【Objective】To investigate the physiological responses and differences in cold tolerance among Phalaenopsis under low-temperature stress,and provide support for improving cold-tolerance traits and breeding new cold-tolerant cultivars.【Methods】Three Phalaenopsis cultivars（ P. Big Chili, P. Little Gem Stripes,and P. Wedding Promenade） were used as experimental materials and subjected to low-temperature stress（10,5,0 ℃） and non-stressed（CK,25 ℃） conditions. The activities of peroxidase（POD）,catalase（CAT）,superoxide dismutase（SOD）,and the contents of proline（Pro） and malondialdehyde（MDA） in detached leaves under these conditions were measured. The cold tolerance was comprehensively evaluated using the membership function method.【Results】Under low-temperature stress,the physiological responses of the tested Phalaenopsis cultivars differed significantly from those under non-stressed conditions. In the P. Wedding Promenade cultivar,the activities of POD,CAT,SOD,and the contents of Pro and MDA exhibited a gradual decline with decreasing temperature,peaking at 10 ℃ with values of 220.73 U/（g·min）,44.00 U/（g·min）,261.19 U/g,and 289.31 μg/g,44.00 μmol/g,respectively. For the P. Big Chili and P. Little Gem Stripes cultivars,the activities of POD,CAT,SOD,and the contents of Pro and MDA exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease,all peaking at 5 ℃. The comprehensive membership function values for P. Wedding Promenade, P. Big Chili,and P. Little Gem Stripes were 0.540,0.447,and 0.357,respectively.【Conclusion】The three Phalaenopsis cultivars exhibited different levels of tolerance and physiological responses to low-temperature stress,with cold tolerance ranked as P. Wedding Promenade> P. Big Chili> P. Little Gem Stripes,which is consistent with their performance in actual cultivation.

Peanut sprouts are crisp in test,possess a unique flavor,and are rich in resveratrol,making them an ideal functional food. This paper reviews the changes in nutritional components,including proteins,amino acids,fats and fatty acids,minerals,carbohydrates,vitamin C,phenolics,and resveratrol,during the germination of peanuts,summarizes the research progress on the functional bioactivities of peanut sprouts and the current status of studies on their processing and utilization both domestically and internationally,and discusses future research directions for peanut sprouts,aiming to provide a valuable reference for promoting the rapid growth of the peanut sprout industry and its further development and utilization in the food industry.

Potentilla anserina,a plant with both medicinal and edible properties,possesses significant economic and pharmaceutical value. This paper reviews the research progress on the nutritional components of Potentilla anserina,including proteins,fats,dietary fiber,starch,vitamins,and minerals,and its bioactive components,such as JMS,polysaccharides,polyphenols,and flavonoids,and summarizes the health benefits and development and application of Potentilla anserina,aiming to provide a reference for exploring its comprehensive value and promoting the development of the Potentilla anserina industry.

【Objective】To investigate the distribution of five rice blast resistance genes（ Pi2, Pib, Pita, Pigm, Pi9） in 86 indica rice accessions and evaluate the resistance effects of different genotypic combinations,providing a theoretical basis for breeding rice blast-resistant varieties and effective pyramiding of resistance genes.【Methods】Using five pairs of functional markers with clear amplification bands,blast resistance genes in 86 indica rice accessions from the Huang-Huai rice region were detected,and combined with artificial inoculation assays,the distribution of five resistance genes and the genotypic combinations conferring moderate to high resistance in this region were identified.【Results】The distribution frequencies of the five resistance genes Pi2, Pib, Pita, Pigm and Pi9 in the 86 indica rice accessions were 98.80%,46.50%,55.80%,48.80%,and 1.20%,respectively. Ten genotypic combinations were identified among the 86 tested materials,no resistance genes, Pi2, Pi2 +Pita, Pi2 +Pib, Pi2 +Pigm, Pi2 +Pib+Pita, Pi2 +Pi9 +Pigm, Pi2 +Pib+Pigm, Pi2 +Pita+Pigm and Pi2 +Pib+Pita+Pigm,respectively. Inoculation assays showed that 33 accessions exhibited moderate or higher resistance,accounting for 38.37%;among the materials with three genotypic combinations Pi2 +Pib+Pita, Pi2 +Pita+Pigm and Pi2 +Pib+Pita+Pigm,the proportions of accessions with moderate or higher resistance were 50%,80% and 100%,respectively.【Conclusion】The Pi2 gene exhibits the highest distribution frequency（98.80%） among the 86 indica rice accessions;the three genotypic combinations conferring superior resistance are Pi2 +Pib+Pita, Pi2 +Pita+Pigm and Pi2 +Pib+Pita+Pigm.

【Objective】To determine the optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction of perilla leaf total flavonoids and to evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant activities.【Methods】After determining the optimal conditions for each factor through single-factor experiments,response surface methodology was employed to design the extraction process optimization experiment,and the optimal extraction conditions for perilla leaf total flavonoids were determined using Design-Expert 13.0. The antibacterial capacity was assessed using the inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus as an indicator,while antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays.【Results】Under different factor levels,the extraction yields of perilla leaf total flavonoids reached the highest values of 2.72%,3.20%,2.76%,and 3.02%,respectively,with the ethanol volume fraction of 35%,liquid-to-solid ratio of 15:1（mL:g）,ultrasonic power of 300 W,and extraction time of 30 min. After optimization using response surface methodology,the extraction yield of perilla leaf total flavonoids reached a maximum of （3.375±0.098）% under the conditions of 36% ethanol volume fraction,liquid-to-solid ratio of 17:1（mL:g）,ultrasonic power of 303 W,and extraction time of 33 min. The obtained perilla leaf total flavonoids extract exhibited a significant inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus,with maximum DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging rates of 97.86% and 95.79%,respectively.【Conclusion】The optimal extraction conditions for perilla leaf total flavonoids are an ethanol volume fraction of 36%,liquid-to-solid ratio of 17:1（mL:g）,ultrasonic power of 303 W,and extraction time of 33 min. The perilla leaf total flavonoids demonstrate significant inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus and strong free radical scavenging capacity.

Fagopyrum esculentum,a plant with both medicinal and edible properties,possesses high nutritional and pharmaceutical value. This paper reviews the research progress on the nutritional components of Fagopyrum esculentum,including proteins,fats,starch,dietary fiber,vitamins,and minerals,as well as its bioactive components,such as flavonoids,sterols,and polyphenols. It also elaborates on the health benefits and current status of development and applications of Fagopyrum esculentum,aiming to provide a reference for establishing a functional Fagopyrum esculentum industry,developing health-functional foods,and enhancing its economic value.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of mixed saline-alkali stress on the growth and physiological metabolism of rice seedlings.【Methods】Eight japonica rice varieties were used as experimental materials. Three gradients of mixed saline-alkali stress were set with salt-alkali ratios of 7∶3（SA1）,5∶5（SA2） and 3∶7（SA3）,with distilled water treatment as the control（CK）. After 7 days of mixed saline-alkali stress,growth and physiological indices of rice seedlings were measured.【Results】Compared to the control（CK）,mixed saline-alkali stress significantly increased the rate of withered leaves by 57.49%-98.43%,and significantly reduced chlorophyll content by 49.63%-79.01%,water content of leaves by 3.75-30.90 percentage points,water content of roots by 3.63-14.31 percentage points,total root length by 14.55%-56.81%,and root tip numbers by 23.28%-71.71%（ P<0.05）;the contents of osmoregulatory substances,Na ⁺,and reactive oxygen species（ROS） in rice seedlings significantly increased（ P<0.05）,while K ⁺ content significantly decreased（ P<0.05） under all treatments. Saline-sensitive varieties exhibited a higher degree of inhibition in growth indices,lower contents of osmoregulatory substances and K ⁺,and higher contents of ROS and Na ⁺ under mixed saline-alkali stress compared to salt-tolerant varieties.【Conclusion】The inhibition of rice seedling growth under mixed saline-alkali stress is the result of combined osmotic stress,ion toxicity,and high pH stress,with root growth being more severely affected;elevated pH value aggravates ion toxicity and high pH-induced stress,disrupts the osmoregulatory system,causes multiple physiological and metabolic disorders,and ultimately inhibits seedling growth.

【Objective】To clarify the current development status of the edible mushroom industry.【Methods】Using bibliometric methods,literature on the theme of “edible mushroom industry development” published in Peking University Core Journals and Chinese Science Citation Database（CSCD） journals from 2019 to 2023 was retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）,and CiteSpace was employed to conduct a visualization analysis of the industry′s development status.【Results】From 2019 to 2023,the number of academic publications on the development of the edible mushroom industry exhibited two distinct phases（2019—2020 and 2021—2023）,with an initial increase followed by a decline. Edible Fungi of China was identified as the primary journal publishing literature related to the industry′s development. Collaborative networks among authors and institutions in this field have not yet formed a substantial scale. Keywords related to the development of the edible mushroom industry showed high relevance to the theme,with rational clustering. The research focus on “#0 e-commerce” persisted through 2023,showing extensive interconnections with the theme “edible mushroom.” The top six keywords with the highest burst strength were supply chain（2.09）,mycology（1.25）,promotion effect（1.19）,tourism（0.79）,informatization（0.79） and vertical coordination（0.79）. By 2023,four keywords with ongoing burst strength were industrial cycle（0.62）,industrial cluster（0.55）,mycology（1.25）,and industrialization（0.48）.【Conclusion】Current research hotspots in the edible mushroom industry includes e-commerce,resource integration,current status,industrial structure,variety rights,and the Belt and Road. Research on supply chain,mycology,promotion effect,tourism,and informatization requires further deepening. Future research trends in the edible mushroom industry may prioritize industrial cycle,industrial cluster,mycology,and industrialization.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of different nitrogen application rates and stubble returning on barley yield,quality,and soil nutrients.【Methods】Using the barley variety Neinongke Forage Barley No. 1 as the experimental material,three nitrogen application levels were set：0 kg/hm ²（N0）,75 kg/hm ²（N1）,and 150 kg/hm ²（N2）. For each nitrogen level,two treatments were designed：stubble returning（S） and no stubble returning（N）. The effects of the treatments on subsequent barley yield,quality,and soil nutrients were analyzed.【Results】 Under stubble returning,the fresh grass yield of the N2 treatment increased significantly by 32.60% compared with the N0 treatment（ P<0.05）. For both stubble returning and no stubble returning treatments,the dry hay yield followed the order N2>N0>N1,with no significant differences（ P>0.05）. After stubble returning,the crude protein content of the N2 and N1 treatments increased significantly by 1.10 and 0.95 percentage points respectively,compared with the N0 treatment（ P<0.05）;the relative feed value（RFV）of the N2 treatment was 4.67 and 13.50 percentage points higher than that of the N1 and N0 treatments,respectively;differences in crude protein content,crude fat content,and RFV between the N1 and N2 treatments were not significant（ P>0.05）. After stubble returning,the soil total nitrogen content of the N1 treatment was significantly higher than that of the N0 treatment by 23.78%（ P<0.05）,while the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content of the N1 and N2 treatments increased significantly by 22.69% and 26.53%,respectively,compared with the N0 treatment（ P<0.05）,with no significant difference between the N1 and N2 treatments（ P>0.05）;the soil total phosphorus content of the N2 treatment increased significantly by 30.38% and 53.78% compared with the N1 and N0 treatments,respectively（ P<0.05）;the soil available phosphorus content followed the order N2>N1>N0,with no significant differences（ P>0.05）;the soil total potassium content followed the order N2>N1>N0,with the N2 treatment significantly higher than the N0 treatment by 37.28%（ P<0.05）,but no significant difference between the N2 and N1 treatments（ P>0.05）;the available potassium content in the N1 treatment was significantly higher than in the N0 and N2 treatments（ P<0.05）;the soil organic matter content in the N1 and N2 treatments increased significantly by 20.05% and 23.04%,respectively,compared with the N0 treatment（ P<0.05）. Fresh grass yield was significantly and positively correlated with soil total phosphorus content and total potassium content（ P<0.05）,while dry hay yield was significantly and positively correlated with soil total nitrogen content and total phosphorus content（ P<0.05）.【Conclusion】Considering the cost of nitrogen fertilizer,stubble returning with a nitrogen application rate of 75 kg/hm ² effectively enhanced barley yield and quality and improved soil physicochemical properties.

【Objective】To determine the effects of straw returning and plastic film mulching on the water use efficiency and yield of mung bean.【Methods】Using mung bean variety Mengkelyu No. 4 as the test material,four treatments were set up：straw returning combined with plastic film mulching（SP）,straw returning alone（S）,plastic film mulching alone（P）,and no straw returning with no plastic film mulching（NSP,CK）. The effects of straw returning and plastic film mulching on soil bulk density,soil porosity,soil water content,soil water storage,as well as water use efficiency,root architecture,yield and its components of mung bean were analyzed.【Results】Under the SP treatment,soil bulk density was significantly lower than that of other treatments（ P<0.05）,which decreased by 11.89% compared with the NSP treatment after harvest. Soil porosity,soil water content,and soil water storage were significantly higher than those of other treatments（ P<0.05）,increasing by 6.48 percentage points,5.20 percentage points,and 13.29% compared with the NSP treatment after harvest,respectively. Under the SP treatment,the root architecture indices,plant dry matter weight,and yield-related indices of mung bean were all significantly higher than those of other treatments（ P<0.05）. Compared with the NSP treatment,the total root length,total root surface area,and total root volume of mung bean increased by 42.02%,28.04%,and 22.63%,respectively. Compared with the NSP treatment,the water use efficiency,plant dry matter weight,number of pods per plant,number of seeds per pod,100-seed weight,and yield of mung bean increased by 27.72%,40.68%,14.82%,11.72%,19.19%,and 24.08%,respectively.【Conclusion】Compared with straw returning alone or plastic film mulching alone,straw returning combined with plastic film mulching can significantly improve soil physical properties,enhance soil water storage and moisture retention capacity,promote the growth and development of mung bean roots,increase plant dry matter weight,and ultimately improve mung bean yield and water use efficiency.

【Objective】To screen tomato varieties suitable for cultivation in Baotou City and its surrounding areas in Inner Mongolia.【Methods】Twenty-four nationally registered high-quality,disease-resistant tomato varieties,categorized into cherry tomatoes,taste tomatoes,and hard-fleshed tomatoes,were evaluated. A total of 24 indicators,including agronomic traits,nutritional quality,and yield,were measured. Principal component analysis was employed for comprehensive identification and evaluation.【Results】Among cherry tomatoes,the top two varieties based on comprehensive scores were Jingxing and Lvyangli,characterized by slightly concave fruit shoulders,two locules,and relatively high single fruit weights（52.65 g and 62.18 g,respectively）. These varieties exhibited a sweet-tart flavor,with Lvyangli achieving the highest yield of 4 464.67 kg/hm ². For taste tomatoes,DRK0568 and Antelaisi were the top two varieties,with mature fruits color displaying pink coloration and high single fruit weights（277.01 g and 242.97 g,respectively）. These varieties had a sandy texture and tart-sweet flavor,with DRK0568 recording the highest yield of 6 835.66 kg/hm ². Among hard-fleshed tomatoes,Daimeite FA2177 and TY196 ranked highest,both with pink mature fruit color and high single fruit weights（262.30 g and 238.39 g,respectively）. These varieties had a sandy texture and tart flavor,with relatively high yields of 6 720.33 kg/hm ² and 6 829.67 kg/hm ²,respectively.【Conclusion】The cherry tomato varieties Jingxing and Lvyangli,taste tomato varieties DRK0568 and Antelaisi,and hard-fleshed tomato varieties Daimeite FA2177 and TY196 are recommended as promising varieties for promotion and cultivation in Baotou City,Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of different selenium fertilizer application methods on selenium enrichment and yield in oats,providing insights for innovative selenium enrichment strategies in oats.【Methods】Seed soaking treatments with organic selenium fertilizer at concentrations of 0（CK）,0.05,0.10,and 0.25 mg/L were conducted. A total of 12 selenium treatments were designed,including two types of selenium fertilizers（organic and inorganic） and six application methods（basal application,spraying,seed soaking,seed soaking+basal application,seed soaking+spraying and basal application+spraying）,the effects on selenium content in oat grains,leaves and stems,selenium utilization efficiency in grains,economic traits per plant,and yield were analyzed.【Results】Selenium content in oat grains,leaves and stems increased with higher concentrations of organic selenium fertilizer used in seed soaking. Compared with treatments of 0.10,0.05 mg/L and CK,the 0.25 mg/L treatment increased grains selenium content by 0.262,1.714 and 2.980 mg/kg,leaves selenium content by 0.613,0.927 and 1.164 mg/kg,and stems selenium content by 0.608,0.686 and 0.686 mg/kg,respectively. The average selenium content in oat grains under organic selenium fertilizer treatments was 1.6 times higher than that under inorganic selenium fertilizer treatments;the basal application+spraying treatment with organic selenium fertilizer was significantly higher than other treatments（ P<0.05）,with grains,leaves and stems selenium contents increased by 1.61-4.64,0.88-9.58 and 0.14-6.24 mg/kg,respectively,and selenium utilization efficiency in grains increased by 15.78%-44.80%.【Conclusion】 Seed soaking,basal application and spraying all enhance selenium content in oats,with spraying showing better enrichment effects than basal application or seed soaking,organic selenium fertilizer exhibits superior enrichment effects compared to inorganic selenium fertilizer in oats;the combination of different selenium fertilizers and application methods effectively increases oat selenium content,with the organic selenium fertilizer basal application+spraying treatment exhibiting the most effective selenium enrichment in oats.

【Objective】To determine the resistance levels and distribution of the broadleaf weeds Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L. to fomesafen in soybean fields of Nenjiang City,Heilongjiang Province.【Methods】Seeds of A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. were collected from 10 towns,including Nenjiang Town,Haijiang Town,Qianjin Town etc. The resistance levels of weeds of A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. to fomesafen were determined using a whole-plant bioassay. The mechanisms underlying resistance in A. retroflexus L. were investigated through sequence amplification and alignment of the target gene PPX2 and other related methods.【Results】After treatment with different doses of fomesafen,the GR ₅₀ values for 30 collected A. retroflexus L. populations ranged from 8.70 to 814.77 g a.i./hm ²,with resistance indices（ RI）of 17.8 to 93.6. Fourteen populations exhibited low-level resistance,primarily collected from Lianxing Township,Yilaha Town,and Taxi Township; ten populations showed moderate-level resistance,mainly from Shuangshan Town,Changfu Town,and Keluo Town; and two populations displayed high-level resistance,primarily from Haijiang Town. Target gene detection revealed that all 26 resistant A. retroflexus L. populations had an Arg-128Gly mutation in the PPX2 gene. A single resistant population of A. retroflexus L. R was selected and treated with P450 and GST inhibitors,resulting in a significant reduction of RI,indicating the presence of non-target-site resistance. After treatment with varying doses of fomesafen,the GR ₅₀ values of 26 collected C. album L. populations ranged from 51.54 to 497.10 g a.i./hm ²,with RI of 1.0 to 9.5. Ten populations exhibited low-level resistance,six showed moderate-level resistance,and no high-level resistant populations to fomesafen were identified. Resistant C. album L. populations to fomesafen were primarily collected from Linjiang Township,Changfu Town,and Keluo Town.【Conclusion】 A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. in Nenjiang City,Heilongjiang Province,have developed different levels of resistance to fomesafen,with A. retroflexus L. exhibiting both target-site resistance and non-target-site resistance to fomesafen.

【Objective】To screen a bacterial strain capable of efficiently degrading starch and to optimize its enzyme production conditions,providing novel methods and insights for starch degradation in tobacco leaves.【Methods】Starch-degrading bacterial strains were isolated from high-quality flue-cured tobacco varieties（Yunyan 97,Yunyan 99,and Qinyan 99） leaves in Shaanxi Province. A dominant strain was identified through preliminary screening based on the Hc value,secondary screening for amylase activity,morphological observation,physiological and biochemical tests,and molecular biological identification. Single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were conducted to optimize the enzyme production conditions of the dominant strain.【Results】A total of 250 starch-degrading bacterial strains were isolated,and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZJ-189 was identified as the dominant tarch-degrading strain with an amylase activity of 53.07 U/mL.Following ultraviolet（UV） mutagenesis,124 mutant strains were obtained from B. amyloliquefaciens ZJ-189. Through secondary screening for amylase activity,the highly efficient starch-degrading strain ZJ189-UV11 was selected,exhibiting an amylase activity of 74.42 U/mL,a 40.23% increase compared to the starter strain,with stable genetic characteristics. Orthogonal experiments revealed that the optimal culture conditions for strain ZJ189-UV11 after 24 h were a temperature of 42 ℃,pH of 7.5,agitation speed of 200 r/min,and an inoculation ratio of 1.2%.【Conclusion】 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZJ-189 is identifid as a dominant strain for starch degradation. The culture conditions affecting the growth and amylase activity of the highly efficient mutant strain ZJ189-UV11 are optimized through single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments.

【Objective】To screen drought resistance indicators for different soybean varieties（lines） in Shanxi Province and improve the drought-resistant soybean germplasm resources.【Methods】Through pot experiments,15 soybean varieties（lines） at the flowering and podding stage were subjected to drought stress. Drought resistance coefficients（ X）,drought resistance membership function values[B（ X）],and drought resistance measurement values（ D-values） were determined and calculated for various agronomic traits[plant height（PH）,stem diameter（SD）],photosynthetic parameters[stomatal conductance（ G _s）,net photosynthetic rate（ P _n）,relative chlorophyll content（SPAD）],and physiological and biochemical indicators[proline（Pro） content,soluble protein（Sp） content,malondialdehyde（MDA） content]. Principal component analysis and regression analysis were employed to comprehensively evaluate their drought resistance. Finally,a field validation experiment was conducted to calculate the drought resistance index（DHI）.【Results】Drought stress significantly affected soybean agronomic traits,photosynthetic parameters,and physiological and biochemical indicators. The absolute mean values of drought resistance coefficients for individual indicators across different soybean varieties（lines）,from highest to lowest,were：Pro content>MDA content>Sp content>SPAD>SD>PH> P _n> G _s. Principal component analysis revealed that the first three principal components contributed 84.321% of the total variance,representing the majority of the data information. The D-values for different soybean varieties（lines） were,in descending order：Y13>Y4>Y10>Y6>Y9>Y15>Y3>Y11>Y14>Y12>Y1>Y2 =Y7>Y8>Y5.The regression equation was： D-value=-3.459+0.756PH+1.299SD+0.858SPAD+0.382Pro content+0.693Sp content+0.397 P _n.DHI results indicated that Y13 exhibited the strongest drought resistance,while Y5 showed the weakest.【Conclusion】Chang 1807（Y13） demonstrates the best drought resistance and can serve as a potential candidate for drought-tolerant varieties in Shanxi Province. Plant height,stem diameter,relative chlorophyll content,proline content,soluble protein content,and net photosynthetic rate exhibit significant statistical correlations with the drought resistance measurement value（ D-value）,thus serving as effective drought resistance indicators for different soybean varieties（lines） at the flowering and podding stage.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of castor cake meal fertilizer on soil nutrients and enzyme activities in Cerasus humilis,providing a novel fertilization strategy for its cultivation.【Methods】Using the Cerasus humilis cultivar Jing'ou as the experimental material,a randomized block design was employed with no fertilization as the control（CK）and treatments including chemical fertilizer（F）,cattle manure（N）,and castor cake meal fertilizer（B1,B2,B3,B4）. The effects of these treatments on soil nutrients and enzyme activities were analyzed.【Results】Compared with CK,soil pH value in treatments B1,B2,and B3 significantly decreased by 2.1%,3.4%,and 1.2%,respectively,and was significantly lower than in treatments N and F（ P<0.05）. Soil organic matter content in treatments B2 and B4 increased by 19.2% and 16.8%,respectively,compared with CK. Soil total nitrogen content in treatments B2,B3,and B4 was significantly higher than in treatments F and N by 17.3%-24.8% and 4.4%-11.0%,respectively（ P<0.05）. Soil total phosphorus content in treatment B3 was significantly higher than in treatments F and N by 20.7% and 14.7%,respectively（ P<0.05）. Soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content in treatments B1,B2,and B4 increased by 22.4%-39.4% and 2.0%-16.2% compared with treatments F and N,respectively. Soil alkaline phosphorus content in treatments B1,B2,B3,and B4 was significantly higher than in treatments F and N by 26.7%-193.4% and 15.4%-163.2%,respectively（ P<0.05）. Soil available potassium content in treatments B1,B2,B3,and B4 increased by 12.7%-60.6% and 15.9%-65.2% compared with treatments F and N,respectively. Application of castor cake meal fertilizer significantly enhanced the activities of soil urease,acid phosphatase,acid protease,acid invertase,sucrase,N-acetylglucosaminidase,and leucine aminopeptidase,while reducing soil nitrate reductase activity. Pearson correlation analysis revealed varying degrees of correlation between soil nutrients and enzyme activities.【Conclusion】The application of castor cake meal fertilizer improved the physicochemical properties of Cerasus humilis soil. Compared with chemical fertilizer and cattle manure,castor cake meal fertilizer effectively regulated soil pH value,increased soil nutrient content,and enhanced soil enzyme activity to varying extents.

【Objective】To explore the development trajectory,research hotspots,and frontiers of research on the multifunctionality of cultivated land in China.【Methods】Using 300 articles from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI） database spanning 2004—2023 as the sample,visualization tools were employed to analyze the basic publication characteristics,research disciplines,research teams,research institutions,keywords centrality,keywords burstiness,research hotspots,and frontiers related to the multifunctionality of cultivated land.【Results】Research on the multifunctionality of cultivated land had attracted increasing scholarly attention in recent years,with the number of documents increasing annually. The research was strongly policy-oriented and had became increasingly diversified. The research field of the multifunctionality of cultivated land involves interdisciplinary integration,including both natural and social sciences,primarily agricultural basic sciences and agricultural economics. Collaboration among authors and institutions exhibits a pattern of small clusters with wide dispersion,with limited cooperation between research teams and a lack of enterprise involvement in research institutions. Current research hotspots include functional transformation,cultivated land use,scale effects,and the entropy weight method. National level funds provide the most support for research on the multifunctionality of cultivated land,accounting for 81% of funded publications.【Conclusion】Research on the multifunctionality of cultivated land is rich and interdisciplinary,yet inter-team collaboration remains limited. In the future,the research on the multifunctionality of cultivated land should be developed from four aspects：establishing a standardized and unified evaluation system for the multifunctionality of cultivated land,developing scientific and efficient assessment methods of the multifunctionality of cultivated land,building a multi-party cooperation platform for information sharing,and strengthening the application of big data and related disciplines in supporting research on the multifunctionality of cultivated land.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of reduced basal application of controlled-release fertilizers on watermelon growth and fertilizer use efficiency,providing a reference for the selection,formulation,and water-fertilizer management of watermelon-specific controlled-release fertilizers.【Methods】Using the watermelon variety Qianli No. 4 as the test material,four treatments were established：conventional quick-release fertilizer（T1）,urea-formaldehyde+resin-coated potassium sulfate（T2）,sulfur-coated urea+resin-coated potassium sulfate（T3）,and resin-coated urea+resin-coated potassium sulfate（T4）,with a no-fertilizer control（CK）. The effects of these treatments on dry matter accumulation,nitrogen uptake,potassium uptake,yield,fertilizer use efficiency of watermelon,and soil nutrient contents and enzyme activities were analyzed.【Results】Reduced basal application of controlled-release fertilizers significantly enhanced watermelon dry matter accumulation. At the fruit expanding stage,T4 treatment resulted in a dry matter accumulation of 276.8 g/plant,representing increases of 24.7% and 75.0% compared to T1 treatment and CK,respectively. Nitrogen and potassium uptake under T4 treatment at the same stage were 6.0 and 6.9 g/plant,respectively,showing increases of 40.8% and 54.7% compared to T1 treatment. Yield under T4 treatment was 27.2% higher than T1 treatment,and nitrogen and potassium use efficiencies were improved by 265.9% and 139.2%,respectively. Regarding soil quality,no significant differences in available phosphorus content were observed among fertilizer treatments（ P>0.05）. However,T4 treatment significantly increased soil organic matter,available nitrogen,and available potassium contents by 27.1%,30.8%,and 46.9%,respectively,compared to T1 treatment（ P<0.05）. Soil sucrase and catalase activities showed no significant differences among the four fertilizer treatments（ P>0.05） but were significantly higher than CK（ P<0.05）. Soil urease activity in T2 treatment and CK was lower than in other treatments.【Conclusion】Reduced basal application of controlled-release fertilizers have positive effects on watermelon growth,yield,fertilizer use efficiency,and soil quality. The combination of resin-coated urea+resin-coated potassium sulfate（T4） demonstrate superior fertilizer efficacy and soil improvement effects.

【Objective】To investigate the field occurrence dynamics of Frankliniella intonsa and its selectivity for different parts of sunflower plants,aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the control of F. intonsa in sunflower fields. 【Methods】Using sunflower variety SH361 as the test material,yellow and blue sticky traps were adopted to monitor the field occurrence dynamics of F. intonsa. With sunflower varieties SH363 and Sanrui No. 3 as test materials,seeds,ray florets,floral leaves,leaves,and disk florets were selected and placed in petri dishes with moist filter paper,followed by the introduction of F. intonsa. The feeding preference of F. intonsa was observed at 6,7,8,and 24 h respectively. In fields with severe F. intonsa infestation,seeds,ray florets,floral leaves,leaves,and disk florets were collected and adult F. intonsa were removed. After the samples were cultured in a climate chamber,the number of hatched nymphs and oviposition preference were observed,and the number of eggs laid was calculated. 【Results】The population trends of F. intonsa on yellow and blue sticky traps in sunflower fields were consistent,with the population showing a fluctuating change from late June to late August. Specifically,from 29 June to 13 July,the population initially increased and then declined,it reached a low point by late July,followed by a rapid increase in early August,peaking again on 17 August. Ray florets were the most preferred site for both feeding and oviposition of F. intonsa,and the oviposition preference for ray florets was significantly higher than that for other parts（ P<0.05）,with the number of eggs laid of 5.17 and 2.50 individuals per petri dish on SH363 and Sanrui No. 3,respectively.【Conclusion】The population of F. intonsa increases sharply when sunflowers enter the flowering stage in mid-August,and ray florets are the most preferred site for both feeding and oviposition of F. intonsa.

【Objective】To screen the optimal culture medium formulation for the mycelial growth of Agaricus arvensis,providing a basis for cultivating high-quality strains and achieving large-scale production.【Methods】Using Agaricus arvensis strains a72,a99,and a100 as test materials,the effects of different carbon sources（glucose,fructose,sucrose,maltose,lactose,soluble starch,corn starch,cellobiose,mannose）,nitrogen sources（peptone,yeast powder,yeast extract,beef extract,ammonium sulfate,diammonium hydrogen phosphate,beef powder,casein,glutamine）,and pH values（4.5,5.0,5.5,6.0,6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0,8.5） on mycelial growth rate,colony vigor,and growth index were investigated. An orthogonal experiment with three-factor,three-level was conducted to determine the optimal culture medium formulation for mycelial growth.【Results】Sucrose was identified as the optimal carbon source for the mycelial growth of strains a72,a99,and a100,with growth rates of 2.84,2.79,and 3.41 mm/d,and growth indices of 11.360,12.560,and 15.350,respectively. The optimal nitrogen source for strain a72 was glutamine,with a growth rate of 3.43 mm/d and a growth index of 17.150,while diammonium hydrogen phosphate was optimal for strains a99 and a100,with growth rates of 4.19 and 3.85 mm/d,and growth indices of 18.855 and 17.325,respectively. The optimal pH value for mycelial growth of all three strains was 6.5. The three-factor,three-level orthogonal experiment revealed that the optimal culture medium formulations were：for strain a72,25 g/L sucrose,2.0 g/L glutamine,pH 6.0;for strain a99,25 g/L sucrose,2.0 g/L diammonium hydrogen phosphate,pH 6.0;and for strain a100,25 g/L sucrose,2.5 g/L diammonium hydrogen phosphate,pH 6.0.【Conclusion】The mycelial of Agaricus arvensis strains a72,a99,and a100 are more suitable for growth under slightly acidic to neutral environmental conditions. The three-factor,three-level orthogonal experiment successfully identified optimal culture medium formulations for the mycelial growth of these strains.

【Objective】To evaluate the prevention and control efficacy of Atailing against potato mosaic virus disease and to provide a reference for its application in potato production.【Methods】Field experiments were conducted during 2023—2024 in Qahar Youyi Front Banner（Ulanqab,Inner Mongolia） and Wuchuan County（Hohhot,Inner Mongolia） using a randomized block design. Four concentration gradient treatments of Atailing solutions（800-fold,1 000-fold,1 300-fold,and 1 500-fold dilutions） were tested,with water spray as the control（CK）. The first application was carried out when potato seedlings reached 10-15 cm in height,followed by spraying once every 7-10 d,with a total of 3 applications. The prevention and control efficacy of Atailing against potato mosaic virus disease was then analyzed.【Results】Spraying Atailing was safe for potato plant growth. The 800-fold and 1 000-fold dilutions significantly reduced the incidence rate and disease index of potato mosaic virus disease（ P<0.05）,showing stable and superior control efficacy. The control efficacy of 800-fold dilution of Atailing on potato mosaic virus disease reached 81.8%-84.7%,with a yield of 31 788.0-36 693.0 kg/hm ²;the control efficacy of 1 000-fold dilution of Atailing on potato mosaic virus disease reached 80.0%-81.7%,with a yield of 31 034.3-33 963.8 kg/hm ².【Conclusion】Application of Atailing at 800-fold or 1 000-fold dilutions when potato seedlings are 10-15 cm in height can significantly reduce the incidence of potato mosaic virus disease and effectively improve potato yield.

【Objective】To evaluate the high-yield potential,yield stability,adaptability of maize varieties in the southern mountainous region of Ningxia,as well as the discriminatory power of each test site,in order to screen maize varieties suitable for large-scale promotion and cultivation in this region. 【Methods】AMMI biplot and stability parameters（variety stability parameter denoted as D_i,environment stability parameter denoted as D_j） were applied to analyze the stability of grain yield for 13 maize varieties tested in the regional trial of late-maturing maize across 6 test sites in the southern mountainous region of Ningxia in 2023,and to assess the discriminatory power of the test sites.【Results】The analysis of variance revealed that the effects of variety,test site,and variety-by-test-site interaction on grain yield of the tested maize varieties all reached extremly significant levels（ P<0.01）. The test site effect accounted for the largest proportion of the total sum of squares（83.89%）,followed by the variety-by-test-site interaction effect（7.40%）and the variety effect（1.73%）. The AMMI biplot and D_i parameter indicated that Runfeng 969,Yinyu 8333,and KH385 were high-yielding and stable varieties;Jincheng 839,Qiyu 128,Hefeng 216,and HY37 exhibited moderate yield potential with poor stability;Jinrun 889,Keyou 219,and Fuqiang 235 were high-yielding but had moderate stability;while Ninghe 237 and KY158 showed good stability but moderate yield potential. The discriminatory power of the test sites varied among the varieties,with the Longde County site exhibiting the strongest discriminatory power and the Xiji County site the weakest.【Conclusion】Runfeng 969,Yinyu 8333,and KH385 are high-yielding and stable maize varieties,suitable for large-scale promotion and cultivation in the southern mountainous region of Ningxia. The Longde County test site demonstrates strong discriminatory capability for variety evaluation.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of foxtail millet under ridge-furrow cropping in the semi-arid hilly region of the Yanshan Mountains,providing a reference for efficient fertilization strategies in foxtail millet cultivation in this area.【Methods】A two-factor field experiment was conducted in Songshan District and Ongniud Banner of Chifeng City,Inner Mongolia,from 2023 to 2024 to investigate the effects of five fertilization methods：no nitrogen fertilizer（F0）,one nitrogen application（pre-sowing,F1）,two nitrogen applications（pre-sowing and jointing stage,F2）,three nitrogen applications（pre-sowing,jointing stage,and heading stage,F3）,and four nitrogen applications（pre-sowing,jointing stage,heading stage,and flowering stage,F4） on photosynthetic indices,agronomic traits,and yield of foxtail millet under ridge-furrow cropping（D） and flat cropping（N） patterns,and to analyze the sources of nitrogen fertilizer contributions to yield increase under ridge-furrow cropping pattern. 【Results】Compared with the F0 treatment,the F3 treatment under the ridge-furrow cropping pattern increased the SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves in the late growth stage of foxtail millet;under both cropping patterns,the F3 and F4 treatments increased the flag leaves stomatal conductance（ G _s）,intercellular CO ₂ concentration（ C _i）,and transpiration rate（ T _r）,and improved the photosynthetic capacity of foxtail millet in the late growth stage. In 2023,the F3 treatment under the ridge-furrow cropping pattern increased the plant height,stem diameter,and panicle length of foxtail millet;in 2024,compared with the flat cropping pattern,the F3 treatment under the ridge-furrow cropping pattern increased the plant height,stem diameter,panicle length,and panicle diameter of foxtail millet by 0.54%,10.78%,1.21%,and 5.15%,respectively. During the two years,the F3 treatment showed the highest contribution rate of nitrogen application to yield,which was 22.12% and 39.29% respectively;the contribution rate of cropping pattern showed no significant differences among the fertilization treatments（ P>0.05）,and the contribution rate of nitrogen management to foxtail millet yield increase was greater than that of cropping pattern. 【Conclusion】Under the ridge-furrow cropping pattern,three nitrogen applications（pre-sowing,jointing stage and heading stage） can better meet the nitrogen demand of foxtail millet in the late growth stages,enhance chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate at different growth stages,thereby increasing yield,and can serve as an optimal nitrogen fertilization strategy for high-yield foxtail millet production in the semi-arid hilly region of the Yanshan Mountains.

【Objective】To investigate the impact of irrigation water quotas and calculation methods on the irrigation water use coefficient in the arid regions of Xinjiang.【Methods】Seven agricultural irrigation districts in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture in northern Xinjiang were selected as the input and target output systems,with the loam soil irrigation district in Changji（northern Xinjiang） and the aeolian sandy soil irrigation district in Hotan（southern Xinjiang） as representative cases,and an input-output model and field irrigation water tests was employed to monitor soil moisture in field irrigation.【Results】The marginal positive effects of input factors on the irrigation water use coefficient were ranked as follows：the proportion of micro-irrigation area>anti-seepage canals>well irrigation water volume>gross water consumption,indicating that expanding the scale of high-efficiency water-saving irrigation,anti-seepage of water conveyance canals,water-saving construction for well pumping irrigation significantly enhanced irrigation efficiency;when the field water use coefficient reached 0.70,the suitable moist layer depth for different irrigation methods in the irrigation districts ranged from 70 to 86 cm,accurately reflecting the effectiveness of irrigation water use;a method for calculating the irrigation water use coefficient that based on a constant net irrigation water quota was improved.【Conclusion】The expansion of the scale of high-efficiency water-saving irrigation,anti-seepage of water conveyance canals,water-saving construction for well pumping irrigation positively contribute to improving irrigation water resource use efficiency in the arid regions of Xinjiang. Notably,a suitable moist layer depth for the net irrigation water quota ranges from 70 to 86 cm.

【Objective】To investigate the control efficacy of Bacillus subtilis Tpb55 and Trichoderma asperellum HG1 compound bacteria water dispersible granules on tobacco black shank and tobacco brown spot. 【Methods】Single-factor experiments were conducted to screen and optimize the adjuvants for B. subtilis Tpb55 and T. asperellum HG1 compound bacteria water dispersible granules. Pot and field experiments were carried out to evaluate the control efficacy of the compound bacteria water dispersible granules at 400-fold,800-fold,and 1 200-fold dilutions on tobacco black shank and tobacco brown spot,respectively.【Results】By optimizing the dosage of adjuvants,the optimal formula of the compound bacteria water dispersible granules was determined as follows：5% wetting agent（saponin powder）,6% dispersant（carboxymethylcellulose sodium）,3% binder（polyethylene glycol 6000）,5% disintegrant（sodium carboxymethyl starch）,with diatomaceous earth as the carrier to make up 100%. The 400-fold dilution of B. subtilis Tpb55 and T. asperellum HG1 compound bacteria water dispersible granules exhibited the highest efficacy,achieving an indoor control efficacy of 81.53% on tobacco black shank and a field control efficacy of 70.93% on tobacco brown spot.【Conclusion】The optimal formula of B. subtilis Tpb55 and T. asperellum HG1 compound bacteria water dispersible granules are confirmed,and the 400-fold dilution of compound bacteria water dispersible granules exhibits excellent biocontrol efficacy on tobacco black shank and tobacco brown spot.

【Objective】To identify screening indicators for strong-stem wheat breeding and excavate germplasm resources that combine lodging resistance with high yield potential,thereby providing support for genetic improvement of wheat lodging resistance. 【Methods】A recombinant inbred line（RIL）population was constructed by crossing the strong-stem wheat variety Luomai 163 with Kaimai 18. Eight lodging resistance-related stem traits were measured in the RIL population,including second internode strength,second internode thickness,second internode diameter,second internode length,first internode strength,plant height,fresh weight of single plant,and center of gravity height,along with four yield-related traits：thousand kernel weight,spike length,kernel number per spike,and kernel weight per spike,and by integrating variance analysis and correlation analysis,the key mechanical indicators of stem were identified;by combining cluster analysis,new germplasm lines with superior stem mechanical performance were screened,and microscopic stem structure was observed to elucidate the key factors contributing to excellent stem bending resistance.【Results】The RIL population exhibited transgressive segregation for lodging resistance-related stem traits,with particularly prominent genetic variation potential in second internode strength,second internode thickness,and first internode strength. Second internode diameter,second internode thickness,and second internode strength collectively constituted the key mechanical indicator system for lodging resistance. Cluster analysis identified 12 elite wheat lines combining strong stems and high yield,all of which surpassed the strong-stem parent Luomai 163 in second internode strength. Microstructural analysis further confirmed that their superior bending resistance was closely associated with the thickness of mechanical tissues in the internode.【Conclusion】The 12 selected strong-stem,high-yield germplasm lines provide high-quality parental resources for wheat lodging resistance breeding. Stem key mechanical indicators for evaluating wheat lodging resistance are clarified,and internode mechanical tissue thickness is verified as an important morphological feature influencing stem bending strength.

【Objective】To clarify the research status and development trends of sweet potato fertilization in China,and provide theoretical references for the scientific fertilization of sweet potato.【Methods】Based on bibliometrics,with “sweet potato” and “fertilization” as the research themes,the Chinese core journal literatures from 2000 to 2024,retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）,were used as the research data. The VOSviewer 1.6.10 statistical software was employed for visual analysis of the literature output,journal sources,cooperative relationships,and keywords bursts in domestic research on sweet potato fertilization. The fertilization formulas and soil nutrient data from different sweet potato-growing regions were compiled to analyze the fertilization status of sweet potato from both spatial and temporal scales.【Results】In the field of sweet potato fertilization research,the number of publications showed an overall upward trend：the period 2000—2010 was a stage of rapid growth,while 2011—2024 was a stage of stable development. The average number of citations per publication among different types of institutions was as follows：universities（12.36 citations/article）>research institutes（11.96 citations/article）>promotion units（1.07 citations/article）. The fertilization practices of sweet potato were strongly correlated with variety breeding,soil fertility,government policies,and other factors. During 2000—2024,the co-occurring keywords of sweet potato fertilization gradually shifted from “balanced fertilization” in the early stage to “scientific fertilization”,and the types of fertilizers gradually changed from nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers to novel fertilizers and organic fertilizers. The fertilizer application rate in major sweet potato-growing regions was generally close to the recommended fertilizer application rate by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,and the fertilizer application rate of sweet potato showed a pattern of first decreasing and then slowly increasing.【Conclusion】Over the past 25 years,the fertilizer application rate of sweet potato in China has exhibited a trend of first decreasing and then slowly increasing. The sweet potato industry is undergoing a transformation from a food crop to an economic crop,and the sweet potato fertilization technology is gradually developing towards the direction of green and high efficiency. In the future,it is necessary to strengthen the research and development of new technologies for sweet potato fertilization.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of intercropping with common vetch and turning and returning to the field with reduced nitrogen fertilizer on potato growth and yield in the northern foot of the Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia. 【Methods】Four treatments were established：potato monocropping with conventional fertilization（CK）,potato and common vetch intercropping with conventional fertilization（T1）,potato monocropping with 20% reduced nitrogen fertilizer（T2）,and potato and common vetch intercropping with 20% reduced nitrogen fertilizer（T3）. The effects of different treatments on potato plant height,stem diameter,photosynthetic performance,dry matter accumulation,yield and yield components at different growth stages were compared and analyzed.【Results】Under intercropping conditions,potato plant height,stem diameter,SPAD value,net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,intercellular CO ₂ concentration,stomatal conductance,dry matter accumulation,and yield were all higher than those under monocropping. Compared with CK,at the starch accumulation stage,the plant height and stem diameter of potato in T3 treatment increased significantly by 7.35% and 6.34%（ P<0.05）,respectively;at the tuber formation stage,the SPAD value,net photosynthetic rate,intercellular CO ₂ concentration,and stomatal conductance of potato in T3 treatment increased significantly by 10.07%,17.89%,7.57%,and 23.67%（ P<0.05）,respectively;at the tuber bulking stage and starch accumulation stage,the transpiration rate of potato in T3 treatment increased significantly by 7.58% and 2.40%（ P<0.05）,respectively;at the mature stage,the dry matter accumulation of potato in T3 treatment increased significantly by 25.14%（ P<0.05）. T3 treatment achieved the highest yield（37 228.57 kg/hm ²）,which was 11.70% higher than that of CK;the marketable tuber yield in T3 treatment was significantly 21.63% higher than that of CK（ P<0.05）.【Conclusion】The treatment of potato and common vetch intercropping with 20% reduced nitrogen fertilizer can significantly enhance potato photosynthetic performance,increase dry matter accumulation,and promote yield improvement,making it a more suitable potato cultivation pattern for the northern foot of the Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】To analyze the effects of combined application of water-retaining agent and microbial agent on forage yield,quality,and soil nutrients of dryland barley in the semi-arid region of Inner Mongolia,thereby providing a theoretical foundation for efficient forage production. 【Methods】ield experiments were conducted in Shangdu County,Inner Mongolia,from 2023 to 2024 using a randomized block design. Four treatments were established：microbial agent alone（A）,water-retaining agent alone（B）,combined application of water-retaining agent and microbial agent（AB）,and a control without the application of a water-retaining agent and microbial agent（CK）,to analyze the changes in forage yield,quality,and soil nutrients of dryland barley under different treatments.【Results】Fresh grass yield and hay yields of dryland barley ranked as AB>A>B>CK. Two-year data showed that,compared with CK,the AB treatment increased crude protein content by 2.65-3.35 percentage points,crude fat content by 6.67-8.90 percentage points,and relative feed value by 6.21%-42.94%. All treatments improved soil nutrients to varying degrees. Compared with CK,A treatment,and B treatment,the AB treatment increased soil organic matter content by 5.82%-28.40%,total nitrogen content by 2.84%-43.72%,total phosphorus content by 2.63%-76.11%,total potassium content by -2.69%-14.17%,available nitrogen content by 11.83%-60.96%,available phosphorus content by 7.89%-31.88%,and available potassium content by 4.41%-20.34%. Correlation analysis indicated that soil organic matter,total nitrogen,total potassium,and available potassium were the main factors influencing hay yield of dryland barley,whereas soil total nitrogen,total potassium,and available nitrogen content were the main factors affecting forage quality of dryland barley.【Conclusion】Combined application of water-retaining agent and microbial agent enhances forage yield and quality of dryland barley and improves soil nutrients,warranting further promotion and validation in the semi-arid region of Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】To screen potato varieties with high phosphorus（P） efficiency to enhance phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency in the cold and arid region of North China.【Methods】Fifteen potato varieties were used as experimental materials in field trials conducted in 2021 and 2022,with treatments of no phosphorus fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer application. Phosphorus efficiency was evaluated based on indicators including potato yield,phosphorus concentration,phosphorus uptake,phosphorus biological efficiency,agronomic efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer,partial factor productivity of phosphorus fertilizer,and apparent utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer. A membership function analysis was employed to comprehensively evaluate the phosphorus efficiency of different potato varieties and screen them.【Results】Different potato varieties and phosphorus application levels affected fresh weight yield. Under no phosphorus fertilizer treatment,the Atlantic variety exhibited the highest yield at 51 973 kg/hm ². Under phosphorus fertilizer treatment,the North 009 variety showed the greatest yield increase of 8.22%,indicating high sensitivity to phosphorus.In 2022,under high phosphorus conditions,the dry weight yield increase ranged from 4.91% to 9.50%,with the North 009 variety showing the highest increase;under low phosphorus conditions,the dry weight yield increase ranged from 0.57% to 5.21%,with the Atlantic variety exhibiting the highest increase. Under low phosphorus conditions,the North 009 variety demonstrated the highest phosphorus biological efficiency at 465.12 kg/kg;the contribution rate of phosphorus fertilizer to yield varied from 0.56% to 8.68%,with the North 009 variety being the highest,followed by the Atlantic variety. Membership function analysis revealed that the North 009 variety had the highest comprehensive membership function value of 0.99,followed by the Atlantic variety at 0.93.【Conclusion】The potato varieties North 009 and Atlantic exhibite superior comprehensive phosphorus efficiency,making them suitable for agricultural production or as phosphorus-efficient germplasm resources.

【Objective】To improve the drip irrigation performance of apple orchards on the Weibei Dry Plateau and provide a simple method for water-saving irrigation.【Methods】Surface drip irrigation was used as the control,and treatments with drip irrigation holes at depths of 15,30,and 45 cm were designed. The effects of different drip irrigation hole depths on soil moisture in the 0-100 cm soil layer during various growth stages of apple trees,as well as on the root system,fruit yield and quality,and shoot growth of apple trees,were monitored.【Results】Compared with surface drip irrigation,during the flower bud differentiation stage of apple trees,the soil moisture in the 0-60 cm soil layer under the treatments of 15,30,and 45 cm deep drip irrigation holes increased by 3.95%,4.45%,and 5.28%,respectively. After fruit harvest,in the 60-100 cm soil layer,the root fresh biomass density of absorbent roots and conducting roots of apple trees under the 15,30,and 45 cm deep drip irrigation hole treatments increased by 16.09%,51.72%,60.92% and 41.38%,149.69%,391.07%,respectively;the root length density increased by 19.23%,61.54%,76.92% and 19.60%,46.43%,28.94%,respectively;the root surface area density increased by 21.50%,67.45%,51.84% and 20.30%,54.78%,42.21%,respectively. Apple fruit yields under the 15,30,and 45 cm deep drip irrigation hole treatments were 8.00%,12.27%,and 4.80% higher than under surface drip irrigation,respectively,with single fruit weights increasing by 7.77%,9.43%,and 4.51%,respectively;however,no significant effects on fruit quality were observed. Compared with surface drip irrigation,the total number of one-year-old shoots of apple trees under the 15 and 30 cm deep drip irrigation hole treatments increased significantly by 7.42% and 8.99%（ P<0.05）,while the total number of one-year-old shoots under the 45 cm deep drip irrigation hole treatment decreased extremely significantly by 13.51%（ P<0.01）.【Conclusion】Drip irrigation holes at different depths can all increase soil moisture,induce the root system of apple trees to distribute to the deep soil layer,promote root growth and development,and improve single fruit weight and fruit yield. Among all treatments,a drip irrigation hole depth of approximately 30 cm is the most suitable for apple orchards on the Weibei Dry Plateau.

【Objective】To screen dryland wheat varieties suitable for promotion and cultivation in Ulanqab City,Inner Mongolia. 【Methods】A field comparative trial was conducted using a total of 37 dryland wheat varieties,including the Kechun series,Longchun series,and Longmai series. Correlation analysis,variation analysis,cluster analysis,principal component analysis,and path analysis were performed on agronomic traits such as plant height,spike length,number of spikelets,number of fertile spikes,number of kernels per spike,kernel weight per spike,total number of spikes,and 1 000-kernel weight,as well as yield,to determine the primary factors influencing yield.【Results】Among the 37 dryland wheat varieties,Kechun 38 exhibited the highest yield,followed by Kechun 46,Kechun 42,and Dingxi 51,although Kechun 42 demonstrated the best overall performance. Correlation analysis revealed that yield had the strongest correlation with the number of kernels per spike,with a correlation coefficient of 0.66,and the weakest correlation with 1 000-kernel weight,with a correlation coefficient of -0.11. Variation analysis indicated that the coefficients of variation for the 37 varieties ranged from 9.74% to 26.32%,with yield showing the largest coefficient of variation and the number of spikelets showing the smallest. Cluster analysis demonstrated that,at a squared Euclidean distance of 10,the 37 dryland wheat varieties were divided into six major clusters,with yield performance among the clusters ranked as Ⅵ>Ⅳ>Ⅴ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ Principal component analysis showed that the five selected principal components had a cumulative contribution rate of 89.48%,with the first principal component contributing the most at 40.77%. Path analysis indicated that the number of kernels per spike and the total number of spikes had the greatest direct effects on yield,with path coefficients of 0.392 84 and 0.248 10,respectively.【Conclusion】Among the 37 dryland wheat varieties tested,the number of kernels per spike is the primary factor influencing yield,and increasing the number of kernels per spike can effectively enhance yield. Kechun 42 and Kechun 38 are dryland wheat varieties suitable for promotion and cultivation in Ulanqab City,Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of different shading conditions on the photosynthetic characteristics of leaves in the variegated mutant of Heliopsis helianthoides,thereby providing a reference for its cultivation and application. 【Methods】Using the variegated mutant HY-23F ₁-2 of H. helianthoides as the experimental material,three treatments were established：30% shading,50% shading,and 70% shading. The effects of different treatments on chlorophyll content,diurnal variations in photosynthetic physiological indices,photosynthetic light-response curves,and light-response parameters in the leaves of the variegated mutant of H. helianthoides were analyzed.【Results】Under the 50% shading treatment,the contents of total chlorophyll（Chlt）,chlorophyll a（Chla）,and chlorophyll b（Chlb） in the leaves of the variegated mutant HY-23F ₁-2 of H. helianthoides were significantly higher than those under the 30% and 70% shading treatments（ P<0.05）. The diurnal variations in net photosynthetic rate（ P _n）,stomatal conductance（ G _s）,and transpiration rate（ E） all exhibited a bimodal pattern,with the highest average values of 8.79 μmol/（m ²·s）,0.37 mmol/（m ²·s）,and 6.62 mmol/（m ²·s）,respectively. The diurnal variation in intercellular CO ₂ concentration（ C _i）showed a serrated pattern,with the lowest average value of 322.17 μmol/mol. The maximum net photosynthetic rate（ P _nmax）and light saturation point（LSP）were the highest,at 14.50 and 1 802.74 μmol/（m ²·s）,respectively. Under the 70% shading treatment,the contents of Chlt,Chla,and Chlb were the lowest. The diurnal variation in P _n displayed a unimodal pattern,with the lowest average value of 4.63 μmol/（m ²·s）. The diurnal variation in C _i presented a W curve trend,with the highest average value of 342.97 μmol/mol. The apparent quantum yield（AQY） was the highest at 0.047 0 μmol/mol,while P _nmax,LSP,light compensation point（LCP）,and dark respiration rate（Rd）were the lowest. Correlation analysis revealed extremely significant negative correlation between P _n and C _i（ P<0.01）.【Conclusion】The 50% shading treatment is more suitable for the growth of the variegated mutant HY-23F ₁-2 of H. helianthoides,and under the 70% shading treatment,the variegated mutant HY-23F ₁-2 of H. helianthoides exhibits stronger shade tolerance and photosynthetic potential.

【Objective】To elucidate the effects of planting patterns and densities on leaf characteristics and yield of maize in the arid zone of central Ningxia,thereby providing a basis for achieving high and stable maize yields. 【Methods】Using the maize variety Ningdan 52 as the experimental material,a two-factor,four-level field experiment was conducted with planting patterns [Equidistant row spacing one plant per hole（control）,wide and narrow of row spacing one plant per hole,wide and narrow of row spacing two plants per hole,wide and narrow of row spacing three plants per hole] and planting densities（75 000,82 500,90 000,97 500 plant/hm ²）. The effects of planting patterns and densities on relative chlorophyll content （SPAD value） in maize leaves,leaf area index,ear leaf area,ear trait characteristics,yield,and yield components were analyzed.【Results】At the tasseling silking stage and mature stage of maize,the SPAD values of leaves under the wide and narrow of row spacing two plants per hole and 82 500 plant/hm ² treatment were the highest（62.60 and 59.57,respectively）. During the filling stage of maize,the SPAD value of leaves under the wide and narrow of row spacing one plant per hole and 75 000 plant/hm ² treatment was the highest（61.05）. Among different planting patterns,the average leaf area index of maize under the equidistant row spacing one plant per hole treatment was the highest（5.08）,and the average ear leaf area of maize under the wide and narrow of row spacing two plants per hole treatment was the highest（690.64 cm ²）. Among different planting densities,the average ear leaf area index of maize under the 90 000 plant/hm ² treatment was the highest（5.04）,and the average ear leaf area of maize under the 75 000 plant/hm ² treatment was the highest（736.63 cm ²）. The number of kernels per ear,100-kernel weight,and kernel weight under the wide and narrow of row spacing one plant per hole and 75 000 plant/hm ² treatment were the highest（665.33 kernels,38.00 g,and 238.16 g,respectively）. The maize yield under the wide and narrow of row spacing one plant per hole and 82 500 plant/hm ² treatment was the highest（18 929.00 kg/hm ²）.【Conclusion】The appropriate combination of planting pattern and density can effectively regulate the distribution of canopy leaves,SPAD values,and leaf area index of maize,and increase yield. Comprehensively considering yield and seed cost factors,the wide and narrow of row spacing one plant per hole and 82 500 plant/hm ² treatment represents a high-yield,high-efficiency,water-saving,and fertilizer-saving technology suitable for promotion and application in the arid zone of central Ningxia.

【Objective】To screen key genes in the transcriptome of stress-tolerant germplasm resources of Pugionium cornutum under salt stress,thereby laying a foundation for elucidating the physiological research of salt-tolerance and stress resistance in P. cornutum,and providing a reference for molecular breeding of salt-tolerance in P. cornutum. 【Methods】The leaf fresh weight ratio of P. cornutum seedlings at the 6-leaf-1-heart stage was measured after 8 days of treatment with 0,50,100,150,and 200 mmol/L NaCl. The salt concentration corresponding to approximately 50% of the fresh weight ratio was chosen as the treatment concentration for transcriptome analysis,with sampling conducted at 0,3,and 12 h for transcriptome sequencing.【Results】The salt threshold of P. cornutum was determined to be 100 mmol/L by measuring the leaf fresh weight ratio;compared with the 0 h,transcriptomic data at 3 and 12 h identified 10 006 and 14 117 differentially expressed genes,respectively;a total of four upregulated genes were screened among the transcription factors. In the plant hormone signal transduction process,brassinosteroid（BR） had the highest number of upregulated genes;three key upregulated enzymes were identified in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway,and four key upregulated enzymes were identified in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway.【Conclusion】The upregulated genes involved in transcription factors,the plant hormone signal transduction process,the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway,and the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway may play critical roles in the response of P. cornutum to salt stress.

【Objective】To investigate the dynamic changes in water absorption characteristics of peanut kernels for sprouting,thereby providing a theoretical reference for the breeding and production of sprouting peanut varieties. 【Methods】Zhuhua 11,Zhu H23,Yuhua 93,Yuhua 9326,Luhua No. 8,and Huayu 20 were used as experimental materials. The kernels were respectively placed in a water-bath electric thermostatic incubator at（25±2）℃,and water absorption capacity of sprouting peanut kernel was measured at different soaking times to analyze the dynamic changes in water absorption characteristics with soaking time.【Results】The water absorption capacity and water absorption ratio of peanut kernels for sprouting showed a continuous increasing trend with prolonged soaking time. When the water absorption capacity reached 50%,Zhuhua 11,Yuhua 93,Yuhua 9326,and Huayu 20 required 3 h of soaking,while Zhu H23 and Luhua No. 8 required 4 h. When the water absorption ratio reached 50%,Zhuhua 11 required 7 h of soaking,Yuhua 93,Yuhua 9326,and Zhu H23 required 5 h of soaking,Huayu 20 required 24 h of soaking,and Luhua No. 8 maintained a water absorption ratio below 50% throughout 1 to 72 h of soaking. The water absorption rate decreased gradually with prolonged soaking time,with the highest rate occurring during 0 to 1 h,a sharp decline from 1 to 2 h,a smaller decline from 2 to 6 h,and approaching a horizontal line after 36 h. The 100-grain volume and expansion rate increased continuously with prolonged soaking time. After 72 h of soaking,the 100-grain fresh weight of Zhuhua 11,Zhu H23,Yuhua 93,Yuhua 9326,Luhua No. 8,and Huayu 20 increased by 61.49%,80.35%,65.32%,65.27%,55.75%,and 51.02%,respectively,compared to the initial dry weight;grain length increased by 16.94%,15.07%,11.17%,23.53%,12.59%,and 16.51%,respectively,compared to the initial grain length;and grain width exhibited a wave-like increase with prolonged soaking time. Spearson correlation analysis indicated that water absorption ratio and water absorption rate were extremely significantly negatively correlated with water absorption capacity,100-grain volume,expansion rate,100-grain fresh weight,grain length,and grain width（ P<0.01）;water absorption capacity was extremely significantly positively correlated with 100-grain volume,expansion rate,100-grain fresh weight,grain length,and grain width（ P<0.01）;and 100-grain volume,expansion rate,100-grain fresh weight,grain length,and grain width were also extremely significantly positively correlated with each other（ P<0.01）.【Conclusion】The longer and wider the peanut kernels for sprouting,the more favorable it is for increasing 100-grain volume,expansion rate,100-grain fresh weight,water absorption capacity,water absorption ratio,and water absorption rate. Yuhua 93,Yuhua 9326,and Luhua No. 8 are excellent peanut kernels for sprouting with coordinated water absorption characteristics.

【Objective】To propose an apple leaf disease detection method based on the YOLOv5s-GCB model,aiming to achieve a lightweight model while improving detection accuracy. 【Methods】On the basis of the YOLOv5s framework,Ghost convolution was introduced to reduce the computational load of convolution operations,thereby achieving a model lightweight;a coordinate attention（CA） mechanism was embedded in the Neck component to enhance the feature attention capability toward diseased spot regions on apple leaves;and a bidirectional weighted feature pyramid network（BiFPN） was adopted to optimize the multi-scale fusion of diseased spot features. The improved YOLOv5s-GCB model was trained and tested on a collected dataset of apple leaf disease images. 【Results】The improved YOLOv5s-GCB model demonstrates excellent performance in apple leaf disease detection tasks,with Precision,Recall,and mean Average Precision（mAP@0.5）reaching 90.7%,87.4%,and 93.4%,respectively. For the detection of Apple Alternaria blotch,gray leaf spot disease,and rust disease,the YOLOv5s-GCB model achieves the highest mAP@0.5 values of 93.8%,93.4%,and 93.0%,respectively. 【Conclusion】The improved YOLOv5s-GCB model not only possesses high-precision and high-speed detection capabilities but also features a compact model size,making it suitable for automated intelligent recognition of apple leaf diseases and demonstrating strong practical value.

【Objective】 To determine the control efficacy of 60% Flumioxazin·Acetochlor·Clomazone oil dispersion on annual weeds in soybean fields.【Methods】 Field plot experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to determine the plant number control efficacy and fresh weight control efficacy on annual weeds in soybean fields,as well as soybean yields following application of 60% Flumioxazin·Acetochlor·Clomazone oil dispersion.【Results】 At the application rate of 2 400-3 000 mL/hm ²,the plant number control efficacy on total weeds was 84.5%-97.4% in 2021 and 86.7%-97.9% in 2022,respectively,and the fresh weight control efficacy was 90.1%-99.0% in 2021 and 91.1%-99.2% in 2022,respectively at 40 d after application;compared to the control,the soybean yield in all tested herbicide treatment plots increased significantly in both 2021 and 2022,with yield increase rates of 115.8%-142.7% and 96.2%-108.6%,respectively.【Conclusion】 The 60% Flumioxazin·Acetochlor·Clomazone oil dispersion,when applied at a dosage of 3 000 mL/hm ²,exhibits excellent control efficacy on annual weeds in soybean fields.

【Objective】 To address issues such as declining soil fertility and soil compaction in farmland of the irrigation area on the south bank of the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia,suitable microbial agents were screened for application in this region,providing a reference for the application and promotion of straw returning combined with microbial agents.【Methods】 The experiment was conducted in Dalad Banner,Ordos City,Inner Mongolia,from 2022 to 2023,using the maize variety Lihe No. 1 as the test material. Based on a foundation of straw returning,four different microbial agent treatments were established： Bacillus subtilis（Treatment A）, Bacillus subtilis+Bacillus licheniformis（Treatment B）, Bacillus subtilis+Saccharomyces cerevisiae（Treatment C）,and Bacillus subtilis+Trichoderma harzianum（Treatment D）,with no microbial agent application as the control（CK）. The effects of different treatments on soil physical properties in the 0-60 cm soil layer and on maize yield were analyzed.【Results】 The mass fraction of large aggregates（≥0.25 mm）in treatments A and B was significantly higher than that in CK,promoting soil stability;in the 40-60 cm soil layer,the soil bulk density in treatments A and B was significantly reduced by 6.84% and 6.43% compared with CK（ P<0.05）;the total soil porosity was significantly increased by 4.41 and 4.09 percentage points compared with CK（ P<0.05）;the soil mass water content in all treatments fluctuated throughout different maize growth stages,reaching its peak during the large bell mouth stage. The maize grain yield of all treatments significantly increased by 2.57% to 10.34% compared with CK;the resulting economic benefits increased by 6.57% to 47.57% compared with CK,with treatments A and B being the highest at 8 514.93 and 7 413.82 CNY/hm ²,respectively.【Conclusion】 Under straw returning conditions,the application of the microbial agents Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus subtilis+Bacillus licheniformis can better reduce soil bulk density,increase soil aeration,improve soil physical structure,and achieve higher maize grain yield and economic benefits.

【Objective】 To elucidate the effects of straw returning methods on maize growth and brown soil nutrients in southeastern Liaoning Province.【Methods】 From 2022 to 2023,five treatments：no-tillage without straw returning（NT）,no-tillage with straw mulching and returning（NTSR）,plough tillage with straw returning（PTSR）,rotary tillage with straw returning（RTSR）and strip rotary tillage with straw returning（SRTSR） were established at the experimental site of Dandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Fengcheng,Liaoning Province. To analyse the impacts of these treatments on maize dry matter accumulation,yield and yield components,and physical and chemical parameters of the plow layer soil.【Results】 In 2022,total dry matter accumulation of maize under NT and SRTSR treatments was significantly higher than that under PTSR treatment（ P<0.05）,pre-silking dry matter accumulation under NT treatment was significantly higher than that under NTSR and PTSR treatments（ P<0.05）,post-silking dry matter accumulation under NTSR treatment was significantly higher than that under PTSR treatment（ P<0.05）. In 2023,total dry matter accumulation under RTSR and SRTSR treatments was significantly higher than that under the other treatments（ P<0.05）,and that under NT and PTSR treatments was significantly higher than that under NTSR treatment（ P<0.05）,pre-silking dry matter accumulation under PTSR and SRTSR treatments was significantly higher than that under NTSR treatment（ P<0.05）,post-silking dry matter accumulation under RTSR treatment was significantly higher than that under NT,PTSR,and NTSR treatments（ P<0.05）. In 2022,yield under NT treatment was 4.82%,7.54%,23.96%,and 24.06% higher than that under SRTSR,NTSR,PTSR,and RTSR treatments,respectively;in 2023,yield under RTSR treatment was 2.87%,6.13%,8.46%,and 23.90% higher than that under SRTSR,NT,PTSR,and NTSR treatments,respectively. Soil total nitrogen content in 2022 was PTSR>RTSR>SRTSR>NT>NTSR,with PTSR treatment was 1.82%,4.68%,17.50%,and 21.35% higher than the other treatments,respectively;in 2023,the soil total nitrogen content was PTSR>RTSR>SRTSR>NTSR>NT,with PTSR treatment was 5.52%,12.63%,15.98%,and 19.58% higher than the other treatments,respectively. In 2022,soil bulk density under NT treatment was significantly higher than that under RTSR and PTSR treatments（ P<0.05）;in 2023,soil bulk density under NT and NTSR treatments was significantly higher than that under the other treatments（ P<0.05）,and SRTSR and RTSR treatments was significantly higher than PTSR treatment（ P<0.05）. The average soil organic matter content across all treatments in 2023 was 5.11% higher than that in 2022,RTSR and PTSR treatments was significantly higher than the other treatments in 2022 and 2023（ P<0.05）,and soil organic matter content under NTSR and SRTSR treatments was significantly higher than that under NT treatment（ P<0.05）. There was no significant differences in soil total salt content between years（ P>0.05）;in 2022,soil total salt content under RTSR treatment was significantly higher than that under NTSR,PTSR,and NT treatments（ P<0.05）;in 2023,soil total salt content under RTSR and SRTSR treatments was significantly higher than that under the other treatments（ P<0.05）.【Conclusion】 Straw returning can significantly affect maize dry matter accumulation and distribution in southeastern Liaoning Province,promote increases in organic matter and total nitrogen contents in the plow layer of brown soil,and reduce soil bulk density.

【Objective】 To explore the effects of endogenous calcium regulation and exogenous calcium supplementation techniques on stone cell content and fruit quality in Korla fragrant pear.【Methods】 Eight-year-old Korla fragrant pear trees with an open-center canopy were used as experimental materials,and four different treatments were established：T1,foliar spraying of calcium regulator on April 12,April 23,May 12,July 24,and August 2;T2,same calcium regulator treatment as T1,with additional root flushing application of Calcium Quanwei on May 12 and August 2;T3,same calcium regulator treatment as T1,with additional root flushing application of imported calcium fertilizer on May 12 and August 2;CK,spraying with clear water. Stone cell content in fruits from each treatment and the diameter and density of stone cell clusters at the maturity stage were determined,and the effects of different treatments on external and internal quality of fruits at the harvest stage were analyzed.【Results】 The stone cell content in Korla fragrant pear under T2 treatment was the lowest at all stages. Compared with CK,T1 treatment,and T3 treatment,the stone cell content under T2 treatment at the maturity stage was significantly reduced by 67.63%,43.25%,and 24.21%,respectively（ P<0.05）,and the diameter of stone cell clusters was reduced by 7.24%,4.37%,and 1.69%,respectively. At the harvest stage,the proportion of calyx shedding fruits under T2 treatment was the highest（66%）. Compared with CK,T1 treatment,and T3 treatment,the single fruit weight of calyx shedding fruits under T2 treatment increased by 8.80%,3.37%,and 0.62%,respectively;fruit hardness increased by 19.36%,4.25%,and 0.78%,respectively;soluble solids content increased by 50.90%,14.57%,and 1.14%,respectively;vitamin C content increased by 46.49%,21.12%,and 3.89%,respectively;soluble sugar content increased by 13.29%,5.28%,and 1.83%,respectively;titratable acid content decreased by 27.27%,11.93%,and 4.95%,respectively;tannin content decreased by 43.06%,21.15%,and 12.77%,respectively;calcium content increased by 10.69%,4.46%,and 1.13%,respectively.【Conclusion】 The synergistic regulation of calcium regulator and Calcium Quanwei can effectively reduce stone cell content in Korla fragrant pear fruits,increase the proportion of calyx shedding fruits,single fruit weight,and fruit hardness,elevate the contents of soluble solids,vitamin C,soluble sugars,and calcium in fruits,and decrease the contents of titratable acid and tannin,making it a suitable calcium regulation and supplementation technique for improving fruit quality in Korla fragrant pear.

【Objective】 To address the issues of low efficiency in traditional grape variety identification methods and poor interpretability of machine learning models,providing a scientific basis for rapid field identification of grape varieties.【Methods】 An efficient identification model for wine grape varieties was constructed based on leaf morphological traits. Utilizing the support vector machine-recursive feature elimination（SVM-RFE） method,seven major wine grape varieties in Yantai,Shandong Province,were selected as research objects,for which seventeen leaf morphological traits were measured. The Bayesian optimization（BO） algorithm was used to optimize the parameters of the support vector machine（SVM）,K-nearest neighbors（KNN）,and decision tree（DT） models. Model performance was evaluated based on AUC value,and key features were screened using RFE combined with the corresponding model classification accuracy.【Results】 The SVM model optimized by BO exhibited the best performance,achieving an AUC value of 0.960 7,a precision of 95.56%,a recall of 84.31%,and an accuracy of 95.46%,with an F1 score of 0.895 8 when setting Cabernet Gernischt as the positive class. RFE screened out 14 key features,and the constructed BO-SVM-RFE model maintained high performance while achieving an improved model accuracy of 96.05% and further enhancing model interpretability.【Conclusion】 A varietal identification model for wine grapes based on SVM-RFE（the BO-SVM-RFE model） was successfully constructed,and 14 key identification indicators,including petiole length,were clarified.

【Objective】 To explore the effect of key fluorescence parameters on the characterizing value of high light-use efficiency in buckwheat and to screen high light-use efficiency buckwheat germplasm through fluorescence characteristic evaluation,providing a scientific basis and material support for high light-use efficiency breeding.【Methods】 A randomized block field experiment was conducted,using 154 buckwheat varieties as experimental materials. Twenty-five chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured. Correlation analysis,principal component analysis （PCA）,and systematic clustering-shortest distance analysis were employed to comprehensively evaluate the fluorescence characteristics of buckwheat and identify superior germplasm resources with high light-use efficiency.【Results】 Highly significant differences were observed in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters among different buckwheat varieties（ P<0.01）. Specifically,parameters PI abs、PI total,ETo/CSm,DIo/RC,REo/CSm,Fv/Fo,TRo/CSm,Fv and Fo/Fm showed larger coefficients of variation（CV） values,all exceeding 25.00%. Parameters DF total,DF abs,TRo/RC,DIo/CSm and Fo showed smaller CV values,ranging from 0.71% to 7.97%. Broad-sense heritability of all other parameters,except TRo/RC,REo/RC,REo/CSo and PI total,was greater than 60.00%. Principal component analysis revealed that the cumulative contribution rate of the top four principal components reached 96.758%,and a comprehensive evaluation function model was established as A=0.612 A ₁+0.190 A ₂+0.130 A ₃+0.068 A ₄,with A values for the 154 buckwheat varieties ranging from -2.68 to 1.20. Clustering analysis of the A values classified the tested varieties into five categories：2 buckwheat varieties（NQ148 and NQ150） were classified as the high light-use efficiency germplasm type,105 varieties were classified as the relatively high light-use efficiency germplasm type,44 varieties were classified as the moderate light-use efficiency germplasm type,2 varieties were classified as the relatively low light-use efficiency germplasm type,and 1 variety was classified as the low light-use efficiency germplasm type.【Conclusion】 Two buckwheat varieties（NQ148 and NQ150） with high light-use efficiency were successfully screened,providing materials for the breeding of high light-use efficiency germplasm resources in buckwheat.

【Objective】 To investigate the resistance performance of potato hybrid progenies to common scab,the interrelationships among common scab incidence rate,disease area,and disease depth,as well as the segregation and genetic variation patterns of potato phenotypic traits.【Methods】 Resistance identification was conducted in a natural disease nursery,using 160 hybrid progenies from the cross between Kenshu No. 1 and Zhongshu No. 5（Combination 1） and 80 hybrid progenies from the cross between Kenshu No. 1 and Youjin（Combination 2） as experimental materials. Descriptive traits,numerical traits,and common scab-related indicators of potato were investigated to analyze the correlations among disease constituent factors,together with the resistance performance,discrete characteristics,and genetic performance of potato,and to calculate the coefficient of variation,mid-parent heterosis rates,transgressive heterosis rates,and relative heritability from the parental lines.【Results】 The common scab incidence rates for Combination 1 and Combination 2 were 10.71%-100% and 17.65%-100%,respectively;while the disease indices were 0.02-19.74 and 0.16-24.20,respectively. Highly significant positive correlations（ P<0.01） were observed among incidence rate,disease area,and disease depth,and the resistance levels in both combinations exhibited transgressive segregation. The diversity indices of 10 descriptive traits in Combination 1 and Combination 2 were 0.23-1.71 and 0.26-1.33,respectively;the diversity indices of 6 numerical traits were 0.91-2.03 and 0.98-1.81,respectively. Among the 16 traits of Combination 1 and Combination 2,the mid-parent heterosis rates of potato were -33.39% to 29.38% and -19.04% to 43.20%,respectively,whereas the transgressive heterosis rates were 4.69% to 105.00% and -42.50% to 125.00%,respectively.【Conclusion】 Hybrid progeny populations derived from Kenshu No. 1×Zhongshu No. 5 and Kenshu No. 1×Youjin displayed transgressive segregation in common scab resistance levels,with highly significant positive correlations observed among common scab incidence rate,disease area,and disease depth. The variation of numerical traits in the hybrid progenies of the two combinations is more abundant than that of descriptive traits,and the heterosis performances of the hybrid progenies are varied.

Streptomyces griseorubens,a species of the genus Streptomyces,exhibits multiple physiological functions,including inhibition of the growth and reproduction of plant pathogens and degradation of lignocellulosic biomass solid waste. It has broad application in agricultural production,food hygiene,environmental protection,and other fields. This review summarizes the biological characteristics,antimicrobial and degradation functions,and underlying mechanisms of S. griseorubens. Furthermore,the future application prospects and research directions of S. griseorubens are discussed,aiming to provide a basis for the enhanced development and utilization of S. griseorubens in agricultural production.

【Objective】 To understand the community structure characteristic and diversity of the fish in Shahu Lake,Ningxia,providing support for fish diversity conservation and scientific management of Shahu Lake.【Methods】 Fishery resources surveys were conducted at five sampling sites in Shahu Lake [Holiday Hotel Pier（S1）,New Water Inlet（S2）,Lake Center（S3）,North Shahu Lake（S4）,and West Beach（S5）] in May,August,and November 2024. The fish species composition and ecological type classification were analyzed,dominant fish species and diversity,and the stability,structure similarity of that community were analyzed on the temporal and spatial distribution.【Results】 A total of 746 fish individuals were collected across the three surveys,belonging to 15 species,13 genera,5 families,and 3 orders. The Cyprinidae was the most numerous（9 species）,accounting for 60.00%. In the ecological type classification,carnivorous and omnivorous fish were the most numerous（7 species each）,both accounting for 46.67%;inhabiting the demersal layer fish were the most numerous（7 species）,accounting for 46.67%;and fish producing adhesive eggs were the most numerous（12 species）,accounting for 80.00%. The relative importance index（ IRI） analysis showed that Sander lucioperca and Carassius auratus were the dominant species in Shahu Lake. On the temporal scale,the Shannon-Wiener diversity index of fishes ranged from 1.388 to 1.565,with an average of 1.448;the Margalef richness index ranged from 1.347 to 2.117,with an average of 1.803;and the Pielou evenness index ranged from 0.526 to 0.752,with an average of 0.637. The abundance/biomass comparison curve showed that on the temporal scale,the fish communities in May and November 2024 experienced intermediate disturbance,while the disturbance in August was minor;on the spatial scale,the fish communities at S1,S3,and S4 experienced intermediate disturbance,while the disturbance at S2 and S5 was minor. The community Jaccard similarity index across the three surveys ranged from 0.462 to 0.547,and the Jaccard similarity index among the five sampling sites ranged from 0.316 to 0.727.【Conclusion】 The fish community structure in Shahu Lake is relatively simple,and the diversity level is generally moderate. Its changes are primarily caused by the combined effects of anthropogenic disturbance（tourism development,water pollution）and fish invasion（ Sander lucioperca）.

【Objective】 To screen highly effective microbial biocontrol strains against Plutella xylostella.【Methods】 The strains of Serratia nematodiphila（FQ268,LJ232,YC310,and YC278） were subjected to physiological and biochemical characterization. High-activity strains were screened using the leaf-dip method,followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing and insecticidal virulence determination against P. xylostella.【Results】 All four S. nematodiphila strains were Gram-negative. The methyl red test,indole test,cellulose degradation test,and lipase activity test were negative,while the catalase test and citrate utilization test were positive. All four strains could utilize glucose and mannitol to produce acid but could not utilize fructose and inositol. The high-activity strain identified was S. nematodiphila FQ268,which was susceptible to ceftriaxone,gentamicin sulfate,and norfloxacin,but resistant to rifampicin,cefradine,penicillin,erythromycin,and tetracycline. The fermentation broth of S. nematodiphila FQ268（5.58×10 ⁹ CFU/mL） exhibited LC ₅₀ values of 1.742×10 ⁹ and 2.566×10 ⁷ CFU/mL against second-instar larvae of P. xylostella at 48 and 72 h,respectively.【Conclusion】 S. nematodiphila FQ268 shows high insecticidal activity against second-instar larvae of P. xylostella and represents a relatively efficient microbial biocontrol strain.

【Objective】 To investigate the assembly mechanisms of fish community in the Hulan River and clarify their longitudinal gradient pattern,providing a basis for fish diversity conservation.【Methods】 Thirty-one sampling sites were set along the longitudinal gradient from the source to the estuary of the Hulan River for fish sampling. A two-way crossed ANOSIM was used to test the effect of different river sections on fish community structure. Similarity percentages was used to identify the key species maintaining the similarity of fish community structure in different river sections. Redundancy analysis was used to examine the relationship between fish taxa and the distance from the estuary.【Results】 A total of 4 128 fish individuals were surveyed,belonging to 37 species,30 genera,12 families,and 7 orders. The fish community structure showed significant spatial variation across the upper,middle,and lower reaches of the Hulan River（Global R=0.69, P<0.05）. The succession of the fish community from the upper to the middle reaches was characterized by the loss of Lefua costata and Cottus czerskii,and the gain of Gobio cynocephalus, Acheilognathus macropterus, Abbottina rivularis, Rhodeus ocellatus, Cobitis granoci, Pseudorasbora parva and Gobio tenuicorpus. The succession from the middle to the lower reaches was characterized by the loss of G. cynocephalus, Phoxinus lagowskii, Barbatula nuda and C. granoci,and the gain of Hemiculter leucisculus, Carassius auratus, Misgurnus bipartitus, Paramisgurnus dabryanus, Opsariichthys bidens and Hemibarbus maculatus. Redundancy analysis examine results showed a positive correlation between the distance from the estuary and P. lagowskii, B. nuda, C. czerskii, L. costata, Lota lota, Salvelinus malma, Pungitius sinensis and Rhodeus sinensis. Conversely, H. leucisculus, A. macropterus, P. parva, Silurus asotus, A. rivularis, C. auratus, H. maculatus, Rhinogobius cliffordpopei and Misgurnus mohoity showed a negative correlation with the distance from the estuary.【Conclusion】 The succession of the fish community along the longitudinal gradient of the Hulan River exhibits a pattern of loss of cold-water fish and gain of widely distributed species,indicating a turnover pattern.

【Objective】 To explore the application effectiveness of a lightweight deep neural network based on knowledge distillation for potato disease recognition,providing a reference for disease prevention and control in smart agriculture.【Methods】 A potato disease dataset containing 12 000 images across three categories（healthy,early blight,and late blight） was constructed using the public PlantVillage dataset and self-collected data. This dataset was divided into training,validation,and test sets in a ratio of 7∶1∶2. First,EfficientNet-B3 was trained as the teacher network. Subsequently,a dual-path knowledge transfer framework was constructed,with MobileNetV3-Small serving as the student network. Key discriminative features were extracted through a feature selection mechanism,and an adaptive knowledge distillation strategy was employed for simultaneous knowledge transfer at the feature and prediction layers. The loss weights were dynamically adjusted based on the training state. The student network was trained under the guidance of the teacher network to obtain an improved model that achieves both lightweight architecture and high recognition performance,and was compared with the un-distilled MobileNetV3-Small baseline model.【Results】 The improved model achieved an accuracy of 97.80% for potato disease detection on the test set,representing a 3.20 percentage point improvement over the baseline model and closely approaching the teacher network′s performance level of 98.50%. The model′s parameter count was only 1.60 M and its floating-point operations（FLOPs）were 62.03 M,which were 85.05% and 93.75% less than the teacher network,respectively. Grad-CAM visualization analysis confirmed that the model precisely locates key diagnostic features,such as the concentric rings of potato early blight and the water-soaked lesions of potato late blight,with the heatmap highly matching with the diseased regions.【Conclusion】 The lightweight potato disease recognition model based on adaptive knowledge distillation achieves both high accuracy and low computational complexity. It can effectively recognize the features of potato early blight and late blight,making it suitable for resource-constrained field environments.

【Objective】 To clarify the effects of strip intercropping in saline-alkali land of the Hetao Irrigation District,Inner Mongolia,on soybean growth,development,and yield,thereby improving the utilization rate of saline-alkali cultivated land. 【Methods】 A maize-soybean strip intercropping experiment（4 rows of maize+4 rows of soybean）was conducted in Bayannur City,Inner Mongolia,from 2023 to 2024 using four soybean varieties—Heinong 81,Mengkedou 15,Mengkedou 25,and Suinong 71（180 000 plants/hm ²）to analyze the variation patterns of agronomic traits,photosynthate production capacity,quality,and yield among different soybean varieties under saline-alkali land strip intercropping conditions,aiming to determine the effects of strip intercropping in saline-alkali land on soybean growth and development.【Results】 Over the two years,Mengkedou 15 exhibited the highest plant height（107.50 and 104.77 cm,respectively）,was significantly higher than that of the other varieties（ P<0.05）;the lowest pod height was the shortest（11.33 and 11.58 cm,respectively）,was significantly lower than that of the other varieties（ P<0.05）;the effective pod number per plant was the highest（15.24 and 15.85 pods,respectively）. Over the two years,leaf SPAD values of the different soybean varieties gradually increased as the soybean growth stage progressed,reaching their maximum at the full seed to full maturity stage,with Mengkedou 15 being significantly higher than the other varieties（ P<0.05）,measuring 42.83 and 43.23,respectively. The leaf area index showed a pattern of first increasing and then decreasing as the growth stage progressed,reaching its maximum at the full seed（R6）stage,with Mengkedou 15 significantly higher than the others（ P<0.05）,measuring 3.31 and 3.41,respectively. Dry matter accumulation gradually increased as the growth stage advanced,peaking at the full maturity（R8）stage,with Mengkedou 15 being significantly higher than the others（ P<0.05）,measuring 940.21 and 945.37 g/m ²,respectively. Suinong 71 had the highest protein content（39.98% and 40.21%）. Mengkedou 15 had the highest fat content（22.58% and 22.67%）and total protein and fat content（58.73% and 58.26%）. Soybean yield was highest for Mengkedou 15（1.53 and 1.59 t/hm ²,respectively）. Correlation analysis showed that soybean yield was highly significantly positively correlated with SPAD value and dry matter accumulation（ P<0.01）,with correlation coefficients of 0.97 and 0.96,respectively,and significantly negatively correlated with the lowest pod height（ P<0.05）,with a correlation coefficient of -0.87.【Conclusion】 Strip intercropping in saline-alkali land of the Hetao Irrigation District significantly affects soybean SPAD value and dry matter accumulation,consequently affecting soybean yield. Among the tested varieties,Mengkedou 15 showed the best performance in agronomic traits and yield and is suitable for maize-soybean strip intercropping in this region.