were 4.638,1.076,and 2.329 g/kg,respectively. 【Conclusion】 The red color series P. lactiflora exhibited all higher contents of secondary metabolites as well as total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and total potassium,indicating stronger biological activity and higher application value.

Sea buckthorn fruit is rich in nutritional components and exhibits antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,antitumor,hypolipidemic,immunoenhancing and other effects. This review summarizes phenolic acids,flavonoids,organic acids,vitamins and other nutritional components of sea buckthorn fruit,and analyzes their pharmacological effects on the cardiovascular,hematological,immune,and digestive systems,aiming to provide a reference for further exploration of the comprehensive value of sea buckthorn fruit and the full utilization of sea buckthorn fruit resources.

【Objective】 To improve irrigation water use efficiency for sunflower in the Yanshan hilly region,thereby achieving efficient use of water resources as well as high-quality and high-yield sunflower production. 【Methods】 Using edible sunflower variety T339 as the experimental object,experiments were conducted in Harqin Banner,Chifeng City,Inner Mongolia. Local flood irrigation served as the control（CK） and four irrigation factors-irrigation quota（S1D）,irrigation intensity（S2Q）,irrigation frequency（S3P）,and lower irrigation limit（S4X）-were used as the experimental groups,resulting in 12 designed treatments（S1D1,S1D2,S1D3,S2Q1,S2Q2,S2Q3,S3P1,S3P2,S3P3,S4X1,S4X2,S4X3）. The effects of different treatments on sunflower yield,water use efficiency,effective utilization coefficient of irrigation water,seed quality,growth indicators,and dry matter weight were analyzed. 【Results】 The S1D2 treatment（irrigation quota of 900 m³/hm²） achieved the highest sunflower yield（4 303.95 kg/hm²） and the highest water use efficiency [1.21 kg/（mm·hm²）];the S2Q3 treatment（irrigation intensity of 0.33 m³/h） produced the highest yield and water use efficiency,with the yield reaching 4 341.00 kg/hm²;the S3P3 treatment（irrigation frequency of 4 times） exhibited the highest water use efficiency and effective utilization coefficient of irrigation water. The S1D2 treatment showed the highest seed-setting rate（86.14%） and the lowest number of unfilled seeds;the S3P3 treatment had the highest number of filled seeds,seed-setting rate,and flower head diameter,and was significantly superior to the S3P2 and S3P1 treatments（P<0.05）. During the budding stage,stem diameter and leaf area of sunflower in the S1D1,S1D2,and S1D3 treatments showed an increasing trend with the increase of irrigation quota;aboveground dry matter weight in the S1D3 and S2Q3 treatments was significantly higher than in other treatments（P<0.05）. 【Conclusion】 An irrigation pattern with an irrigation quota of 900 m³/hm²,irrigation intensity of 0.33 m³/h,and irrigation frequency of 4 times is more favorable for enhancing sunflower yield,water use efficiency,and seed quality in the Yanshan hilly region.

【Objective】 To investigate the effects of key climatic factors on Glycine max yield in different climatic regions of Shanxi Province,providing a theoretical basis for ensuring G. max production and optimizing G. max planting regionalization. 【Methods】 Meteorological data—including mean temperature,sunshine duration,daily precipitation,and mean relative humidity—during different growth stages of G. max from May to September at 28 meteorological stations in Shanxi Province from 2005 to 2022,along with G. max yield per unit area,were collected. Cluster analysis was used to classify the climatic regions of Shanxi. Correlation analysis,principal component analysis,and multiple linear regression analysis were applied to clarify the effects of climatic factors on G. max yield per unit area in different climatic regions. 【Results】 Shanxi Province was classified into three climatic regions （A,B,and C） by cluster analysis,containing 13,14,and 1 meteorological stations,respectively. Correlation analysis showed that all growth stages in regions A and B,and mean relative humidity from the flowering stage to the pod-setting stage in region C,as well as mean temperature from the sowing stage to the flowering stage in region A,were significantly correlated with G. max yield per unit area （P<0.05）. In region C,daily precipitation from the sowing stage to the flowering stage and from the flowering stage to the pod-setting stage was positively correlated with G. max yield per unit area,with relatively high correlation coefficients,while mean temperature from the flowering stage to the pod-setting stage was negatively correlated with G. max yield per unit area. Principal component analysis indicated that the cumulative contribution rates of the first five principal components were 78.353%,80.592%,and 83.431% in regions A,B,and C,respectively. The dominant climatic factors in region A were mean temperature and mean relative humidity during all growth stages,among which mean temperature had a positive effect;in region B,dominant climatic factors were mean temperature during all growth stages and mean relative humidity from the flowering stage to the pod-setting stage and from the pod-setting stage to the maturity stage,among which mean temperature had a negative effect;in region C,dominant climatic factors were daily precipitation,sunshine duration,relative humidity,and mean temperature. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the explanatory power of the model for region C（R²=0.786） was significantly higher than that for region A（R²=0.281） and region B（R²=0.309）,and the effects of different climatic regions on G. max yield followed the order region C>region B>region A. 【Conclusion】 Among the three climatic regions of Shanxi Province,in region A,climatic factors had the least effect on G. max yield per unit area,with the main influencing factors being mean temperature from the sowing stage to the flowering stage and mean relative humidity from the flowering stage to the pod-setting stage;in region B,climatic factors had a moderate effect on G. max yield per unit area,with the main influencing factors being mean relative humidity from the sowing stage to the flowering stage and from the pod-setting stage to the maturity stage,and sunshine duration from the flowering stage to the pod-setting stage;in region C,climatic factors had the greatest effect on G. max yield per unit area,with the main influencing factors being mean relative humidity from the flowering stage to the pod-setting stage and daily precipitation from the sowing stage to the flowering stage.