【Objective】Conduct genetic analysis of the main nutritional quality traits of maize stems at the molecular level，to provide theoretical basis for genetic improvement of the main nutritional quality traits of maize stems.【Methods】The study used 381 different types of maize inbred lines as associated populations and planted randomly in the experimental field of the Hebi Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Henan Province in 2016 and 2017. The nutritional quality traits acid washing fiber（ADF），neutral washing fiber（NDF），and digestibility（IVDMD） were investigated during the heading，filling，and maturity stages. Using the Maize SNP50 gene chip，461 053 high-quality SNPs were obtained for genome-wide association analysis.【Results】Using the generalized linear model（GLM） analysis，a total of 392 significantly correlated stem nutritional quality traits SNPs（P<1.08×10^-7） were detected on 10 chromosomes of maize during different growth stages of the two years，with phenotypic variation interpretation rates of 9.69% -17.34%. 97 SNPs were found to be independently associated more than twice，resulting in a total of 77 candidate genes associated with stem nutritional quality traits. Using the mixed linear model（MLM）analysis，a total of 257 significantly correlated SNPs were detected over the two years（P<2.17×10^-6），with phenotypic variation interpretation rates of 9.82% -20.20%. 17 SNPs were found to be independently associated more than twice，resulting in a total of 82 candidate genes. Among them，10 overlap with GLM model candidate genes. A total of 159 candidate association genes were identified by GLM and MLM，among which 43 candidate genes were detected twice or more. Zm00001d021261 was found to be associated with ADF，NDF，and IVDMD in different years 31 times at multiple loci. This gene encoded ATP binding protein and chloroplast sensor kinase，had the highest expression in leaves at maturity stage. Zm00001d021255 was found to be associated with stem nutritional quality traits 10 times at two loci. This gene encoded cysteine rich receptor like protein kinase 25，which was only expressed in developmental internodes and female panicles，can be further studied and validated.【Conclusion】Using GLM and MLM models could quickly and effectively associate significant loci related to maize stem nutrient quality. HC-SNP could be screened through repetitive significant loci，and then associated gene enrichment regions could be excavated.

【Objective】To explore the effects of continuous application of soil conditioner quicklime and organic fertilizer on the growth，development，and yield components of maize in acidic soil in the southeastern region of Liaoning.【Methods】From 2019 to 2021 field experiments were conducted in Fengcheng City，Liaoning Province. Four treatments were set up including no application of soil conditioner（CK），quicklime（CaO），organic fertilizer（Organic），and organic fertilizer+quicklime（Organic+CaO）. The effects of continuous application of soil conditioner on maize plant traits，dry matter accumulation，yield components，and other indicators were analyzed.【Results】From 2019 to 2021，the maize yield of CaO treatment were all higher than CK. The yield of Organic and Organic+CaO treatments were higher than CK in the first two years and were lower than the CK in the third year of continuous application. The yield increase of CaO treatment were in the range of 2.12% to 19.74%. The yield increase rates of Organic+CaO treatment were 15.74% and 7.89% in the first two years，respectively. But there was no yield increase effect in the third year of application. The year，soil conditioner，and their interaction had extremely significant effect（P<0.01） on maize yield. The yield of CaO and Organic+CaO treatments were significantly higher（P<0.05） than CK and the Organic treatments. The ear number of CaO treatment was significantly higher（P<0.05） than CK. CaO and Organic+CaO treatments had significantly higher（P<0.05） kernel number per ear and kernel number per hectare than that of CK and Organic treatment. 1 000-kernel weight in Organic+CaO treatment was significantly higher（P<0.05） than all other treatments. Yield was significantly positively correlated（P<0.05） with kernel number per ear （R²=0.614） and kernel number per hectare （R²=0.746）. Continuous application of soil conditioner could improve plant height，ear height，and the ratio of ear height to plant height of maize. And the effect on ear height was more than the effect on plant height. Leaf area index （LAI） increased rapidly in early growth stages and decreased slowly in later growth stages. The effects were more obvious for Organic+CaO and Organic treatments. Applying soil conditioner promoted the dry matter accumulation and post floral dry matter accumulation of all the growth stages. The effect of Organic+CaO treatment was better than that of Organic and CaO treatments.【Conclusion】Continuous application of CaO and Organic+CaO on acidic soil promoted the maize growth and development. However，from the yield prospective，when using Organic+CaO as soil conditioner in the southeastern region of Liaoning，continuous application for more than two years should be avoided.

【Objective】Identify the phenotypic traits of different types of barley germplasm resources，to provide basis for breeding practice.【Methods】The diversity of 8 qualitative traits including seedling habits，leaf posture，plant type，ridge type，awn type，awniness，naked/cover and grain color of 99 barley germplasm resources were analyzed by descriptive statistics.Using descriptive statistics，correlation analysis，cluster analysis，and principal component analysis，10 quantitative traits including plant height，growth period，tiller number，main spike length，main spike grain number，main spike grain weight，spike number per plant，grain number per plant，grain weight per plant and 1 000-grain weight were analyzed.【Results】 There were abundant variations in the 8 qualitative traits. The variation range of 10 quantitative traits was 9.08%-43.16%，among which the variation coefficient of main spike grain number was the highest，and the variation coefficient of growth period was the lowest. Correlation analysis showed that there were significant（P<0.05） or extremely significant（P<0.01）correlations among multiple traits of the 99 barley germplasm. The germplasm population was divided into 4 categories by cluster analysis. The 15 accessions in theⅠcategory had the characteristics of high stem，long main spike and long growth period. The 56 accessions in the Ⅱ category had the characteristics of low stalk，high spike number per plant，high tiller number and long main spike. The 26 accessions in theⅢcategory had the characteristics of high main spike grain weight，high main spike grain number and low 1 000-grain weight. There were 2 accessions in the Ⅳ category，characterized by high grain number per plant，high grain weight per plant，low 1 000-grain weight. Principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the three principal components reached 72.39%.【Conclusion】 There were abundant genetic variations in 18 phenotypic traits of 99 barley germplasm resources，which could be divided into 4 categories. Breeding selection could be based on group characteristics.

【Objective】To screen excellent millet varieties suitable for planting in the dry farming area of the Loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia.【Methods】Using 8 millet varieties as research objects and split plot experiment design，two treatments of pre-seedling supplementary irrigation and water deficit were set up. The growth characteristics and photosynthetic characteristics of millet varieties were compared and analyzed by principal component analysis.【Results】Pre-seedling supplemental irrigation significantly affected the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of millet varieties. Compared with water deficit treatment，Jinmiao K1 had the highest （6.56%） seedling emergence rate，followed by Zhangzagu No. 13（4.44%）；Jinmiao K1 and Zhangzagu No. 13 had better plant height performance，at 30.5 cm and 30.3 cm，respectively，increased by 15.21% and 6.27% and were significantly different from other varieties（P<0.05）；Zhangzagu No. 13 had better stem diameter and dry matter accumulation at 5.45 mm and 0.598 g，respectively，increased by 12.60% and 5.65%，and were significantly different from other varieties（P<0.05），followed by Jinmiao K1，which increased by 16.56% and 4.98%，respectively. Under the water deficit treatment，the leaf area index of Zhangzagu No. 13 and Jinmiao K1 were less affected by drought at 0.94 and 0.83，respectively；the relative chlorophyll content of Zhangzagu No. 13 was the highest at 51.18. The stomatal conductance of Zhangzagu No. 13 and Jinmiao K1 was better under both treatments，significantly higher than that of other varieties（P<0.05），4.45% and 4.36% higher under pre-seedling supplemental irrigation treatment than water deficit treatment，respectively. The net photosynthetic rates of Jigu 168 and Jinmiao K1 were significantly higher than that of other varieties（P<0.05）. Under water deficit treatment，Zhangzagu No. 13 had the best net photosynthetic rate at 33.18 μmol/（m²·s），which was 1.99% lower than that of pre-seedling supplementary irrigation. The transpiration rates of Zhangzagu No. 13 and Jinmiao K1 were better and significantly higher than that of other varieties（P<0.05），4.39% and 3.79% higher under pre-seedling supplemental irrigation treatment than water deficit treatment，respectively. Zhangzagu No. 13 and Jinmiao K1 had better water use efficiency under both treatments. Water deficit led to an increase in leaf photosynthetic water use efficiency，the two varieties increased by 11% and 7%，respectively.【Conclusion】Zhangzagu No. 13 and Jinmiao K1 could be promoted as the dominant varieties of millet for drought resistance and seedling protection in the dry farming area of the Loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】To screen varieties of dryland spring maize suitable for planting in Shanxi Province.【Methods】From 2020 to 2021，four spring maize varieties with good growth and high yield were selected as experimental materials and tested at two test sites of Chaoyang Town，Shouyang County and Dongyang Town，Yuci District in Jinzhong City. Using single factor randomized block design，the agronomic traits，photosynthetic characteristics，and dry matter accumulation of spring maize varieties were compared and the correlation analysis on yield and yield components were performed.【Results】At the test site in Chaoyang Town，Shouyang County，Dafeng 30 and Dika 159 had excellent agronomic traits，strong photosynthetic characteristics，high dry matter accumulation in leaves and panicles，and low dry matter accumulation in stems. The average yield increased by 3.59% and 1.70% compared to Taiyuan No. 9（CK），respectively. At the test site in Dongyang Town，Yuci District，the photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation of Dafeng 30 were significantly higher than those of Jindan 86 in the early growth stage，while there was no significant difference between the two in the later growth stage. Compared with Jinboshi 806（CK），the average yields of Dafeng 30 and Jindan 86 increased by 4.13% and 3.69%，respectively. The yield of spring maize was negatively correlated with bald tip length，but positively correlated with ear length，number of grains per ear，100-grain weight，and yield per plant.【Conclusion】Dafeng 30，Dika 159，and Jindan 86 were suitable for large-scale demonstration and promotion planting in the dryland spring maize planting areas of Shanxi.

Plant height is an important indicator of the ideal plant type of maize and closely related to yield. It affects plant photosynthetic utilization，lodging resistance，harvest index，etc. By altering cell division and elongation，phytohormones change the length and quantity of maize internodes，modifying maize plant height to achieve the effect of dwarfing crops. This paper reviewed the research progress in recent years on the mapping and cloning of QTL/genes that control maize plant height and the formation of dwarf mutants under the regulation of hormones（GA₃，IAA，BR），in order to provide references for the production and application of maize breeding.

The leaf chlorophyll content of maize is used to characterize crop growth status，nitrogen nutrition and health status，and is an effective indicator for crop growth evaluation and production potential evaluation. The article summarized the vertical distribution research methods，vertical distribution characteristics，and causes of vertical distribution patterns of maize leaf chlorophyll content in different leaf positions，in order to provide theoretical support for exploring the research methods of maize leaf chlorophyll content vertical distribution.

【Objective】Evaluate the indoor toxicity and field control efficacy of 4 plant derived pesticides on Uroleucon gobonis to screen for pesticides with better control effect.【Methods】Using 50% pymetrozine WG as control agent，the indoor toxicity of 4 plant derived pesticides，0.6% matrine AS，1.5% pyrethroid EW，6.0% rotenone ME，and Pinellia ternata ethanol extract to Uroleucon gobonis was determined by leaf impregnation method. The field control efficacy was determined by leaf spray.【Results】3 d after treatment，the LC₅₀ of 0.6% matrine AS，1.5% pyrethroid EW，6.0% rotenone ME，and Pinellia ternata ethanol extract were 0.016，6.653，9.173，and 30.931 mg/L，respectively. While the LC₅₀ of control agent 50% pymetrozine WG was 24.786 mg/L. The toxicity of 0.6% matrine AS，1.5% pyrethroid EW，and 6.0% rotenone ME were significantly higher （P<0.05） than the control. After 1 d and 7 d treatment，the field control efficacy of 0.6% matrine AS 400 times diluted solution was 76.81% and 96.39%，respectively，indicating rapid and sustained efficacy. The field control efficacy of 1.5% pyrethroid EW 150 times diluted solution and 6.0% rotenone ME 500 times diluted solution 7 d after treatment was 88.84% and 88.37%，similar to the 87.29% filed control efficacy of the control agent 50% pirimid WG 750 times diluted solution.【Conclusion】0.6% matrine AS could be used for the prevention and control of Uroleucon gobonis in the peak infection period，while 1.5% pyrethroid EW and 6.0% rotenone ME could be used in the subsequent period. All three plant derived pesticides could be promoted and applied in the prevention and control of Uroleucon gobonis.

【Objective】Study the content level of nutrient elements in the potato-soil system，to screen featured potato products in plateau areas，and optimize potato quality.【Methods】The nutrient elements such as Se、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mg、Sr、Mn、I and Cr in potatoes and the rhizosphere soil in the eastern part of Qinghai Province were investigated and analyzed. And the nutrient element level and the absorption pattern in potatoes and the soil environment were evaluated using characteristic parameters，enrichment coefficients and correlation analysis.【Results】In eastern Qinghai Province，the average soil Se content was 421.3 μg/kg，Cu was 27 mg/kg，Zn was 78 mg/kg，Fe was 45 900 mg/kg，Mg was 28.41 g/kg，Mn was 651 mg/kg，I was 2.6 mg/kg，Sr was 280 mg/kg and Cr was 81 mg/kg. Se，Sr，Mg and Cr were significantly enriched，and the study area was predicated to be selenium-rich，high-strontium，high-magnesium，and moderate-chromium soil. The average content of Se in potatoes was 10.6 μg/kg，Cu was 1.3 mg/kg，Zn was 2.8 mg/kg，Fe was 7.65 mg/kg，Mg was 0.24 g/kg，Mn was 1.1 mg/kg，I was 0.03 mg/kg，Sr was 1.0 mg/kg，and Cr was 0.05 mg/kg. The selenium-enrichment rate of potatoes was 18.8%. According to the enrichment coefficient strength of nutrient elements in potatoes，potatoes had the characteristics of favoring Cu and Zn，and repelling Cr and Fe. According to the correlation evaluation of elements in the soil-potato system，it was inferred that the sequence combination of Mg-Mn-Zn and Se-I existed in the elements uptake mechanisms of potatoes.【Conclusion】The eastern of Qinghai Province had unique natural resource advantages，had selenium-rich，high-strontium，high-magnesium，and moderate-chromium soil. Based on the elements uptake mechanisms of potatoes，selenium-rich and high-magnesium featured potatoes could be cultivated.

Corn silk is the dried filaments and stigmas of female flowers of Gramineae plant maize. It contains various functional components such as flavonoids，polysaccharides，saponins，sterols，and organic acids. As a traditional Chinese herbal medicine，corn silk is often used to treat diseases such as edema，cystitis，gout，kidney stones，nephritis，and prostatitis. This article reviewed the bioactive components，efficacy，and extraction methods of active ingredients of corn silk，and prospected the basic and applied research on the bioactive components of corn silk，in order to provide references for further in-depth research and related product development in the field.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of drought on the growth，yield of different potato varieties and evaluate their drought resistance.【Methods】Plant height，stem diameter，leaf area index，chlorophyll content（SPAD value），dry matter accumulation，root-shoot ratio and yield were measured for 8 potato varieties treated with normal irrigation and drought stress. Using principal component analysis and membership function method，the comprehensive drought resistance measure（D） was calculated. The drought resistance of different potato varieties were then comprehensively evaluated.【Results】Under drought stress，the plant height，stem diameter，leaf area index and yield of the different potato varieties were all lower than those of normal irrigation treatment，while SPAD values were higher. The indexes of Dafeng No. 10 and Xisen No. 6 had no significant differences with normal irrigation treatment or small decreases，while the indexes of Luyin No.1，Dafeng No. 9 and Jizhangshu No. 12 were significantly lower than those of normal irrigation treatment. Different varieties had clear differences in the indexes. Xisen No. 6 had the best plant height and stem diameter of 64.20 cm and 12.63 mm，respectively. Luyin No. 1 had the lowest plant height of 49.53 cm. Jizhangshu No. 12 had the smallest stem diameter of 10.13 mm. Huasong No. 7 had the highest SPAD value of 53.03，while Jizhangshu No. 12 had the lowest at 39.73. Dafeng No. 10 performed best in leaf area index，dry matter accumulation，root-shoot ratio and yield of 1.88，170.80 g/plant，0.12，and 34 750 kg/hm²，respectively. Jizhangshu No. 12 had the worst leaf area index，root-shoot ratio and yield of 0.94，0.08，and 18 750 kg/hm². At 121.78 g/plant，Dafeng No. 9 had the lowest dry matter accumulation. Dafeng No. 10 and Xisen No. 6 had high drought resistance indexes of 0.986 and 0.756，respectively. Two principal components were obtained through principal component analysis：the first contributed 57.807% and the eigenvalue was 5.203，and the second contributed 20.281% and the eigenvalue was 1.825. Under drought stress，the comprehensive drought resistance measure of Dafeng No. 10 was the largest，1.000.【Conclusion】Based on the growth，yield，and the comprehensive drought resistance measure of different potato varieties，Dafeng No. 10 showed strong drought resistance.

In response to the urgent demand for mechanization,lightened and simplified cotton production management,as well as the breeding difficulties of collaborative improvement and enhancement of plant architecture,early maturity,yield,fibre quality,and disease resistance for cotton varieties,research on new variety development with the early maturity,high yield,good fibre quality and suitability for mechanization and coordinative cultivation techniques were carried out. Breeding technologies of synchronous improvement of early maturity,density resistance,lodging resistance and suitability for mechanization were established with “two modifications,two increases,and four selections”. Ten elite breeding parent materials were produced. A total of 633 SNP loci associated with 14 traits were determined,including flowering period,Verticillium wilt resistance,boll weight,lint percentage,fibre length,fibre strength and so on. Twenty-six KASP markers with lower cost and higher throughput were developed for breeding selection of fibre quality and Verticillium wilt resistance. Twelve key genes regulating early maturity,fibre quality,adversity resistance and seed germination were discovered. And their expression patterns in different varieties were documented. Using the elite breeding parent materials,breeding techniques,and developed molecular markers,four new varieties including Jinongda 23,Jinongdamian 24,Jinongdamian 25 and Jinongda 36 were bred with early maturity,high yield,good fibre quality and suitability for mechanization. New breakthroughs were made in improving mechanical characteristics such as compact plant architecture,early maturity,concentrated boll opening,and synergistic enhancement with high yield,good fibre quality and disease resistance. Simple,labor saving,and efficient supporting techniques with “one-hole-one-seed machinery sowing,expanding the number of bolls in the population,chemical regulation in whole growing season and pruning-free,and concentrated harvesting in cotton fields” were created for mechanical harvesting. By combining science,enterprises and application,demonstration bases with strong representatives,wide coverage,and strong driving force were established,leading the large-scale production and application of new varieties,with an income increase of 2 700-3 000 yuan per hectare and 60-75 labor saving,significantly reducing costs and increase efficiency.

【Objective】Mining domestic satellite image data information to rapidly and accurately obtain the types of crop planting structures，to provide references for optimizing agricultural production layout.【Methods】 The random forest algorithm model was used in combination with sample data to analyze the importance of spectral features，vegetation index features，and texture features of the images. The optimal feature combinations based on GF-6 images were acquired by evaluating classification accuracy. The selected features were then used in object-oriented classification research（with smoothness of 0.5 and compactness of 0.3 as parameters and 10 as steps，setting a total of 11 different segmentation scales ranging from 40 to 140），to obtain the spatial distribution of the main crop planting structure in the research area.【Results】The GVI，EVI，Nir，GI，GNDVI，and Green features obtained by feature optimization method could effectively reduce data redundancy in crop classification and improve classification efficiency. Among the 11 segmentation scales set in the research area farmland，the optimal segmentation scale was 100. The segmentation results retained the integrity of the plot and reflected the heterogeneity of different crop types. The classification accuracy based on object-oriented classification method reached 96.2%，with a Kappa coefficient of 0.944，which was 5.3 percentage points higher than pixel based classification accuracy.【Conclusion】Using domestically produced GF-6 images as the data source and employing the feature optimization object-oriented classification method could effectively improve classification accuracy and serve as an effective means for crop planting structure monitoring.

【Objective】To explore the optimal fertilization method and dosage for millet production in Chifeng City，Inner Mongolia.【Methods】In Harqin Banner，Chifeng City，using Jinmiao K1 as the experimental material，a total of 14 treatment levels of 4 fertilization methods were set up，including nitrogen and potassium topdressing（A），increased potassium fertilizer application（B），partial bacterial fertilizer replacing conventional fertilizer（C），and delayed fertilizer application（D）. The yield and yield traits such as fresh weight per plant，dry weight per plant，ear diameter，ear length，single ear weight，and grain weight of millet under different treatments were compared. The principal component analysis was used to evaluate the optimal fertilization method and dosage.【Results】The yields of millet under different treatments were 3 745.7-8 236.8 kg/hm² with a coefficient of variation of 20.49%. Yield was extremely significantly positively correlated with single ear weight，grain weight and ear diameter（P<0.01）. The first two extracted principal components covered 83.074% information of millet yield and yield traits. Comprehensive comparative analysis showed that nitrogen and potassium topdressing was beneficial to yield increase and yield traits improvement of millet. Two better treatments under this fertilization method were application of 375 kg/hm² triple compound fertilizer at seeding time，and watering application of 225.0 kg/hm²（A5） and 112.5 kg/hm²（A2）nitrogen and potassium fertilizer at flowering time.Increased potassium fertilizer application was beneficial to the yield increase of millet，but the performance of yield traits were poor. The optimal treatment under this fertilization method was application of 375 kg/hm² triple compound fertilizer and 225.0 kg/hm² of increased potassium sulfate（B3） at seeding time.Partial bacterial fertilizer replacing conventional fertilizer performed well in improving biological yield，but the level of grain yield was low. Under this fertilization method，the best treatment was application of 450 kg/hm² of triple compound fertilizer and 300 kg/hm² of bacterial fertilizer（C1）. Delayed fertilizer application had poor performance in both millet yield and yield traits.【Conclusion】Under nitrogen and potassium topdressing，applying 375 kg/hm² of triple compound fertilizer during seeding time，and watering application of 225.0 kg/hm²（A5） and 112.5 kg/hm²（A2） nitrogen and potassium fertilizer at flowering stage，were suitable for promotion and application in millet production in Chifeng City，Inner Mongolia. In partial bacterial fertilizer replacing conventional fertilizer，applying 450 kg/hm² of triple compound fertilizer and 300 kg/hm² of bacterial fertilizer（C1） was suitable for millet production with the main goal of harvesting biomass in Chifeng City，Inner Mongolia.

Chenopodium quinoa is highly favored by consumers due to its exceptional nutritional value and health functions，with planting area gradually increasing. During the planting process，the occurrence of diseases seriously affected the yield and quality，among which fungal and oomycete diseases were major factors limiting the yield of Chenopodium quinoa. The article reviewed the causes，symptoms，occurrence patterns，and prevention and control techniques of Chenopodium quinoa fungal and oomycete diseases，in order to provide guidance for the prevention and control of fungal and oomycete diseases in Chenopodium quinoa production.

【Objective】Clarify the indoor toxicity and field control efficacy of common nematicides on Ditylenchus destructor Thorne，to screen for pesticides with high contact-killing activity.【Methods】Direct contact killing method was used to determine the indoor toxicity of five chemical agents on the adult and larvae of Ditylenchus destructor Thorne. And field control efficacy of the five chemical agents and three microecological preparations was measured.【Results】After diluting for 100 times and applied for 72 hours，the toxicity of 10% thiazophos granules to the adults and larvae of Ditylenchus destructor Thorne was the highest，with LC₅₀ of 2.201 and 2.182 mg/L，respectively，followed by 41.7% fluoropyram suspension，with LC₅₀ of 2.999 and 2.952 mg/L，respectively.Among the 5 chemical agents，20% thiazophos aqueous emulsion had the best control efficacy of 89.49%，while 41.7% fluoropyram suspension had the highest yield increase rate of 14.57%. Among the three microecological preparations，Bacillus TB918 liquid bacterial preparation had the best control efficacy of 48.20%，and the highest yield increase rate of 5.51%.【Conclusion】The corrected mortality rate of the 5 chemical agents on Ditylenchus destructor Thorne increased with the increase of the chemical concentration and application time. 20% thiazophos aqueous emulsion had the best field control efficacy against Ditylenchus destructor Thorne among the chemical agents，while the Bacillus TB918 liquid bacterial preparation had the highest field control efficacy among the microecological preparations.

【Objective】To grasp the research progress on crop pests and diseases identification.【Methods】Using the literature on crop pests and diseases identification from Web of Science（WOS） and China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）databases as data sources，statistical analysis and bibliometric methods were used to analyze the research situation in the field of crop pests and diseases identification during 2000 to 2022 from the perspectives of literature publication volume，publication country，publication institution，research scholars，and research hotspots.【Results】2 214 English literature related to crop pests and diseases identification were retrieved. Since 2014，the publication volume increased continuously. The publication volume during 2014 to 2022 accounted for 85.0% of the total publication volume. 2 390 Chinese literature were retrieved，with a steady increase in publication volume from 2000 to 2012. After 2013，despite large fluctuations，there was an overall upward trend.China and the United States accounted for 41.3% of the total publication volume on crop pests and diseases identification research.In terms of collaboration and communication，China had close research collaboration with the United States and some Asian and European countries. The Chinese Academy of Sciences（90 publications） had the highest English literature publication volume，while the National Agricultural Technology Promotion Service Center（47 publications）had the highest Chinese literature publication volume.HUANG Wenjiang had significant research results both domestically and internationally（45 publications）. The main international research hotspots in the field of crop pests and diseases identification were the establishment of identification models and data acquisition.Domestic research hotspots underwent a transformation from manual recognition through expert systems to model optimization.【Conclusion】The current research momentum on crop pests and diseases identification domestically and internationally are still strong，with different research focuses.Intentionally，the research systems in model optimization and data acquisition methods are relatively mature. But there are still huge developmental potentials that can be excavated. Domestically，the research on intelligent recognition started relatively late but developed rapidly. In the future，the application of deep learning new algorithms may become a new research hotspot in the field of crop pets and diseases identification.

【Objective】Select deep learning cherry tomato fruit recognition models to achieve rapid and accurate detection of greenhouse cherry tomato fruits.【Methods】The training data set was constructed by collecting the cherry tomato fruit samples and annotating the data. YOLOv4 and YOLO v4-Tiny algorithms were used for model training. The precision，recall，mean average precision and comprehensive evaluation index F1 value of the trained models were analyzed.【Results】The precision of cherry tomato fruit recognition prediction was 100% and 96.84% for the trained YOLOv4 and YOLOv4-Tiny models，the recall rates were 91.12% and 90.53%，average precision was 96.32% and 94.18%，and the comprehensive evaluation index F1 values were 0.95 and 0.94，respectively.【Conclusion】YOLOv4 algorithm model was obviously better than YOLOv4-Tiny，could achieve accurate cherry tomato fruit recognition.

【Objective】Identify the age of Triplophysa pseudoscleroptera and explore the growth changes to gather basic biological data for Triplophysa，and provide references for the protection of fishery resources in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River.【Methods】Triplophysa pseudoscleroptera samples were selected from different fishing stations in Qinghai Province and Gansu Province in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. Otolith materials were used to identify the age. Von Bertalanffy GF（VBGF），Logistic GF，Gompertz GF and Power exponential GF were used to simulate the full-length growth of Triplophysa pseudoscleroptera. The maximum likelihood method was used to estimate the model parameters.The fitting effect of the models was evaluated by calculating and comparing the AIC value of each model to determine the growth model suitable for Triplophysa pseudoscleroptera.【Results】The Triplophysa pseudoscleroptera samples were separated into 4 age groups ranging from 2 to 5 years，with the 3-year group having the most amount，accounting for 54.88%. The full-length of the samples ranged from 6.19 to 13.76 cm，and the body weight ranged from 1.58 to 19.12 g. The fitting results of the four Triplophysa pseudoscleroptera growth models showed that the Logistic GF growth model had the lowest AIC value（-86.66）and best fitting effect，followed by Gompertz GF（-86.52）and VBGF（-86.31）growth model. Power exponential GF growth model had the highest AIC value（-82.51） and the worst fitting effect. The Triplophysa pseudoscleroptera growth model Logistic GF equation was $ L_{t}=\frac{14.585}{\left[1+\mathrm{e}^{0.568\left(t_{i}-1.948\right)}\right]}$ .【Conclusion】Logistic GF was the most suitable growth model for Triplophysa pseudoscleroptera in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River.

【Objective】Clarify the effects of planting densities on the agronomic traits and yield of broad beans,to explore the optimal planting density of broad beans in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia.【Methods】In 2022 and 2023,using Mengcan No. 1 and Mengcan No. 2 broad beans as experiment materials and randomized block design,five planting densities, D1（90 000 plants/hm ²）,D2（120 000 plants/hm ²）,D3（150 000 plants/hm ²）,D4（180 000 plants/hm ²）,and D5（210 000 plants/hm ²） were set up to analyze the effects of different planting densities on the main agronomic traits,yield traits,yield and economic benefits of broad beans.【Results】The plant height of broad beans had increasing trend with the increase of planting densities,while the total number of branches and effective branch number per plant had decreasing trend. With the increase of planting densities,the main yield traits,yield and economic benefits of broad beans had the trends of first increase and then decrease. The performance of different planting densities were：D4>D3>D5>D2>D1. Under D4 treatment,the yield of Mengcan No. 1 and Mengcan No. 2 were highest at 2 089.74,2 210.66 kg/hm ² in 2022 and 2 152.15,2 249.66 kg/hm ² in 2023,the net income were highest as well at 13 439.76,14 478.16 yuan/hm ² in 2022 and 13 947.97,14 739.54 yuan/hm ² in 2023.【Conclusion】The optimal planting density for broad beans in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia was 180 000 plants/hm ². Under this density,the agronomic traits of broad bean performed well,the yield and economic benefits were the best.

【Objective】 Study the effects of AM fungi and nitrogen addition on the root infection rate and photosynthetic characteristics of sorghum，to screen for the optimal amount of biological and nitrogen fertilizer.【Methods】Using pot experiment，6 treatments were set up including 0，150，and 300 kg/hm² three nitrogen levels（N0，N1 and N2） and two AM fungal treatments（inoculation GM and non-inculation NGM）. Sorghum root infection status and photosynthetic indexes at filling stage were investigated.【Results】AM fungi and nitrogen treatments had significant interactions（P<0.05） on sorghum root infection rate，leaf stomatal conductance，and leaf transpiration rate. Compared with the non-inoculation treatment，the sorghum leaf chlorophyll contents of inoculated N0，N1，and N2 levels increased by 10.80%，8.29%，and 8.78%（P<0.05），respectively，and the net assimilation rate increased by 8.86%，9.47%，and 4.03% （P<0.05），respectively. The sorghum leaf transpiration rates of N0 and N1 levels increased by 24.85% and 16.14%，respectively（P<0.05）. Under the inoculation treatment，compared with N0 level，the sorghum root infection rates under N1 and N2 levels decreased by 35.38% and 30.77%，respectively（P<0.05），and the leaf stomatal conductance decreased by 15.96% and 19.54%，respectively（P<0.05）. Correlation analysis showed that AM fungi addition resulted in significant positive correlation of sorghum root infection rate with leaf chlorophyll content，stomatal conductance，net assimilation rate，and transpiration rate（P<0.05）.【Conclusion】AM fungi inoculation and 150 kg/hm² of nitrogen fertilizer addition were the best treatments to reduce root infection rate and improve the photosynthetic characteristics of sorghum.

【Objective】Study the relevant nutrients of tomato sensory quality evaluation to establish a simple model for the determination of tomato sensory quality.【Methods】19 tomato varieties were tested for 8 nutrients，and 5 sensory evaluation indexes were investigated by questionnaires. Correlation analysis，principal component analysis （PCA） and regression analysis were used for comprehensive evaluation.【Results】Except zinc，7 of the 8 nutrients had correlation coefficients greater than 0.300 with sensory quality. The correlation coefficients between soluble solid and score，vote，taste，aroma intensity，pulp texture，and juice abundance in both large and cherry tomatoes were greater than 0.400，and the correlations were stable and prominent. Soluble sugar was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with score，vote，taste and aroma intensity in large tomatoes，while the correlation were not obvious in cherry tomatoes. Water content was negatively correlated with score，vote，and juice abundance in both large and cherry tomatoes. Principal component analysis summarized the 11 evaluation indicators into 3 principal components，with an accumulated variance contribution rate of 74.939%. A simple model was obtained through multivariate linear regression analysis：tomato sensory quality predicted score =93.039-0.304 × vitamin C content -0.179 × lycopene content -0.621 × iron content +2.314 × soluble solid content -1.585 × titratable acid content.【Conclusion】A rapid，simple and quantitative determination model of tomato sensory quality based on nutrients was established.

Using traditional detection technology to meet the requirements of rapid，non-destructive，and effective seed quality detection is challenging. As science and technology advance，spectral imaging technology in conjunction with chemometric methods is now able to get both the spectral and image information of the analyte，offering the benefits of speed，non-destructiveness，and high efficiency. The method is currently applied to all aspects of seed quality detection technology. This paper introduced the theory of spectral imaging technology，summarized the status of maize seeds，the method of spectral data preprocessing，the method of extracting the characteristic wavelength of spectral data，the modeling analysis method and the model evaluation index in the detection process of spectral imaging technology. It also reviewed the research progress of spectral imaging technology in detecting maize seed vitality，moisture，disease，quality and origin. In the end，considering the problems of low data processing efficiency and low model accuracy in the quality detection of maize seeds using spectral imaging technology，the development trend of spectral imaging technology was prospected from the perspectives of research systematization and fusion of new algorithms，in order to provide references for non-destructive testing of maize seeds.

【Objective】To explore the impact of drip irrigation on water use and yield of quinoa in the north foot of Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia to clarify the differences in water temporal and spatial distribution characteristics in the field and yield changes of quinoa under different drip irrigation treatments.【Methods】In Wuchuan Dry Farming Experimental Station of Inner Mongolia，six treatments were set up for the quinoa field drip irrigation experiment：irrigation during seedling and branching stages（W1），irrigation during seedling and earing stages（W2），irrigation during seedling and filling stages（W3），irrigation during seedling，branching，and earing stages（W4），irrigation during seedling，branching，and filling stages（W5），and irrigation during seedling，earing，and filling stages（W6）. The soil moisture status of 0-100 cm soil layers，as well as the changes in dry matter accumulation and grain yield of quinoa under different treatments were compared and analyzed.【Results】Throughout the whole growth period of quinoa，the soil moisture content in the 0-100 cm soil layers of all the treatments showed a trend of first increase and then decrease with the increase of soil depth. And the soil moisture content in the 40-70 cm soil layers had significant changes among the different drip irrigation treatments. The dry matter accumulation of quinoa in all the drip irrigation treatments showed an upward trend with the progress of growth periods，among which the dry matter accumulation of quinoa in W5 treatment was significantly higher than that in other irrigation treatments. The grain yield and water use efficiency of W5 treatment were the highest，at 2 225.56 kg/hm² and 6.49 kg/（mm·hm²），respectively.【Conclusion】At the north foot of Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia，drip irrigation at the seedling stage（450 m³/hm²），branching stage（450 m³/hm²），and filling stage（450 m³/hm²） had the best yield and water use efficiency of quinoa，could be used as a water-saving，high-yield，and high-efficiency drip irrigation regime for quinoa in the area.

Oats exhibit a wealth of carbohydrates,soluble dietary fiber,proteins,lipids,phenolic compounds,alkaloids,vitamins,and minerals. Among these,avenanthramide are compounds exclusively found in oats. This paper primarily reviewed the research progress related to nomenclature,classification,extraction methods,synthesis,content enhancement,structure-activity and antioxidant activity,as well as the bioavailability,and physiological activity of avenanthramide. It prospected the functional value of avenanthramide in food health and clinical medicine,as well as the optimization of chemical synthesis processes,aiming to offer insights for the development and utilization of avenanthramide.

【Objective】To clarify the effects of different hosts on the growth，development，and reproduction of Spodoptera frugiperda.【Methods】Using indoor feeding observation methods，the growth，development，and pupation of the 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda after feeding on 23 representative crops such as Zea mays，Triticum aestivum，and Solanum lycopersicum and 8 common weeds such as Eleusin indica，Portulaca oleracea，and Cyperus rotundus in corn fields were compared and analyzed. 7 plants with higher fitness were selected as the testing hosts to compare the growth，development，and reproduction of the S. frugiperda.【Results】The 3rd instar larvae fed on 16 plants including Triticum aestivum，Dioscorea esculenta，and Solanum lycopersicum，could complete the growth and development of the larval stage and successfully pupate. Dioscorea esculenta，Solanum lycopersicum，Eleusin indica，Helianthus annuus，Ziziphus jujube and Actinidia chinensis were the higher fitness hosts for feeding and growth except Zea mays. Among them，the larval stage of the S. frugiperda feeding on Actinidia chinensis leaves was the longest at 19.30 d，while the shortest was feeding on Helianthus annuus leaves at 12.65 d. The larvae feeding on Zea mays leaves had the pupal weight of 170.53 mg，significantly higher than the other six host plants（P<0.05），as well as the shortest pupa stage（9.25 d） and the highest emergence rate（83.33%）. The indexes of the S. frugiperda larvae feeding on Dioscorea esculenta leaves were the closest to the ones feeding on Zea mays leaves，with the pupa weight of 146.15 mg，the pupa stage of 11.55 d，and the emergence rate of 58.33%. The egg number per female of S. frugiperda fed on Zea mays leaves was 1 030，significantly higher than that of the other six host plants（P<0.05），followed by the one feeding on Dioscorea esculenta leaves at 892.【Conclusion】S. frugiperda preferred Zea mays for feeding and oviposition，but could achieve population reproduction on host plants such as Dioscorea esculenta，Solanum lycopersicum，Eleusin indica，Helianthus annuus，Ziziphus jujube and Actinidia chinensis. Risk of diversion to other crops existed when the population density was high.

【Objective】To construct and optimize BP neural network mango maturity discrimination model based on genetic algorithm.【Methods】Using Xiaotai Mango as the experimental material，the firmness and sugar content of mangoes with different maturity levels were measured，and RGB images captured. The correlation between mango maturity and mango firmness，sugar content，and image feature variables（R，G，B，H，S，V components） were analyzed. BP neural network mango maturity discrimination model was constructed and optimized using optimal network weights and thresholds obtained by genetic algorithm.【Results】With the increase of mango maturity，sugar content showed clear increasing trend，while firmness showed decreasing trend. Image feature variables （R，G，B，H，S components） had significant differences （P<0.05） at different maturity stages. The BP neural network mango maturity discrimination model optimized by genetic algorithm had an classification accuracy of 96.3%.【Conclusion】The BP neural network mango maturity discrimination model optimized by genetic algorithm could accurately identify mangoes with different maturity levels.

【Objective】To explore the application of fermented mushroom residue and fermented corn cob in improving leaf vegetable seedling substrate.【Methods】Lettuce and romaine lettuce were used as test materials. Using different volume rations of fermented mushroom residue and fermented corn cob mixed with compound substrate of turf and vermiculite mixture,and turf∶vermiculite=7V∶3V as control（CK）,the effects of different substrate ratios on the physicochemical properties of the substrate as well as the growth and development of lettuce and romaine lettuce seedlings were studied.【Results】In the different ratios of compound substrates,the bulk density of T3 treatment was highest among all the treatments at 0.48 g/cm ³. The total porosity,aeration porosity,total phosphorus content,available nitrogen content,pH value,and EC value of T6 treatment were highest among all the treatments,at 79.26%,29.60%,0.21 g/kg,1 564.76 mg/kg,7.51,and 4.47 mS/cm,respectively. The total potassium content of T3 treatment was highest among all the treatments,at 6.44 g/kg. The effective phosphorus content of T7 treatment was highest among all the treatments,at 18.86 mg/kg. The available potassium content of T3 treatment was highest among all the treatments,at 380.68 mg/kg. The emergence rates of lettuce and romaine lettuce in the substrate of T8 treatment（21% fermented mushroom residue,21% fermented corn cob,28% turf,and 30% vermiculite）reached 95.59% and 95.96%,respectively. The plant height,stem diameter,single leaf area,and total dry weight of the seedlings were 8.92 cm,2.08 mm,20.13 cm ²,93.70 mg,and 15.11 cm,3.50 mm,7.40 cm ²,164.01 mg,respectively,all significantly higher than CK（ P<0.05）. The comprehensive evaluation coefficients of seedling growth indexes were 0.974 and 0.959,respectively,all higher than CK and other treatments.【Conclusion】The addition of fermented mushroom residue and fermented corn cob significantly improved the physicochemical properties of leafy vegetable seedling substrate. Equal volume of fermented mushroom residue and fermented corn cob mixture had significant promoting effects on the growth and development of lettuce and romaine lettuce seedlings,could partially replace turf in the seedling substrate of leafy vegetables.

【Objective】To explore the spatial characteristics,source,and development trend of agricultural non-point source pollution in Shandong Province.【Methods】Inventory analysis and output coefficient method were used to calculate the total emission of chemical oxygen demand（COD）,total nitrogen（TN）,and total phosphorus（TP）,equivalent standard emission,emission intensity per unit area,emission per 10 000 yuan output value of agricultural non-point source pollution from different sources in Shandong Province and various cities from 2000 to 2020.【Results】From 2000 to 2020,the equivalent standard emission of agricultural non-point source pollution decreased by 29.43% in Shandong Province. The average annual contribution rates of equivalent standard emission of TN and TP were 51.48% and 38.70%,respectively,with contribution rates of the two over 90%. Livestock and poultry breeding was the main agricultural non-point source pollution in Shandong Province with TN and TP contribution rates over 60%. The emission per 10 000 yuan output value had decreasing trend. Emission intensity per unit area was high in the west and low in the east. Weifang and Linyi were the high pollution areas. Dezhou,Heze and Liaocheng were the relatively high pollution areas. The average contribution rate of intra-regional differences in the Theil index of agricultural non-point source pollution was 97.8%,and the average inter-regional rate was 2.2%.【Conclusion】The overall trend of agricultural non-point source pollution in Shandong Province was decreasing,but the extensive management characteristics of agricultural production were still prominent. The pollutant with the highest contribution rate was TN. Livestock and poultry breeding was the main source of agricultural non-point source pollution in Shandong Province. Difference in emission intensity per unit area between the eastern and the western regions was predominant. The areas with high agricultural non-point source pollution emissions were mainly distributed in the central and western regions with developed agriculture and dense population. The regional differences of agricultural non-point source pollution in the province were gradually narrowing. And the contribution of intra-regional differences was much greater than that of inter-regional differences.

【Objective】Optimize the extraction process of mistletoe polysaccharide and investigate its antioxidant activities，to provide references for the extraction and utilization of mistletoe polysaccharide.【Methods】Using polysaccharide yield as the evaluation index and single factor experiment method to analyse the effect of solid-liquid ratio，ultrasonic time，ultrasonic temperature and ultrasonic power on the polysaccharide yield of mistletoe. The response surface methodology was adopted to optimize the extraction process of mistletoe polysaccharide. Additionally the scavenging abilities of mistletoe polysaccharide on DPPH free radicals，and ABTS free radicals as well as the total reducing power of trivalent iron ions were tested.【Results】Under different factor levels，the solid-liquid ratio of 1∶30（g∶mL），ultrasonic temperature of 70 ℃，ultrasonic time of 20 min，and ultrasonic power of 300 W had the highest yield of mistletoe polysaccharide at 3.85%，5.59%，8.60%，and 5.86%，respectively. The effects on the yield of mistletoe polysaccharide were as follows：ultrasonic temperature>ultrasonic time>ultrasonic power>solid-liquid ratio. After optimized with response surface methodology the highest yield of mistletoe polysaccharide of 8.17% was obtained with solid-liquid ratio of 1∶29（g∶mL），ultrasonic time of 15 min，ultrasonic temperature of 64 ℃，and ultrasonic power of 300 W. The scavenging abilities of 2 mg/mL polysaccharide solution on DPPH and ABTS free radicals were 79.07% and 51.38%，with IC₅₀ 0.612 and 2.611 mg/mL，respectively. The total reducing power of trivalent iron ions was 0.33.【Conclusion】The optimal conditions for the extraction of mistletoe polysaccharides were：solid-liquid ratio of 1∶29（g∶mL），ultrasonic time of 15 min，ultrasonic temperature of 64 ℃，ultrasonic power of 300 W. Mistletoe polysaccharides had scavenging effects on DPPH free radicals，ABTS free radicals and reducing effects on trivalent iron ions.

【Objective】Clarify the representative indexes for evaluating fruit quality and screen for excellent varieties of taste type tomatoes，to provide references for constructing quality evaluation systems of taste type tomatoes.【Methods】Using 17 taste type tomato varieties as experiment materials，10 quantitative trait indexes related to quality were tested. Factor analysis，stepwise regression analysis and correlation analysis were used to screen for the representative indexes for evaluating fruit quality. The quality of taste type tomatoes were then comprehensively evaluated.【Results】The variation of aromatic substance content was the largest among the 10 quantitative trait indexes related to quality，with a variation coefficient of 66.49%. With a variation coefficient of 9.56%，the variation of fruit vertical diameter was the smallest. The comprehensive quality analysis of the 10 indexes obtained 3 common factors，with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 80.267%. The explanatory indexes were fruit soluble solids content，reducing sugar content，single fruit weight，aromatic substance content，sugar-acid ratio and titratable acid content. According to the correlation between indexes，and the principle of easy to use and avoiding information overlap，four indexes of fruit soluble solids content，single fruit weight，aromatic substance content and sugar-acid ratio were selected as the representative indexes to evaluate the quality traits of taste type tomatoes. Using common factor scores and variance contribution rates，the comprehensive quality ranking of the varieties were calculated，and 7 high-quality taste type tomato varieties were selected.【Conclusion】Fruit soluble solids content，single fruit weight，aromatic substance content and sugar-acid ratio could be used as representative indexes to evaluate taste type tomatoes. The quality traits of Hangfengaotang，700，1933，Meidai，2001，Tianlian and Jingfan No.1 were better.

【Objective】Clarify the research hotspots and development trends in the field of saline soil improvement domestically and internationally since the 21st century，to provide references for in-depth research on saline soil improvement.【Methods】Using the core collection of Web of Science （WOS） and CNKI databases as search objects，Excel 2007 software for drawing and CiteSpace software for knowledge graph analysis，the relevant literature was quantitatively and visually analyzed from five perspectives：annual publication volume，authors，publication institutions，keywords time co-occurrence analysis，and burst words analysis.【Results】The trend of domestic and international literature publication volume were：from 2003 to 2009 in slow growth stage，from 2010 to 2016 in fluctuating （significant） growth stage，and in rapid growth stage from 2017 to 2023. The main authors were YANG Jinsong，ZHAO Lanpo，YAO Rongjiang，SUN Zhaojun，WANG Quanjiu，KANG Yaohu，WAN Shuqin，QADIR M，GHEYI H R，MURTAZA G，et al. The main research institutions were Chinese Academy of Sciences，Egyptian Knowledge Bank，Indian Council of Agricultural Research，Spanish National Research Council，and U. S. Department of Agriculture. In terms of keywords analysis，the research hotspots were water and salt transport and the regulation mechanism，research on plant salt tolerance，the application of chemical amendments，green reduction of saline-alkali obstruction，and the biological and microbial remediation of saline-alkali obstruction. The main burst words were biochar，wet front，microbial community，plant biostimulant（PBs），plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria（PGPR），and salt-tolerant soil bacteria.【Conclusion】Currently，domestic and international research on saline soil improvement has entered the stage of rapid development. China and the United States were the global leaders. India and Australia were gradually strengthening their research capabilities. Domestic and international research were mainly focused on soil carbon sequestration，biochar，microbial community，antioxidant enzymes，Phosphate utilization，salt-tolerant soil bacteria，etc.，as well as soil nutrient movement，salt obstruction reduction，chemical amendments，microbial remediation and so on. In the future，salinization driving mechanism，plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria，microbial remediation of saline obstruction，and collaborative monitoring and analysis of big data technology may become research hotspots.

【Objective】The effects of leaf litter leachate of four arbors, Sophora japonica, Salix babylonica, Ulmus pumila,and Betula platyphylla on the growth and physiological characteristics of wheat were studied to provide references for the rational allocation of resources in wheat growth process.【Methods】Using wheat variety Shannong 28 as acceptor material,five treatments of distilled water（CK）, Sophora japonica leaf litter leachate（A1）, Salix babylonica leaf litter leachate（A2）, Ulmus pumila leaf litter leachate（A3）,and Betula platyphylla leaf litter leachate（A4） were set up in the indoor pot experiment. The plant height,root length,ground diameter,leaf chlorophyll content,peroxidase（POD） activity and superoxide dismutase（SOD）activity were measured on the 55th and 100th day after seeding.【Results】On the 55th and 100th day,the wheat plant height under Ulmus pumila leaf litter leachate treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 14.11% and 8.31% compared with CK. Wheat root length under Salix babylonica leaf litter leachate treatment significantly increased by 9.65% and 10.14% compared with CK（ P<0.05）. All the four leaf litter leachate treatments significantly decreased（ P<0.05） wheat ground diameter. On the 55th day,wheat leaf chlorophyll content under Salix babylonica leaf litter leachate treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 11.90% compared with CK. On the 100th day,wheat leaf chlorophyll content under Ulmus pumila leaf litter leachate treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 7.03% compared with CK. On the 55th and 100th day,wheat leaf POD activity under Betula platyphylla leaf litter leachate treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 0.88% and 3.22% compared with CK,wheat leaf SOD activity under Salix babylonica leaf litter leachate treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 13.78% and 9.68% compared with CK. At 55 d and 100 d growth,wheat was most sensitive to the allelopathy of Salix babylonica and Ulmus pumila leaf litter leachate treatment.【Conclusion】The leaf litter leachate of Salix babylonia and Ulmus pumila had strong allelopathic effects on wheat growth,promoted the secretion of specific metabolites of wheat,and changed the surrounding micro ecological environment.

【Objective】To understand the current situation of garden plant resources and application in park green spaces of Yuzhou District,Yulin City.【Methods】A survey of 10 artificial plant communities in park green spaces of Yuzhou district,Yulin City were conducted. The species resources and application of garden plants were statistically analyzed.【Results】There were 76 families,177 genera,and 261 species of garden plants in park green spaces of Yuzhou District,Yulin City,including 1 fern,8 gymnosperms and 252 angiosperms （consisting of 169 dicotyledonous plants and 83 monocotyledonous plants）. The dominant garden plant families were Palmae,Moraceae,Bambusoideae,Euphorbiaceae,Myrtaceae and Caesalpiniaceae. There were 105,84,4,and 68 species of trees,shrubs,woody climber,and herbs. Woody plants were mainly evergreen plants,and herbaceous plants were mainly perennial plants. A total of 19 hydrophytes and phreatophytes were found. There were 177,147,83,22,and 23 species of ornamental flower,foliage, fruit,stem,and aromatic plants,respectively.【Conclusion】The garden plant species in park green spaces of Yuzhou District,Yulin City were abundant. The dominant families of garden plants were mainly plants with tropical and subtropical origins. Evergreen trees were widely used. Garden plants were mainly ornamental flower,foliage and fruit plants.

【Objective】Compare the application of DTOPSIS method and grey correlation analysis method in comprehensive evaluation of new spring rapeseed varieties，to provide references for the breeding of new spring rapeseed varieties.【Methods】Using the entropy weight DTOPSIS method and grey correlation analysis method，comprehensive evaluation was conducted on 11 traits of 9 varieties in the 2021 Shaanxi Province spring rapeseed regional trial. The advantages and disadvantages of the two methods in evaluation ability were compared and analyzed.【Results】The use of entropy weight avoided the subjectivity of evaluation results. DTOPSIS method and gray correlation analysis method comprehensively evaluated multiple traits of rapeseed，avoided the unicity of evaluation criteria.When each trait index was given the same entropy weight，the sorting results of DTOPSIS method and gray correlation analysis method were basically the same，but the biggest difference of C_i value in DTOPSIS method was 81.23%，and the biggest difference of G_i value in gray correlation analysis method was only 41.71%. Compared with the ranking trend line based on yield only，the trend lines of gray correlation analysis method G_i value ranking and DTOPSIS method C_i value ranking were more consistent. The results of correlation analysis showed that DTOPSIS method C_i value ranking was significantly positively correlated with the gray correlation analysis method G_i value ranking，but not significantly correlated with the ranking based on yield.【Conclusion】Both DTOPSIS method and gray correlation analysis method could comprehensively and objectively evaluate new spring rapeseed varieties. However，using DTOPSIS method to evaluate the differences between varieties was more comprehensive and the evaluation effect was better than the gray correlation analysis method.

【Objective】Analyze the characteristics of leaf air temperature difference during the critical water demand period of maize to clarify the main climatic factors affecting maize leaf air temperature in semi-arid sandy areas.【Methods】During maize critical water demand period（July-September）,distributed multi-point leaf temperature continuous measurement experiment was carried out in the field in the maize planting area in Chifeng City,Inner Mongolia. The changing characteristics of leaf temperature and leaf air temperature difference indexes during maize critical water demand period were analyzed. The influence degrees of wind speed,air humidity,rainfall,and soil moisture on the leaf air temperature difference were discovered by correlation analysis to reveal the key influencing climatic factors.【Results】As maize grew and the length of drought duration increased,leaf air temperature change during maize critical water demand period gradually became more drastic,daily leaf air temperature difference increased,leaf temperature difference had an overall upward trend. The overall trend of wind speed gradually decreased. The air humidity was consistent with the process of rainfall changes. Soil moisture decreased with the time progress. The effect of wind speed variation on maize leaf air temperature difference was mainly reflected in sunny days. Wind speed variation had negative correlation with maize leaf air temperature and positive correlation of maize leaf temperature. Air humidity was strongly correlated with both leaf air temperature difference and leaf temperature and was not affected by weather conditions. Rainfall made the fluctuation of leaf air temperature difference became smaller and irregular,but the value of leaf air temperature difference became larger. As the 0-80 cm layer soil moisture storage in maize planting plot gradually decreased,the leaf air temperature difference gradually became larger. The impact of climatic factors on maize leaf air temperature difference during maize critical water demand period were wind speed>air humidity>rainfall>soil moisture.【Conclusion】The leaf air temperature difference showed a fluctuating upward trend during the critical water demand period of maize,and was significantly affected by climatic factors. Wind speed and air humidity were the main climatic driving factors leading to the change of maize leaf air temperature difference.

【Objective】Propose a disease target detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv5 model,to achieve automatic recognition of apple leaf diseases and solve the problems of miss and false detection in the YOLOv5 detection model.【Methods】Based on the YOLOv5 model improved by convolutional neural network,weighted bidirectional feature pyramid network（BiFPN）feature fusion method was used to effectively improve the adverse effect of PANet on multi-scale feature fusion. The CBAM module was added to enable the network to more accurately locate and identify apple leaf diseases and establishing an algorithm model for detecting apple leaf diseases. The ATCSP module and top-down feature fusion method were used to enhance the detection performance of the model for multi-scale diseases. The model was compared with SSD,YOLOv4,YOLOv6,and YOLOv7 models.【Results】The improved YOLOv5 detection algorithm model significantly improved the accuracy of apple leaf disease detection. Compared with the original algorithm,accuracy（ P） increased by 5.1%,reaching 90.8%;average precision mean（mAP）increased by 1.2%,reaching 93.4%;the model size reduced by 21.4 MB. The accuracy of improved YOLOV5 algorithm was 11.3,4.4,4.2,and 3.6 percentage points higher than SSD,YOLOv4,YOLOv6,and YOLOv7 models,respectively.【Conclusion】A convolutional neural network-based improved YOLOv5 apple leaf disease detection model was proposed. The improved YOLOv5 model had fast detection speed,high detection accuracy,and small size,which can achieve automatic recognition of apple leaf diseases.

【Objective】Explore the effect of drought stress on the germination of different Panicum miliaceum L. varieties,to clarify the drought resistance evaluation index of Panicum miliaceum L. during germination stage and the drought resistance ability of different varieties.【Methods】Twenty registered Panicum miliaceum L. varieties with large planting areas in the main producing areas were used as experimental materials. 20% PEG-6000 solution was used to simulate drought stress. Eight germination traits including germination potential,germination rate,embryo length,coleoptile length,lateral root number,radicle length,germination index and sprout index were measured. The drought resistance of Panicum miliaceum L. at germination stage was evaluated by correlation analysis and membership function analysis.【Results】Under drought stress,the germination potential,germination rate,embryo length,coleoptile length,lateral root number,radicle length,germination index and sprout index of the 20 Panicum miliaceum L. varieties were all inhibited. Among them,the germination potential,germination rate,germination index and sprout index of Longmei No. 15 were inhibited most,with reduction rates of 59.05%,43.05%,68.68%,and 65.99%,respectively. Longmei No. 7 were less inhibited,with reduction rates of 20.41%,11.49%,40.51%,and 36.78%,respectively. The membership function value comprehensive evaluation results showed that the drought resistance ability of Longmei No. 7 was stronger at 0.868,while Longmei No. 15 was weaker at 0.093. Correlation analysis showed that,relative germination index,relative germination potential,relative embryo length,relative coleoptile length,relative radicle length,and relative lateral root number were significantly correlated with the membership function comprehensive evaluation value（ D value）. 【Conclusion】Longmei No. 7 was screened as strong drought resistance variety while Longmei No. 15 was the weak drought resistance variety. Relative germination index,relative germination potential,relative embryo length,relative coleoptile length,relative radicle length and relative lateral root number can be used as reference indexes for drought resistance evaluation of Panicum miliaceum L. at germination stage.

Microbial fertilizer is a new type of fertilizer product with active microorganisms as the main component，which can improve soil fertility，promote plant growth and development，and enhance plant resistance. This paper summarized the development history of microbial fertilizer domestically and internationally，introduced the effect of microbial fertilizer on soil physical，chemical，and biological properties，as well as plant growth and development，yield，quality and resistance. Additionally，the application prospects were prospected to provide references for the subsequent rational application of microbial fertilizers.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of different biochar types and application amounts on loess soil physicochemical properties and millet growth in northern Shaanxi.【Methods】Three biochar types of corn straw（JG）,rice husk（DK）and bamboo stalk（ZG）were selected. Three carbon application levels,C1（300 g/m ²）,C2（600 g/m ²）and C3（1 200 g/m ²）were set up,and no biochar application was set as control（CK）. Using indoor simulation millet cultivation experiments,by measuring soil physicochemical properties and millet growth indexes,the effects of different biochar types and application amounts on loess soil physicochemical properties and millet growth in northern Shaanxi were studied.【Results】DK biochar had significant regulation effects on soil water content and bulk density. Compared with JGC2 and ZGC2 treatments,soil water content of DKC2 treatment decreased significantly（ P<0.05） by 15.78% and 18.26%,respectively. Compared with JGC3 and ZGC3 treatments,the soil bulk density of DKC3 treatment decreased significantly（ P<0.05） by 20.07% and 24.63%,respectively. When applying ZG biochar,the contents of soil organic carbon and available potassium gradually increased with the increase of biochar application amount. Under ZGC3 treatment,the contents of soil organic carbon and available potassium significantly（ P<0.05） increased by 134.35% and 77.94%,respectively,compared with CK. When JG biochar was applied,the millet plant height and aboveground dry weight increased first and then decreased with the increase of biochar application amount. The millet plant height and aboveground dry weight of JGC2 treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 32.62%,77.13%,respectively,compared with CK. Grain weight per panicle,total dry weight and plot yield significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 126.18%,65.36%,57.54% and 79.25%,82.46%,50.37%,respectively compared with DKC2 and ZGC2 treatments. The underground dry weight,root surface area and root shoot ratio of millet treated with DK biochar increased first and then decreased with the increase of biochar amount. Compared with CK,the underground dry weight,root surface area and root shoot ratio of millet under DKC2 treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 104.53%,90.30% and 82.11%,respectively. The grain harvest index of ZGC3 treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 50.00% compared with DKC3 treatment.【Conclusion】Different biochar types and application amounts had different effects on millet growth. 600 g/m ² corn straw biochar treatment was more conducive to the improvement of millet dry weight,600 g/m ² rice husk biochar treatment was more conducive to the growth of millet root system,and 1 200 g/m ² bamboo stalk biochar treatment was more conducive to the improvement of millet harvest index. Planting millet in loess soil of northern Shaanxi,applying corn stalk and bamboo stalk biochar had better ability of regulating soil water and fertilizer and increasing yield and efficiency.

【Objective】To assess the effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and substitution on potato field soil physicochemical properties,potato yield and potato quality in the north foot of Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia.【Methods】The experiment was carried out in Wuchuan dryland experiment station of Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences. Seven treatments were set up,including conventional fertilization（NPK,CK）,no nitrogen fertilization（PK）,reduced nitrogen fertilization（RN）,reduced nitrogen fertilization+water-soluble fertilizer（RN+WF）,reduced nitrogen fertilization+decomposed sheep manure organic fertilizer（RN+SM）,reduced nitrogen fertilization+bio-organic fertilizer（RN+BM）,and reduced nitrogen fertilization+controlled release urea（RN+RUN）. The impacts of reduced nitrogen fertilization and partial substitution of nitrogen fertilizer with different fertilizers on soil bulk density,total porosity,available nutrients,organic matter as well as potato yield and quality were evaluated.【Results】The soil bulk density and total porosity of RN+BM treatment were significantly （ P<0.05） higher than other treatments. In comparison with NPK treatment,RN+RUN treatment significantly （ P<0.05） elevated the available nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium content in the 10-20 cm soil layer by 1.62%,2.38% and 1.54%,respectively. RN+BM treatment had the highest increase of organic matter content in the 0-10 cm soil layer,with an increase of 2.45% compared with NPK treatment. RN+BM treatment significantly （ P<0.05） improved the potato yield and quality. In comparison with NPK treatment,the potato yield improved by 16.95%,VC,starch,crude protein and reducing sugar content increased by 15.92%,2.96%,16.26% and 6.67% respectively,and nitrate content decreased by 7.89%.【Conclusion】Reduced nitrogen fertilization+bio-organic fertilizer effectively improved potato field soil physicochemical properties,improved potato yield and quality,was the suitable fertilization pattern for potato cultivation in the north foot of Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】Study the spatial-temporal characteristics and driving factors of agricultural carbon emissions in Xinjiang,to provide references for promoting green development of agriculture and rural areas and achieving the“dual carbon”goals in the region.【Methods】Using 19 types of carbon sources from plantation,livestock and agricultural energy end-consumption as raw data,the agricultural carbon emissions and carbon emission intensities of Xinjiang from 2007 to 2021 were measured. Using 15 types of carbon sources from plantation and livestock as raw data,the carbon emissions and carbon emission intensities of fourteen prefectures（cities） in Xinjiang in 2010,2015,and 2020 were measured. The driving factors were analyzed by the LMDI（logarithmic mean divisia index） model. The grey prediction model was used to predict the trend of agricultural carbon emissions development in Xinjiang from 2022 to 2030.【Results】During 2007 to 2021,Xinjiang agricultural carbon emissions had the overall trend of“steady-increasing-decreasing-increasing”,while carbon emission intensities had the overall trend of “decreasing-increasing-decreasing”. In 2010,2015 and 2020,Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture had the highest total carbon emissions,Karamay had the lowest total carbon emissions,Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture had the highest carbon emission intensities. Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture had the lowest carbon emission intensities in 2010. Turpan had the lowest carbon emission intensities in 2015 and 2020. The impacts of driving factors on agricultural carbon emissions were：agricultural economic level effect > agricultural structure effect > agricultural population scale effect > agricultural production efficiency. From 2022 to 2030,the agricultural carbon emissions in Xinjiang were predicted to have an increasing trend while the intensities have a decreasing trend.【Conclusion】From 2007 to 2021,the total agricultural carbon emissions in Xinjiang showed an overall upward trend,while the agricultural carbon emission intensity showed an overall downward trend. Agricultural economic level effect promoted the increase of agricultural carbon emissions,while agricultural structure effect,agricultural population scale effect,and agricultural production efficiency restrained the increase of agricultural carbon emissions. It was predicted that from 2022 to 2030,the agricultural carbon emissions in Xinjiang will increase year by year,while the agricultural carbon emission intensities will decrease year by year. Xinjiang agricultural carbon reduction and fixation has enormous potential.

【Objective】To explore the application effect and suitable substitution ratio of organic fertilizer substitute chemical fertilizer in potato production in the northern foothills of Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia.【Methods】The experiment was conducted in Wuchuan County,Hohhot City,Inner Mongolia. Eight treatments were set up,including 100%M（100% organic fertilizer）,75%M（75% organic fertilizer + 25% chemical fertilizer）,50%M（50% organic fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer）,25%M（25% organic fertilizer + 75% chemical fertilizer）,NPK（chemical fertilizer only,N 210 kg/hm ²,P ₂O ₅ 120 kg/hm ²,K ₂O 180 kg/hm ²）,no nitrogen fertilizer（PK）,no phosphorus fertilizer（NK）,and no potassium fertilizer（NP）. The effects of different organic fertilizer substitution ratios on potato yield,nutrient accumulation,fertilizer utilization rate,and water use efficiency were analyzed.【Results】Under different organic fertilizer substitution ratios,yield,large tuber yield,small tuber yield,and number of tubers per plant of 25%M treatment were highest at 31 812,18 250,13.56 kg/hm ²,and 7.90,respectively. Increased by 3.14%,2.22%,4.39%,and 23.82% compared with NPK treatment. 25%M treatment had the highest increase of potato dry matter accumulation amount,and significantly higher（ P<0.05） N accumulation amount compared with other treatments. Organic fertilizer increased potato fertilizer utilization rate,with 50%M treatment having the highest nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate at 43.94%. 25%M treatment had the highest phosphorus and potassium fertilizer utilization rate at 17.57%,60.95% and highest agronomic efficiencies of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizer at 35.86%,38.98%,and 25.00%,respectively. 25%M treatment had the highest water use efficiency at 125.81 kg/（hm ²·mm）,significantly higher（ P<0.05）than other treatments.【Conclusion】25%M（25% organic fertilizer + 75% chemical fertilizer）treatment increased potato yield,nutrient accumulation,and fertilizer utilization rate,improved water use efficiency,was the optimal fertilization method for potato production in the northern foothills of Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】 Assess the effects of different types and ratios of organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizers on soil fertility and sunflower yield in the Hetao Irrigation Area,to select for the organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application models that could simultaneously improve the soil organic carbon and sunflower yield.【Methods】 Eight treatments were set up including no fertilization（CK）,conventional chemical fertilizer nitrogen application（MN）,20% sheep manure organic fertilizer nitrogen+80% chemical fertilizer nitrogen（SN1）,40% sheep manure organic fertilizer nitrogen+60% chemical fertilizer nitrogen（SN2）,20% cow manure organic fertilizer nitrogen+80% chemical fertilizer nitrogen（CN1）,40% cow manure organic fertilizer nitrogen+60% chemical fertilizer nitrogen（CN2）,20% pig manure organic fertilizer nitrogen+80% chemical fertilizer nitrogen（PN1）,and 40% pig manure organic fertilizer nitrogen+60% chemical fertilizer nitrogen（PN2）. The effects of different types and ratios of organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer on soil organic carbon,total nitrogen content,ammonium nitrogen concentration,nitrate nitrogen concentration,inorganic nitrogen concentration,aggregate composition,as well as sunflower plant traits,aboveground biomass,yield,and nitrogen use efficiency were analyzed.【Results】Compared with MN treatment,application of sheep manure organic fertilizer nitrogen had no significant effect（ P>0.05） on soil organic carbon content. Application of cow and pig manure organic fertilizer nitrogen significantly increased soil organic carbon content（ P<0.05）,and the improvement effect increased with the increase of organic fertilizer application rates;CN1 treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） soil ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations by 9.7%,6.0%,and 7.6%,respectively;PN2 treatment significantly increased （ P<0.05） the mass proportion of soil macroaggregates by 29.3%. Compared with MN treatment,CN1 and PN1 treatments significantly increased（ P<0.05） sunflower disc diameter and thousand grain weight by 5.8% and 4.0%;the aboveground biomass of sunflowers significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 4.6% and 12.8%;the yield and nitrogen use efficiency were significantly improved（ P<0.05）,with CN1 treatment having the highest increase at 14.3% and 66.1%,respectively.【Conclusion】20% cow/pig manure organic fertilizer nitrogen+80% chemical fertilizer nitrogen treatments were beneficial for improving soil organic carbon content and increasing sunflower disc diameter,thousand grain weight,yield,and nitrogen use efficiency,achieved simultaneously improvement of soil organic carbon content and sunflower yield,can be used as suitable organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application models for low fertility farmland in Hetao Irrigation Area.

【Objective】Understand the cotton boll and fiber quality traits and their correlation of island-upland hybrid long-staple cotton to provide references for breeding high yield island-upland hybrid long-staple cotton.【Methods】New hybrid combinations of island-upland cotton were developed using self-selected insect-resistant upland cotton germplasm line as female parent,and production promoted and applied Xinjiang long-staple island cotton variety as male parent. The cotton boll traits,fiber quality traits and the correlations of the F ₁ of the 23 island-upland hybrid cotton combinations were analyzed. 【Results】In the 23 island-upland hybrid cotton combinations,the variation range of F ₁ single boll weight was 3.7-5.0 g. 12 combinations had single boll weight over 4.2 g,with a 9.0% coefficient of variation. The variation range of lint percentage was 20.1%-36.7%. 5 combinations had lint percentage over 30.0%,with a 10.7% coefficient of variation. The variation range for fiber length was 34.5-38.5 mm. 22 combinations had fiber length over 35.0 mm,with a 2.6% coefficient of variation. The variation range of fiber specific strength was 34.8-41.8 cN/tex. 9 combinations had fiber specific strength over 39.0 cN/tex,with a 5.3% coefficient of variation. The variation range of micronaire value was 2.8-4.2. There were 10 combinations with A-level micronaire value and a coefficient of variation of 11.8%. The single boll weight of the island-upland hybrid cotton was extremely significantly（ r=-0.683**） negatively correlated with the sterile seed rate,extremely significantly（ r=0.660**）positively correlated with seed numbers per capsule and significantly（ r=0.495*） positively correlated with capsule numbers per boll. The fiber uniformity of the island-upland hybrid cotton was extremely significantly（ r=0.578**, r=0.639**） positively correlated with fiber length and fiber specific strength,and significantly（ r=0.506*） positively correlated with elongation rate. Lint percentage was significantly（ r=-0.475*） negatively correlated with fiber length. Among 23 island-upland hybrid cotton combinations,W042 × Xinhai No. 53,W046 × Xinhai No. 54 and W047 × Xinhai No. 54 showed simultaneous improvement of cotton boll traits and fiber quality traits.【Conclusion】The simultaneous improvement of yield and fiber quality traits of long-staple cotton can be realized by utilizing the complementary heterosis crossing upland cotton with long-staple island cotton.

【Objective】To explore the inhibitory effect of biocontrol strain JT86 on sclerotia-producing pathogens of tobacco. 【Methods】The cell wall hydrolase activities in the fermentation broth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa JT86 were detected using the double-antibody sandwich method. The mycelium and sclerotia morphological changes of the pathogen treated with JT86 fermentation broth were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The inhibitory effects on the hyphal growth and sclerotia germination of Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii,and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were tested.【Results】The inhibitory rates of JT86 fermentation broth on the hyphal growth of R. solani, S. rolfsii and S. sclerotiorum were 77.07%,50.82%,and 95.25%,respectively. After 24 h treatment with JT86 fermentation broth,the sclerotia of the three pathogens did not germinate,with inhibitory rates all reached 100%. JT86 fermentation broth had high protease,cellulase and chitinase activities,but did not produce indoleacetic acid. Scanning electron microscopy showed that JT86 fermentation broth could cause severe hyphal atrophy and deformity of R. solani.【Conclusion】The JT86 fermentation broth had good inhibitory effects on the growth and development,as well as sclerotial germination of R. solani, S. rolfsii and S. sclerotiorum.

【Objective】Study the growth characteristics of different Lentinula edodes strains and the differences between strains to screen for the elite strains suitable for cultivation in the western regions of Inner Mongolia.【Methods】26 Lentinula edodes strains were used as test materials. The colony morphology,mycelium growth rate,optimum growth temperature,mycelial growth vigor,and phylogenetic relationships between strains were analyzed by morphological observation and antagonistic test.【Results】The optimum growth temperature of the test strains was 25 ℃. XG-168,XG-Y,Dongxiang No. 4,and Dongxiang No. 5 had complete colony edges,fast mycelial growth rate,vigorous colony growth,and multiple lock-like joint structure. The average mycelium growth rates were all 3.33 mm/d. Mycelium germination times were all 2 d. The full growth times of mycelium were all 12 d,with vigorous and dense mycelium growth. The genetic relationships between XG-Y and Fupingxianggu 0912,HXG-8L1 and Qingyuanxianggu,Zunhuaxianggu 168 and Pingquanxianggu 168,XG-Y and MXG-1669,XG-12 and MXG-1669 strains were relatively close. While Baolin No. 2 had a distant genetic relationship with other strains.【Conclusion】XG-168,XG-Y,Dongxiang No. 4 and Dongxiang No. 5 had prominent growth characteristics,could be used as elite strains for cultivation in the western regions of Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】Explore the effects of long-term different fertilization modes on potato yield and nutrient absorption in the dry farming area at the northern foothills of Yinshan Mountains.【Methods】On the basis of the long-term positioning tests at the National Soil Quality Wuchuan Observation and Experimental Station,using Huasong No.7 as test material,four treatments including no fertilization（CK）,nitrogen phosphorus potassium fertilization（NPK）,organic fertilization only（M）,and organic fertilization on top of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilization（NPK + M） were set up. The effects of different treatments on soil nutrient contents,potato yield and yield component,dry matter accumulation,nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium accumulation.【Results】On the 90th day after emergence,soil available nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium and organic matter content of NPK+M treatment increased significantly（ P<0.05） by 206.85%,254.15%,241.86%,and 125.18% compared with CK. Soil pH value significantly decreased（ P<0.05） by 10.81% compared with CK. Potato yield and commercial potato rate significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 126.19% and 17.28% compared with CK. Dry matter accumulation significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 196.92% compared with CK. The accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 209.54%,167.74% and 196.13% compared with CK. Potato yield was significantly（ P<0.05） positively correlated with dry matter accumulation,nitrogen accumulation and phosphorus accumulation,and extremely significantly（ P<0.01） positively correlated with potassium accumulation.【Conclusion】Adding organic fertilizer on top of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer increased potato yield and quality,potato had the best nutrient absorption capacity,was the most suitable fertilization mode for potato in the dry farming area at the northern foothills of Yinshan Mountains.

【Objective】Explore the effects of different irrigation periods and amounts on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of quinoa in the northern foothills of the Yinshan Mountains,to determine the reasonable irrigation system for quinoa in the area.【Methods】In Wuchuan Dry Farming Experiment Station in Inner Mongolia,6 drip irrigation treatments,W1（irrigation in the seedling stage + branching stage）,W2（irrigation in the seedling stage + heading stage）,W3（irrigation in the seedling stage + filling stage）,W4（irrigation in the seedling stage + branching stage + heading stage）,W5（irrigation in the seedling stage + branching stage + filling stage）,and W6（irrigation in the seedling stage + heading stage + filling stage）were set up. The plant dry matter accumulation dynamics,leaf area index,changes in photosynthetic characteristics and crop yield effects of quinoa during the growth period were monitored.【Results】During the entire growth period of quinoa,dry matter accumulation and leaf area index showed upward trends with the increase of drip irrigation amount. The leaf area index of W5 treatment increased by 45.00% compared with W1 treatment in the filling stage. During the flowering stage of quinoa,the leaf photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and stomatal conductance had downward trends as the drip irrigation amount increased,but some levels of deficit irrigation could significantly improve leaf water use efficiency. The leaf water use efficiency of W5 treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 39.04% compared to W1 treatment. There were significant differences in the yield of quinoa under different drip irrigation treatments. W5 treatment had the highest yield of 2 245.60 kg/hm ²,which was significantly increased （ P<0.05） by 78.68% compared to W1 treatment.【Conclusion】In the northern foothills of Yinshan Mountains,irrigation with a total volume of 1 350 m ³/hm ² during the seedling,branching,and filling stages of quinoa improved water use efficiency and achieved high yield.

【Objective】Identify the age of Gobio huanghensis,analyze its growth characteristics,to enrich the biological research data of Gobio huanghensis in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River.【Methods】 Gobio huanghensis samples were collected in 7 stations located in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Gansu Province. Otoliths were used as age identification materials. Four models,Von Bertalanffy growth formula（VBGF）,Logistic growth formula（Logistic GF）,Gompertz growth formula（Gompertz GF）,and Power exponential growth formula（Power exponential GF）were selected to simulate the body length growth of Gobio huanghensis. The model parameters were estimated using the maximum likelihood method. And the fitting effects of the models were evaluated by calculating the AIC values to determine the optimal growth model for Gobio huanghensis.【Results】A total of 550 Gobio huanghensis samples were collected,and divided into 5 age groups of 1 to 5 years of age. Among them the 2-year age group had the highest number of 351 samples. Body length ranged from 2.60 to 17.41 cm. Body weight ranged from 0.18 to 99.39 g. For the Gobio huanghensis simulating results of the 4 models,Gomportz GF growth model had the lowest AIC value（4.99）and the best simulating effect,followed by Logistic GF（14.58）,and VBGF（16.29）growth model,while Power exponential GF growth model had the highest AIC value（82.42）and the worst simulating effect. The Gobio huanghensis Gomportz GF growth model was described as： L_t=18.81×exp{-exp[-0.66×（ t_i-1.73）]}.【Conclusion】Gompertz GF growth model was the most suitable growth model for Gobio huanghensis in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River.