【Objective】 To clarify the effects of different tillage methods on maize growth and nitrogen use in the black soil region along the foothills of Daxing′anling Mountains,providing a theoretical basis for the synergistic improvement of black soil conservation and grain production capacity.【Methods】 Field comparative experiments were conducted in Jalaid Banner of Hinggan League and Arun Banner of Hulun Buir City,Inner Mongolia,during 2023 to 2024. A randomized block design was adopted with five tillage methods：conventional plowing（CP）,residue-covered no-tillage（RNT）,residue-removed no-tillage（NT）,residue-covered autumn strip tillage（RST_A）,and residue-covered spring strip tillage（RST_S）. Soil nitrogen dynamic changes in the 0-20 cm soil layer throughout the whole maize growth period were measured. Dry matter accumulation,dry matter transport volume,nitrogen accumulation,and nitrogen transport volume of maize at the silking and maturity stages were determined. Grain yield was measured at harvest,and apparent soil nitrogen loss was calculated.【Results】 Compared with CP,the RST_S tillage method increased the average soil total nitrogen content in the 0-20 cm soil layer throughout the whole maize growth period by 6.5% and 4.9% in Jalaid Banner and Arun Banner,respectively,over the two years. At critical maize growth stages（V6,V12,and R1）,soil ammonium nitrogen accumulation increased by an average of 17.9%,18.0%,and 11.1%,and by 18.3%,27.3%,and 18.6%,while soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation decreased by an average of 4.9%,3.5%,and 10.0% and by 5.3%,10.0%,and 13.3%,respectively. During the two years,maize dry matter accumulation at the silking stage under the RST_S tillage method increased by an average of 8.2% and 23.4% compared with CP in Jalaid Banner and Arun Banner,respectively. At mature stage,stem and leaf dry matter transport volume increased by an average of 30.5%,62.5% and 32.6%,87.8%,respectively,compared with CP. Stem and leaf nitrogen accumulation at the silking stage increased by an average of 12.8%,19.9% and 8.2%,10.3%,respectively,compared with cp,while nitrogen transport volume increased by an average of 11.9% and 13.7%,compared with CP. Under the RST_S tillage method,maize grain yield increased by an average of 8.6% and 9.7%,and nitrogen use efficiency increased by an average of 30.1% and 43.3% in Jalaid Banner and Arun Banner,respectively,compared with CP. Apparent soil nitrogen loss and nitrogen surplus in Jalaid Banner were reduced by 0.8%-36.6% and 5.3%-21.1%,respectively,compared with other tillage methods,while those in Arun Banner were reduced by 10.3%-28.9% and 7.0%-21.4%,respectively.【Conclusion】 Residue-covered spring strip tillage increased soil nitrogen content at key maize growth stages,promoted dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and transport,and significantly improved maize grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency. This tillage method is one of the effective approaches for achieving grain yield improvement and efficiency enhancement of maize production in the black soil region along the foothill of Daxing′anling Mountains.

【Objective】 To clarify the effects of different intercropping patterns on oat yield and its components,with the goal of optimizing intercropping techniques to enhance land productivity and improve the regional ecological environment in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Yanmen Pass.【Methods】 A field experiment was conducted in 2022 at the Youyu Base of the Institute of Ecological Agriculture and Animal Husbandry,Shanxi Agricultural University. Three intercropping patterns were established namely oat-soybean（O//S）,oat-red kidney bean（O//R）,and oat-potato（O//P）,using monocropping of each crop as controls. Crop yield and yield components were measured under different planting patterns to identify the optimal intercropping configuration for oats.【Results】 All three intercropping patterns exhibited significant intercropping advantages,with land equivalent ratio（LER）exceeding 1,reaching 1.13（O//S）,1.16（O//R）,and 1.33（O//P）. The oat row yield in the border rows was significantly higher than that in the inner rows and monocropping across all three patterns,demonstrating a prominent border effect. Oats showed stronger resource competitive ability than companion crops across all three patterns,with the highest oat competitive index（1.64） observed in the O//P pattern.【Conclusion】 The oat-potato intercropping pattern not only ensures stable oat yield but also achieves the highest land-use efficiency,suggesting high value for promotion and application in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Yanmen Pass.

【Objective】 To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which Brassica napus responds to long-term waterlogging stress at the seedling stage,and to screen for relevant important metabolic pathways and core genes. 【Methods】 The waterlogging-sensitive B. napus inbred line YZ59 was used as the research object. Seedling leaves under normal growth and under 7 d of waterlogging stress were subjected to transcriptome sequencing. Differentially expressed genes were screened,followed by GO （gene ontology） and KEGG （Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes） enrichment analyses. 【Results】 A total of 3 085 differentially expressed genes were identified between the normal growth leaves and the 7 d waterlogged leaves,including 2 313 upregulated genes and 772 downregulated genes;among the 3 085 differentially expressed genes,312 transcription factors were identified,with 206 upregulated and 106 downregulated. The bHLH family transcription factors showed the largest number of upregulated genes （30）,while the MYB family transcription factors showed the largest number of downregulated genes （20）. GO enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the three primary categories：molecular function,cellular component,and biological process;the highest number of differentially expressed genes enriched in the fourth-level terms were DNA binding and RNA binding. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were primarily enriched in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway,the MAPK signaling pathway,and the plant-pathogen interaction pathway;the vast majority of genes in the MAPK signaling pathway and the plant-pathogen interaction pathway were upregulated;in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway,both upregulated and downregulated genes were present,but the former outnumbered the latter. Separate analysis of the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway,as well as the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways,revealed that many key genes were differentially expressed,with upregulation predominating. Long-term waterlogging promoted the conversion of D-glucose to D-glucose-6-phosphate and the conversion of D-fructose to D-fructose-6-phosphate,as well as the synthesis of trehalose,to maintain normal cellular life activities in the seedling B. napus;long-term waterlogging also accelerated the process of energy release through glycolysis and promoted the interconversion among acetate,acetaldehyde,and ethanol in the organism. 【Conclusion】 The response of seedling B. napus to long-term waterlogging stress is dominated by gene upregulation,with bHLH and MYB transcription factor families being the key regulatory factors;the glycolysis process plays a crucial role in the response of seedling B. napus to long-term waterlogging stress.

【Objective】 To explore the relationships among agronomic traits of foxtail millet and to provide a basis for new variety breeding and genetic improvement.【Methods】 Variation analysis,correlation analysis,principal component analysis,and cluster analysis were conducted on agronomic traits of 30 advanced-generation foxtail millet lines（varieties）.【Results】 The coefficients of variation of agronomic traits in the tested foxtail millet lines（varieties）,ranked from high to low,were：grain weight per panicle>weight per panicle>stem diameter>yield>panicle diameter>plant height>panicle length>growth period>thousand-grain weight,with the coefficients of variation ranging from 8.52% to 29.24%. Stem diameter and panicle length were both extremely significantly and positively correlated with weight per panicle and grain weight per panicle（P<0.01）;weight per panicle showed a extremely significant positive correlation with grain weight per panicle（P<0.01）;yield was significantly and positively correlated with weight per panicle and grain weight per panicle（P<0.05）. Principal component analysis reduced the nine agronomic traits of the tested foxtail millet lines（varieties）to three principal component factors,namely the yield factor,plant architecture factor,and phenological factor,with a cumulative contribution rate of 71.913%. The comprehensive scores of lines 20H979,22YH-122,and 22HB249-217 ranked in the top three. Cluster analysis classified the tested foxtail millet lines（varieties）into three major clusters. ClusterⅠ was characterized by a longer growth period and relatively lower average plant height,panicle diameter,weight per panicle,grain weight per panicle,and yield. ClusterⅡ had a shorter growth period and higher average plant height,weight per panicle,grain weight per panicle,and yield. ClusterⅢ exhibited a longer growth period,lower average plant height,and higher panicle length,panicle diameter,thousand-grain weight,and yield.【Conclusion】 Lines 20H979,22YH-122,and 22HB249-217 in ClusterⅢ possess excellent comprehensive traits and significant yield potential. These lines are not only superior candidate lines but also backbone parents for breeding breakthrough varieties,showing dual value for direct application and genetic improvement.

【Objective】 To identify and verify the functions of the multifunctional straw-degrading strain LF-4,addressing issues such as slow straw decomposition,excessive residue,and potential threats to subsequent crops during the process of straw returning to the field.【Methods】 Strain LF-4 was isolated from rapeseed straw. Its cellulose-degrading capability was measured using the Congo Red staining method,aniline blue decolorization method,and filter paper disintegration assay. The strain was identified through morphological and molecular biological methods. Its cellulase activity and straw degradation capability were determined. The growth-promoting,antagonistic,and phosphate-solubilizing functions of the strain were verified using the salkowski colorimetric method and the plate confrontation assay.【Results】 Strain LF-4 exhibited robust cellulose-degrading capacity and was identified as Bacillus velezensis. Its peak cellulase activity reached 207.45 U/mL,and the indoor degradation rate of rapeseed straw reached 53.04% after 30 d of liquid fermentation. Strain LF-4 demonstrated growth-promoting,phosphate-solubilizing,and protease-producing functions,with an indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） yield of 10.26 mg/L,and displayed a broad antimicrobial spectrum,with a maximum inhibition rate of 67.19%.【Conclusion】 The core characteristic of B. velezensis LF-4 is the strong cellulose-degrading capability,and it also possesses growth-promoting,antagonistic,and phosphate-solubilizing functions.

【Objective】 To identify the suitable habitat distribution of Changnienia amoena and provide a reference for the conservation of its wild resources.【Methods】 Occurrence data and climatic factor data of C. amoena were collected. Based on the Maximum Entropy model（MaxEnt v3.4.4）and Geographic Information System software（ArcGIS 10.8）,the major climatic factors affecting the suitable habitat distribution of C. amoena were identified,the suitable habitats were classified,and the area of suitable habitats in the current period（1970—2000） and three future periods（2050s,2070s,2090s）under two scenarios（SSP126 and SSP585）was calculated. In addition,the centroid migration of the suitable habitats was predicted.【Results】 The major climatic factors affecting the suitable habitat distribution of C. amoena included precipitation of the warmest quarter,temperature seasonality,minimum temperature of the coldest month,mean diurnal temperature range,precipitation of the coldest quarter,precipitation of the wettest quarter,and mean temperature of the wettest region. In the current period,the total suitable habitat area of C. amoena was 2 344 356.93 km²,accounting for 24.42% of total national land area. Among these,highly suitable habitats covered 827 705.50 km²（8.62% of the total national land area）,mainly distributed in Sichuan,Chongqing,Hubei,Hunan,Anhui,Jiangsu,Jiangxi,Henan,and Guizhou Provinces and other regions. Moderately suitable habitat area and lowly suitable habitat area were 810 189.77 km² and 706 461.66 km²,accounting for 8.44% and 7.36% of the total national land area,respectively. In the future periods,under the SSP126 scenario,the total suitable habitat areas of C. amoena in the 2050s,2070s and 2090s were 2 499 091.89,2 499 967.87,and 2 549 461.27 km²,accounting for 26.03%,26.04%,and 26.56% of the total national land area,respectively. Under the SSP585 scenario,the total suitable habitat areas of C. amoena were 2 575 705.90,2 880 322.37,and 3 188 653.02 km²,accounting for 26.84%,30.01%and 33.22% of the total national land area,respectively. Under the SSP126 scenario,the centroid of C. amoena first shifted northward by 124.76 km from the current period to the 2050s,then southward by 41.03 km in the 2070s,and finally northward again by 27.43 km in the 2090s. Under the SSP585 scenario,the centroid of C. amoena first shifted northward by 167.38 km from the current period to the 2050s,northwestward by 148.47 km in the 2070s,and finally northward by 30.92 km in the 2090s.【Conclusion】 Overall,the total suitable habitat area for C. amoena is expected to expand in the future,with its centroid migrating northward.

【Objective】 To explore the effects of the combined application of Bacillus subtilis and biochar on the improvement of saline-alkali soil and the growth of Rosa chinensis in Qingdao,Shandong Province.【Methods】 A pot experiment of R. chinensis was conducted using saline-alkali soil collected from the Dongjiakou Port area in Qingdao. Four soil treatments were established：application of B. subtilis suspension（Bs）,2% biochar（Bi）,B. subtilis suspension +2% biochar（Bs+Bi）,and untreated soil as the control（CK）. The effects of different treatments on soil physicochemical properties,enzyme activities,and the growth and physiological characteristics of R. chinensis were analyzed.【Results】 Compared with CK,the Bs+Bi treatment significantly reduced soil pH value and electrical conductivity by 4.80% and 14.01%,respectively（P<0.05）,while significantly increasing the contents of soil nitrate nitrogen,available phosphorus,and organic matter by 83.28%,11.68%,and 65.13%,respectively（P<0.05）;soil nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities were significantly increased by 7.53% and 21.38%,respectively（P<0.05）. Compared with CK,the Bs treatment significantly increased plant height and belowground biomass of R. chinensis by 17.93% and 20.10%,respectively（P<0.05）,and the Bi treatment significantly increased aboveground biomass by 29.74%（P<0.05）;under the Bs+Bi treatment,chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents significantly increased by 23.29% and 79.19%（P<0.05）,and soluble sugar and soluble protein contents increased by 13.02% and 34.07%,respectively.【Conclusion】 The combined application of B. subtilis and biochar can effectively improve the physicochemical properties of saline-alkali soil,promote soil nitrogen cycling,and enhance soil enzyme activities. Although this combined application has no obvious effect on the R. chinensis growth,it can significantly increase the photosynthetic pigment contents and accumulate osmotic adjustment substances.

【Objective】 To investigate the effects of partial substitution of conventional chemical fertilizer with different proportions of organic fertilizer on potato yield and apparent nitrogen loss.【Methods】 Using potato variety V7 as experimental material,six treatments were established in 2023 and 2024：no nitrogen fertilizer （CK）,conventional chemical fertilizer alone （CF）,and chemical fertilizer substituted by 20%（OF1）,40%（OF2）,60%（OF3）,and 80%（OF4） organic fertilizer. Differences in soil nitrogen content in the plough layer（0-30 cm）,potato biomass,nitrogen content,nitrogen uptake,yield,agronomic nitrogen use efficiency,and apparent nitrogen loss were analyzed under different treatments.【Results】 During the tuber bulking stage,the soil nitrate nitrogen content in the plough layer under OF1 treatment was significantly increased by 26.22%-39.48% compared to the CF treatment（P<0.05）;at mature stage,the soil ammonium nitrogen content was significantly increased by 32.81%-77.78% compared to CF treatment （P<0.05）. From the tuber bulking stage to mature stage of potato,the biomass,nitrogen content,and nitrogen uptake under the OF1 treatment were increased by 7.45%-33.10%,0.17-0.58 percentage points,and 42.29%-53.20%,respectively,compared to the CF treatment. Over the two years,the potato yield under the OF1 treatment was increased by 6.71%-10.61% compared to the CF treatment;the agronomic nitrogen use efficiency and partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer for the OF1 treatment were 132.39,138.69 kg/kg,and 263.85,257.45 kg/kg,respectively,both significantly higher than the CF treatment（P<0.05）;the apparent nitrogen loss under the OF1 treatment was reduced by 34.64% and 23.65%,respectively,compared to the CF treatment.【Conclusion】 Substituting chemical fertilizer with 20% organic fertilizer can significantly increase potato yield and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency,and reduce apparent nitrogen loss.

Corn cob is the rachis of the maize after threshing and contains bioactive components,including flavonoids,phenolic acids,polysaccharides,carotenoids,and phytosterols. This review provides an overview of the bioactive components in corn cob,analyzes several extraction methods of the bioactive components,including water extraction method,conventional extraction method,acid or alkali methods,enzymatic hydrolysis method,supercritical fluid extraction method,and aqueous two-phase extraction method,and also summarizes the efficacy of corn cob bioactive components in antioxidant,antibacterial,enhancement of prebiotic effects,antitumor,and hypoglycemic activities,aiming to provide a reference for transforming corn cob waste into valuable resources and for its potential development in pharmaceutical and functional foods.

【Objective】 To investigate the effects of earthworm feeding on the growth performance,nutritional composition,and non-specific immunity of Monopterus albus,providing a reference for the application of earthworms in M. albus aquaculture.【Methods】 Experimental M. albus were divided into three groups：Group C,Group 35,and Group S. Group C and Group 35 were fed artificial formulated feed supplemented with 0 and 35% earthworm powder,respectively,while Group S was fed live earthworms. After a 60 d rearing period,samples were collected to measure growth indices,proximate nutritional indices,amino acid indices,fatty acid indices,and non-specific immune indices.【Results】 M. albus in Group 35 exhibited the highest final body weight（45.21 g）,relative weight gain rate（94.05%）,and specific growth rate（1.10%/d）,all of which were significantly higher than those of Group S and Group C（P<0.05）;the muscle crude protein content（19.29%） and crude ash content（0.76%） were the highest;the total amino acid content（76.50%）,total essential amino acid content（26.85%）,total non-essential amino acid content（49.65%）,total flavor amino acid content（36.62%）,and essential amino acid index（99.61） were relatively high. Regarding fatty acid indices of M. albus muscle,Group S showed the highest saturated fatty acid content（30.79%）,followed by Group 35（28.85%）,while Group C had the highest unsaturated fatty acid content（74.96%）. For non-specific immunity,Group 35 showed the highest superoxide dismutase and catalase activities,reaching 321.21 and 1.35 U/mL,respectively;Group S recorded the highest total antioxidant capacity（7.65 U/mL）;no significant differences were observed in catalase,phenoloxidase,and lysozyme activities among the three groups（P>0.05）.【Conclusion】 Supplementation of 35% earthworm powder in the feed yields the best rearing results. It enhances the growth performance of M. albus,improves the nutritional level of muscle amino acids and serum non-specific immunity,but reduces muscle fatty acid content.

【Objective】 To review the research status in the field of sweet potato flavor both domestically and internationally from 2002 to 2024,thereby providing theoretical references for future studies on sweet potato flavor.【Methods】 Based on the China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）and Web of Science（WOS） databases,CiteSpace 6.1. R1 and VOSviewer 1.6.20 software combining bibliometric analysis was conducted to analyze the number of publications,publishing institutions,publishing authors,and keywords in Chinese and English literature on sweet potato flavor research.【Results】 A total of 327 Chinese and 3 555 English publications related to sweet potato flavor were retrieved. The number of publications in both Chinese and English literature did not exhibit linear growth overall but rather displayed a cyclical and fluctuating development trend. China accounted for 30% of the total publications in the field,ranking it the most influential country in this research. The institutions with the highest number of publications were the College of Resources and Environment at Qingdao Agricultural University for Chinese literature and China Agricultural University for English literature. In Chinese literature,nine scholarly collaboration clusters were formed,represented by authors such as SHI Chunyu,WU Liehong,ZHANG Liming,MENG Xianjun,TANG Zhonghou,ZHU Bifeng,ZHANG Zhan,SHI Yanxi,and CHEN Han. In English literature,six scholarly collaboration clusters were identified,represented by authors such as MA D F,HE S Z,KWAK S S,ZHANG P,SUN H N,and CHEN H J. The predominant keywords in Chinese literature included sweet potato,yield,quality,glycoprotein,breeding,fresh-eating sweet potato,cultivation techniques,starch,and sensory evaluation. In English literature,the main keywords were anthocyanin,beta-carotene,antioxidant activity,quality,starch,physicochemical property,gene expression,and diversity. Highly cited publications primarily came from journals such as Food Chemistry and Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,with research content including sweet potato genome studies and the identification of components such as anthocyanins in purple-fleshed sweet potatoes.【Conclusion】 Research on sweet potato flavor is currently in a stage of sustained development. Studies have gradually progressed from basic chemical composition analysis to in-depth and extended studies in functional components, nutritional wellness, and processing fields.