【Objective】To identify screening indicators for strong-stem wheat breeding and excavate germplasm resources that combine lodging resistance with high yield potential,thereby providing support for genetic improvement of wheat lodging resistance. 【Methods】A recombinant inbred line（RIL）population was constructed by crossing the strong-stem wheat variety Luomai 163 with Kaimai 18. Eight lodging resistance-related stem traits were measured in the RIL population,including second internode strength,second internode thickness,second internode diameter,second internode length,first internode strength,plant height,fresh weight of single plant,and center of gravity height,along with four yield-related traits：thousand kernel weight,spike length,kernel number per spike,and kernel weight per spike,and by integrating variance analysis and correlation analysis,the key mechanical indicators of stem were identified;by combining cluster analysis,new germplasm lines with superior stem mechanical performance were screened,and microscopic stem structure was observed to elucidate the key factors contributing to excellent stem bending resistance.【Results】The RIL population exhibited transgressive segregation for lodging resistance-related stem traits,with particularly prominent genetic variation potential in second internode strength,second internode thickness,and first internode strength. Second internode diameter,second internode thickness,and second internode strength collectively constituted the key mechanical indicator system for lodging resistance. Cluster analysis identified 12 elite wheat lines combining strong stems and high yield,all of which surpassed the strong-stem parent Luomai 163 in second internode strength. Microstructural analysis further confirmed that their superior bending resistance was closely associated with the thickness of mechanical tissues in the internode.【Conclusion】The 12 selected strong-stem,high-yield germplasm lines provide high-quality parental resources for wheat lodging resistance breeding. Stem key mechanical indicators for evaluating wheat lodging resistance are clarified,and internode mechanical tissue thickness is verified as an important morphological feature influencing stem bending strength.

【Objective】To elucidate the effects of planting patterns and densities on leaf characteristics and yield of maize in the arid zone of central Ningxia,thereby providing a basis for achieving high and stable maize yields. 【Methods】Using the maize variety Ningdan 52 as the experimental material,a two-factor,four-level field experiment was conducted with planting patterns [Equidistant row spacing one plant per hole（control）,wide and narrow of row spacing one plant per hole,wide and narrow of row spacing two plants per hole,wide and narrow of row spacing three plants per hole] and planting densities（75 000,82 500,90 000,97 500 plant/hm²）. The effects of planting patterns and densities on relative chlorophyll content （SPAD value） in maize leaves,leaf area index,ear leaf area,ear trait characteristics,yield,and yield components were analyzed.【Results】At the tasseling silking stage and mature stage of maize,the SPAD values of leaves under the wide and narrow of row spacing two plants per hole and 82 500 plant/hm² treatment were the highest（62.60 and 59.57,respectively）. During the filling stage of maize,the SPAD value of leaves under the wide and narrow of row spacing one plant per hole and 75 000 plant/hm² treatment was the highest（61.05）. Among different planting patterns,the average leaf area index of maize under the equidistant row spacing one plant per hole treatment was the highest（5.08）,and the average ear leaf area of maize under the wide and narrow of row spacing two plants per hole treatment was the highest（690.64 cm²）. Among different planting densities,the average ear leaf area index of maize under the 90 000 plant/hm² treatment was the highest（5.04）,and the average ear leaf area of maize under the 75 000 plant/hm² treatment was the highest（736.63 cm²）. The number of kernels per ear,100-kernel weight,and kernel weight under the wide and narrow of row spacing one plant per hole and 75 000 plant/hm² treatment were the highest（665.33 kernels,38.00 g,and 238.16 g,respectively）. The maize yield under the wide and narrow of row spacing one plant per hole and 82 500 plant/hm² treatment was the highest（18 929.00 kg/hm²）.【Conclusion】The appropriate combination of planting pattern and density can effectively regulate the distribution of canopy leaves,SPAD values,and leaf area index of maize,and increase yield. Comprehensively considering yield and seed cost factors,the wide and narrow of row spacing one plant per hole and 82 500 plant/hm² treatment represents a high-yield,high-efficiency,water-saving,and fertilizer-saving technology suitable for promotion and application in the arid zone of central Ningxia.

【Objective】To screen dryland wheat varieties suitable for promotion and cultivation in Ulanqab City,Inner Mongolia. 【Methods】A field comparative trial was conducted using a total of 37 dryland wheat varieties,including the Kechun series,Longchun series,and Longmai series. Correlation analysis,variation analysis,cluster analysis,principal component analysis,and path analysis were performed on agronomic traits such as plant height,spike length,number of spikelets,number of fertile spikes,number of kernels per spike,kernel weight per spike,total number of spikes,and 1 000-kernel weight,as well as yield,to determine the primary factors influencing yield.【Results】Among the 37 dryland wheat varieties,Kechun 38 exhibited the highest yield,followed by Kechun 46,Kechun 42,and Dingxi 51,although Kechun 42 demonstrated the best overall performance. Correlation analysis revealed that yield had the strongest correlation with the number of kernels per spike,with a correlation coefficient of 0.66,and the weakest correlation with 1 000-kernel weight,with a correlation coefficient of -0.11. Variation analysis indicated that the coefficients of variation for the 37 varieties ranged from 9.74% to 26.32%,with yield showing the largest coefficient of variation and the number of spikelets showing the smallest. Cluster analysis demonstrated that,at a squared Euclidean distance of 10,the 37 dryland wheat varieties were divided into six major clusters,with yield performance among the clusters ranked as Ⅵ>Ⅳ>Ⅴ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ Principal component analysis showed that the five selected principal components had a cumulative contribution rate of 89.48%,with the first principal component contributing the most at 40.77%. Path analysis indicated that the number of kernels per spike and the total number of spikes had the greatest direct effects on yield,with path coefficients of 0.392 84 and 0.248 10,respectively.【Conclusion】Among the 37 dryland wheat varieties tested,the number of kernels per spike is the primary factor influencing yield,and increasing the number of kernels per spike can effectively enhance yield. Kechun 42 and Kechun 38 are dryland wheat varieties suitable for promotion and cultivation in Ulanqab City,Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】To evaluate the high-yield potential,yield stability,adaptability of maize varieties in the southern mountainous region of Ningxia,as well as the discriminatory power of each test site,in order to screen maize varieties suitable for large-scale promotion and cultivation in this region. 【Methods】AMMI biplot and stability parameters（variety stability parameter denoted as D_i,environment stability parameter denoted as D_j） were applied to analyze the stability of grain yield for 13 maize varieties tested in the regional trial of late-maturing maize across 6 test sites in the southern mountainous region of Ningxia in 2023,and to assess the discriminatory power of the test sites.【Results】The analysis of variance revealed that the effects of variety,test site,and variety-by-test-site interaction on grain yield of the tested maize varieties all reached extremly significant levels（P<0.01）. The test site effect accounted for the largest proportion of the total sum of squares（83.89%）,followed by the variety-by-test-site interaction effect（7.40%）and the variety effect（1.73%）. The AMMI biplot and D_i parameter indicated that Runfeng 969,Yinyu 8333,and KH385 were high-yielding and stable varieties;Jincheng 839,Qiyu 128,Hefeng 216,and HY37 exhibited moderate yield potential with poor stability;Jinrun 889,Keyou 219,and Fuqiang 235 were high-yielding but had moderate stability;while Ninghe 237 and KY158 showed good stability but moderate yield potential. The discriminatory power of the test sites varied among the varieties,with the Longde County site exhibiting the strongest discriminatory power and the Xiji County site the weakest.【Conclusion】Runfeng 969,Yinyu 8333,and KH385 are high-yielding and stable maize varieties,suitable for large-scale promotion and cultivation in the southern mountainous region of Ningxia. The Longde County test site demonstrates strong discriminatory capability for variety evaluation.

【Objective】To screen key genes in the transcriptome of stress-tolerant germplasm resources of Pugionium cornutum under salt stress,thereby laying a foundation for elucidating the physiological research of salt-tolerance and stress resistance in P. cornutum,and providing a reference for molecular breeding of salt-tolerance in P. cornutum. 【Methods】The leaf fresh weight ratio of P. cornutum seedlings at the 6-leaf-1-heart stage was measured after 8 days of treatment with 0,50,100,150,and 200 mmol/L NaCl. The salt concentration corresponding to approximately 50% of the fresh weight ratio was chosen as the treatment concentration for transcriptome analysis,with sampling conducted at 0,3,and 12 h for transcriptome sequencing.【Results】The salt threshold of P. cornutum was determined to be 100 mmol/L by measuring the leaf fresh weight ratio;compared with the 0 h,transcriptomic data at 3 and 12 h identified 10 006 and 14 117 differentially expressed genes,respectively;a total of four upregulated genes were screened among the transcription factors. In the plant hormone signal transduction process,brassinosteroid（BR） had the highest number of upregulated genes;three key upregulated enzymes were identified in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway,and four key upregulated enzymes were identified in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway.【Conclusion】The upregulated genes involved in transcription factors,the plant hormone signal transduction process,the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway,and the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway may play critical roles in the response of P. cornutum to salt stress.

【Objective】To investigate the dynamic changes in water absorption characteristics of peanut kernels for sprouting,thereby providing a theoretical reference for the breeding and production of sprouting peanut varieties. 【Methods】Zhuhua 11,Zhu H23,Yuhua 93,Yuhua 9326,Luhua No. 8,and Huayu 20 were used as experimental materials. The kernels were respectively placed in a water-bath electric thermostatic incubator at（25±2）℃,and water absorption capacity of sprouting peanut kernel was measured at different soaking times to analyze the dynamic changes in water absorption characteristics with soaking time.【Results】The water absorption capacity and water absorption ratio of peanut kernels for sprouting showed a continuous increasing trend with prolonged soaking time. When the water absorption capacity reached 50%,Zhuhua 11,Yuhua 93,Yuhua 9326,and Huayu 20 required 3 h of soaking,while Zhu H23 and Luhua No. 8 required 4 h. When the water absorption ratio reached 50%,Zhuhua 11 required 7 h of soaking,Yuhua 93,Yuhua 9326,and Zhu H23 required 5 h of soaking,Huayu 20 required 24 h of soaking,and Luhua No. 8 maintained a water absorption ratio below 50% throughout 1 to 72 h of soaking. The water absorption rate decreased gradually with prolonged soaking time,with the highest rate occurring during 0 to 1 h,a sharp decline from 1 to 2 h,a smaller decline from 2 to 6 h,and approaching a horizontal line after 36 h. The 100-grain volume and expansion rate increased continuously with prolonged soaking time. After 72 h of soaking,the 100-grain fresh weight of Zhuhua 11,Zhu H23,Yuhua 93,Yuhua 9326,Luhua No. 8,and Huayu 20 increased by 61.49%,80.35%,65.32%,65.27%,55.75%,and 51.02%,respectively,compared to the initial dry weight;grain length increased by 16.94%,15.07%,11.17%,23.53%,12.59%,and 16.51%,respectively,compared to the initial grain length;and grain width exhibited a wave-like increase with prolonged soaking time. Spearson correlation analysis indicated that water absorption ratio and water absorption rate were extremely significantly negatively correlated with water absorption capacity,100-grain volume,expansion rate,100-grain fresh weight,grain length,and grain width（P<0.01）;water absorption capacity was extremely significantly positively correlated with 100-grain volume,expansion rate,100-grain fresh weight,grain length,and grain width（P<0.01）;and 100-grain volume,expansion rate,100-grain fresh weight,grain length,and grain width were also extremely significantly positively correlated with each other（P<0.01）.【Conclusion】The longer and wider the peanut kernels for sprouting,the more favorable it is for increasing 100-grain volume,expansion rate,100-grain fresh weight,water absorption capacity,water absorption ratio,and water absorption rate. Yuhua 93,Yuhua 9326,and Luhua No. 8 are excellent peanut kernels for sprouting with coordinated water absorption characteristics.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of intercropping with common vetch and turning and returning to the field with reduced nitrogen fertilizer on potato growth and yield in the northern foot of the Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia. 【Methods】Four treatments were established：potato monocropping with conventional fertilization（CK）,potato and common vetch intercropping with conventional fertilization（T1）,potato monocropping with 20% reduced nitrogen fertilizer（T2）,and potato and common vetch intercropping with 20% reduced nitrogen fertilizer（T3）. The effects of different treatments on potato plant height,stem diameter,photosynthetic performance,dry matter accumulation,yield and yield components at different growth stages were compared and analyzed.【Results】Under intercropping conditions,potato plant height,stem diameter,SPAD value,net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,intercellular CO₂ concentration,stomatal conductance,dry matter accumulation,and yield were all higher than those under monocropping. Compared with CK,at the starch accumulation stage,the plant height and stem diameter of potato in T3 treatment increased significantly by 7.35% and 6.34%（P<0.05）,respectively;at the tuber formation stage,the SPAD value,net photosynthetic rate,intercellular CO₂ concentration,and stomatal conductance of potato in T3 treatment increased significantly by 10.07%,17.89%,7.57%,and 23.67%（P<0.05）,respectively;at the tuber bulking stage and starch accumulation stage,the transpiration rate of potato in T3 treatment increased significantly by 7.58% and 2.40%（P<0.05）,respectively;at the mature stage,the dry matter accumulation of potato in T3 treatment increased significantly by 25.14%（P<0.05）. T3 treatment achieved the highest yield（37 228.57 kg/hm²）,which was 11.70% higher than that of CK;the marketable tuber yield in T3 treatment was significantly 21.63% higher than that of CK（P<0.05）.【Conclusion】The treatment of potato and common vetch intercropping with 20% reduced nitrogen fertilizer can significantly enhance potato photosynthetic performance,increase dry matter accumulation,and promote yield improvement,making it a more suitable potato cultivation pattern for the northern foot of the Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】To analyze the effects of combined application of water-retaining agent and microbial agent on forage yield,quality,and soil nutrients of dryland barley in the semi-arid region of Inner Mongolia,thereby providing a theoretical foundation for efficient forage production. 【Methods】ield experiments were conducted in Shangdu County,Inner Mongolia,from 2023 to 2024 using a randomized block design. Four treatments were established：microbial agent alone（A）,water-retaining agent alone（B）,combined application of water-retaining agent and microbial agent（AB）,and a control without the application of a water-retaining agent and microbial agent（CK）,to analyze the changes in forage yield,quality,and soil nutrients of dryland barley under different treatments.【Results】Fresh grass yield and hay yields of dryland barley ranked as AB>A>B>CK. Two-year data showed that,compared with CK,the AB treatment increased crude protein content by 2.65-3.35 percentage points,crude fat content by 6.67-8.90 percentage points,and relative feed value by 6.21%-42.94%. All treatments improved soil nutrients to varying degrees. Compared with CK,A treatment,and B treatment,the AB treatment increased soil organic matter content by 5.82%-28.40%,total nitrogen content by 2.84%-43.72%,total phosphorus content by 2.63%-76.11%,total potassium content by -2.69%-14.17%,available nitrogen content by 11.83%-60.96%,available phosphorus content by 7.89%-31.88%,and available potassium content by 4.41%-20.34%. Correlation analysis indicated that soil organic matter,total nitrogen,total potassium,and available potassium were the main factors influencing hay yield of dryland barley,whereas soil total nitrogen,total potassium,and available nitrogen content were the main factors affecting forage quality of dryland barley.【Conclusion】Combined application of water-retaining agent and microbial agent enhances forage yield and quality of dryland barley and improves soil nutrients,warranting further promotion and validation in the semi-arid region of Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】To investigate the control efficacy of Bacillus subtilis Tpb55 and Trichoderma asperellum HG1 compound bacteria water dispersible granules on tobacco black shank and tobacco brown spot. 【Methods】Single-factor experiments were conducted to screen and optimize the adjuvants for B. subtilis Tpb55 and T. asperellum HG1 compound bacteria water dispersible granules. Pot and field experiments were carried out to evaluate the control efficacy of the compound bacteria water dispersible granules at 400-fold,800-fold,and 1 200-fold dilutions on tobacco black shank and tobacco brown spot,respectively.【Results】By optimizing the dosage of adjuvants,the optimal formula of the compound bacteria water dispersible granules was determined as follows：5% wetting agent（saponin powder）,6% dispersant（carboxymethylcellulose sodium）,3% binder（polyethylene glycol 6000）,5% disintegrant（sodium carboxymethyl starch）,with diatomaceous earth as the carrier to make up 100%. The 400-fold dilution of B. subtilis Tpb55 and T. asperellum HG1 compound bacteria water dispersible granules exhibited the highest efficacy,achieving an indoor control efficacy of 81.53% on tobacco black shank and a field control efficacy of 70.93% on tobacco brown spot.【Conclusion】The optimal formula of B. subtilis Tpb55 and T. asperellum HG1 compound bacteria water dispersible granules are confirmed,and the 400-fold dilution of compound bacteria water dispersible granules exhibits excellent biocontrol efficacy on tobacco black shank and tobacco brown spot.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of different shading conditions on the photosynthetic characteristics of leaves in the variegated mutant of Heliopsis helianthoides,thereby providing a reference for its cultivation and application. 【Methods】Using the variegated mutant HY-23F₁-2 of H. helianthoides as the experimental material,three treatments were established：30% shading,50% shading,and 70% shading. The effects of different treatments on chlorophyll content,diurnal variations in photosynthetic physiological indices,photosynthetic light-response curves,and light-response parameters in the leaves of the variegated mutant of H. helianthoides were analyzed.【Results】Under the 50% shading treatment,the contents of total chlorophyll（Chlt）,chlorophyll a（Chla）,and chlorophyll b（Chlb） in the leaves of the variegated mutant HY-23F₁-2 of H. helianthoides were significantly higher than those under the 30% and 70% shading treatments（P<0.05）. The diurnal variations in net photosynthetic rate（P_n）,stomatal conductance（G_s）,and transpiration rate（E） all exhibited a bimodal pattern,with the highest average values of 8.79 μmol/（m²·s）,0.37 mmol/（m²·s）,and 6.62 mmol/（m²·s）,respectively. The diurnal variation in intercellular CO₂ concentration（C_i）showed a serrated pattern,with the lowest average value of 322.17 μmol/mol. The maximum net photosynthetic rate（P_nmax）and light saturation point（LSP）were the highest,at 14.50 and 1 802.74 μmol/（m²·s）,respectively. Under the 70% shading treatment,the contents of Chlt,Chla,and Chlb were the lowest. The diurnal variation in P_n displayed a unimodal pattern,with the lowest average value of 4.63 μmol/（m²·s）. The diurnal variation in C_i presented a W curve trend,with the highest average value of 342.97 μmol/mol. The apparent quantum yield（AQY） was the highest at 0.047 0 μmol/mol,while P_nmax,LSP,light compensation point（LCP）,and dark respiration rate（Rd）were the lowest. Correlation analysis revealed extremely significant negative correlation between P_n and C_i（P<0.01）.【Conclusion】The 50% shading treatment is more suitable for the growth of the variegated mutant HY-23F₁-2 of H. helianthoides,and under the 70% shading treatment,the variegated mutant HY-23F₁-2 of H. helianthoides exhibits stronger shade tolerance and photosynthetic potential.

【Objective】To propose an apple leaf disease detection method based on the YOLOv5s-GCB model,aiming to achieve a lightweight model while improving detection accuracy. 【Methods】On the basis of the YOLOv5s framework,Ghost convolution was introduced to reduce the computational load of convolution operations,thereby achieving a model lightweight;a coordinate attention（CA） mechanism was embedded in the Neck component to enhance the feature attention capability toward diseased spot regions on apple leaves;and a bidirectional weighted feature pyramid network（BiFPN） was adopted to optimize the multi-scale fusion of diseased spot features. The improved YOLOv5s-GCB model was trained and tested on a collected dataset of apple leaf disease images. 【Results】The improved YOLOv5s-GCB model demonstrates excellent performance in apple leaf disease detection tasks,with Precision,Recall,and mean Average Precision（mAP@0.5）reaching 90.7%,87.4%,and 93.4%,respectively. For the detection of Apple Alternaria blotch,gray leaf spot disease,and rust disease,the YOLOv5s-GCB model achieves the highest mAP@0.5 values of 93.8%,93.4%,and 93.0%,respectively. 【Conclusion】The improved YOLOv5s-GCB model not only possesses high-precision and high-speed detection capabilities but also features a compact model size,making it suitable for automated intelligent recognition of apple leaf diseases and demonstrating strong practical value.