【Objective】To investigate the distribution of five rice blast resistance genes（Pi2,Pib,Pita,Pigm,Pi9） in 86 indica rice accessions and evaluate the resistance effects of different genotypic combinations,providing a theoretical basis for breeding rice blast-resistant varieties and effective pyramiding of resistance genes.【Methods】Using five pairs of functional markers with clear amplification bands,blast resistance genes in 86 indica rice accessions from the Huang-Huai rice region were detected,and combined with artificial inoculation assays,the distribution of five resistance genes and the genotypic combinations conferring moderate to high resistance in this region were identified.【Results】The distribution frequencies of the five resistance genes Pi2,Pib,Pita,Pigm and Pi9 in the 86 indica rice accessions were 98.80%,46.50%,55.80%,48.80%,and 1.20%,respectively. Ten genotypic combinations were identified among the 86 tested materials,no resistance genes,Pi2,Pi2+Pita,Pi2+Pib,Pi2+Pigm,Pi2+Pib+Pita,Pi2+Pi9+Pigm,Pi2+Pib+Pigm,Pi2+Pita+Pigm and Pi2+Pib+Pita+Pigm,respectively. Inoculation assays showed that 33 accessions exhibited moderate or higher resistance,accounting for 38.37%;among the materials with three genotypic combinations Pi2+Pib+Pita,Pi2+Pita+Pigm and Pi2+Pib+Pita+Pigm,the proportions of accessions with moderate or higher resistance were 50%,80% and 100%,respectively.【Conclusion】The Pi2 gene exhibits the highest distribution frequency（98.80%） among the 86 indica rice accessions;the three genotypic combinations conferring superior resistance are Pi2+Pib+Pita,Pi2+Pita+Pigm and Pi2+Pib+Pita+Pigm.

【Objective】To screen the optimal culture medium formulation for the mycelial growth of Agaricus arvensis,providing a basis for cultivating high-quality strains and achieving large-scale production.【Methods】Using Agaricus arvensis strains a72,a99,and a100 as test materials,the effects of different carbon sources（glucose,fructose,sucrose,maltose,lactose,soluble starch,corn starch,cellobiose,mannose）,nitrogen sources（peptone,yeast powder,yeast extract,beef extract,ammonium sulfate,diammonium hydrogen phosphate,beef powder,casein,glutamine）,and pH values（4.5,5.0,5.5,6.0,6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0,8.5） on mycelial growth rate,colony vigor,and growth index were investigated. An orthogonal experiment with three-factor,three-level was conducted to determine the optimal culture medium formulation for mycelial growth.【Results】Sucrose was identified as the optimal carbon source for the mycelial growth of strains a72,a99,and a100,with growth rates of 2.84,2.79,and 3.41 mm/d,and growth indices of 11.360,12.560,and 15.350,respectively. The optimal nitrogen source for strain a72 was glutamine,with a growth rate of 3.43 mm/d and a growth index of 17.150,while diammonium hydrogen phosphate was optimal for strains a99 and a100,with growth rates of 4.19 and 3.85 mm/d,and growth indices of 18.855 and 17.325,respectively. The optimal pH value for mycelial growth of all three strains was 6.5. The three-factor,three-level orthogonal experiment revealed that the optimal culture medium formulations were：for strain a72,25 g/L sucrose,2.0 g/L glutamine,pH 6.0;for strain a99,25 g/L sucrose,2.0 g/L diammonium hydrogen phosphate,pH 6.0;and for strain a100,25 g/L sucrose,2.5 g/L diammonium hydrogen phosphate,pH 6.0.【Conclusion】The mycelial of Agaricus arvensis strains a72,a99,and a100 are more suitable for growth under slightly acidic to neutral environmental conditions. The three-factor,three-level orthogonal experiment successfully identified optimal culture medium formulations for the mycelial growth of these strains.

【Objective】To screen a bacterial strain capable of efficiently degrading starch and to optimize its enzyme production conditions,providing novel methods and insights for starch degradation in tobacco leaves.【Methods】Starch-degrading bacterial strains were isolated from high-quality flue-cured tobacco varieties（Yunyan 97,Yunyan 99,and Qinyan 99） leaves in Shaanxi Province. A dominant strain was identified through preliminary screening based on the Hc value,secondary screening for amylase activity,morphological observation,physiological and biochemical tests,and molecular biological identification. Single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were conducted to optimize the enzyme production conditions of the dominant strain.【Results】A total of 250 starch-degrading bacterial strains were isolated,and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZJ-189 was identified as the dominant tarch-degrading strain with an amylase activity of 53.07 U/mL.Following ultraviolet（UV） mutagenesis,124 mutant strains were obtained from B. amyloliquefaciens ZJ-189. Through secondary screening for amylase activity,the highly efficient starch-degrading strain ZJ189-UV11 was selected,exhibiting an amylase activity of 74.42 U/mL,a 40.23% increase compared to the starter strain,with stable genetic characteristics. Orthogonal experiments revealed that the optimal culture conditions for strain ZJ189-UV11 after 24 h were a temperature of 42 ℃,pH of 7.5,agitation speed of 200 r/min,and an inoculation ratio of 1.2%.【Conclusion】Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZJ-189 is identifid as a dominant strain for starch degradation. The culture conditions affecting the growth and amylase activity of the highly efficient mutant strain ZJ189-UV11 are optimized through single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of mixed saline-alkali stress on the growth and physiological metabolism of rice seedlings.【Methods】Eight japonica rice varieties were used as experimental materials. Three gradients of mixed saline-alkali stress were set with salt-alkali ratios of 7∶3（SA1）,5∶5（SA2） and 3∶7（SA3）,with distilled water treatment as the control（CK）. After 7 days of mixed saline-alkali stress,growth and physiological indices of rice seedlings were measured.【Results】Compared to the control（CK）,mixed saline-alkali stress significantly increased the rate of withered leaves by 57.49%-98.43%,and significantly reduced chlorophyll content by 49.63%-79.01%,water content of leaves by 3.75-30.90 percentage points,water content of roots by 3.63-14.31 percentage points,total root length by 14.55%-56.81%,and root tip numbers by 23.28%-71.71%（P<0.05）;the contents of osmoregulatory substances,Na⁺,and reactive oxygen species（ROS） in rice seedlings significantly increased（P<0.05）,while K⁺ content significantly decreased（P<0.05） under all treatments. Saline-sensitive varieties exhibited a higher degree of inhibition in growth indices,lower contents of osmoregulatory substances and K⁺,and higher contents of ROS and Na⁺ under mixed saline-alkali stress compared to salt-tolerant varieties.【Conclusion】The inhibition of rice seedling growth under mixed saline-alkali stress is the result of combined osmotic stress,ion toxicity,and high pH stress,with root growth being more severely affected;elevated pH value aggravates ion toxicity and high pH-induced stress,disrupts the osmoregulatory system,causes multiple physiological and metabolic disorders,and ultimately inhibits seedling growth.

【Objective】To screen drought resistance indicators for different soybean varieties（lines） in Shanxi Province and improve the drought-resistant soybean germplasm resources.【Methods】Through pot experiments,15 soybean varieties（lines） at the flowering and podding stage were subjected to drought stress. Drought resistance coefficients（X）,drought resistance membership function values[B（X）],and drought resistance measurement values（D-values） were determined and calculated for various agronomic traits[plant height（PH）,stem diameter（SD）],photosynthetic parameters[stomatal conductance（G_s）,net photosynthetic rate（P_n）,relative chlorophyll content（SPAD）],and physiological and biochemical indicators[proline（Pro） content,soluble protein（Sp） content,malondialdehyde（MDA） content]. Principal component analysis and regression analysis were employed to comprehensively evaluate their drought resistance. Finally,a field validation experiment was conducted to calculate the drought resistance index（DHI）.【Results】Drought stress significantly affected soybean agronomic traits,photosynthetic parameters,and physiological and biochemical indicators. The absolute mean values of drought resistance coefficients for individual indicators across different soybean varieties（lines）,from highest to lowest,were：Pro content>MDA content>Sp content>SPAD>SD>PH>P_n>G_s. Principal component analysis revealed that the first three principal components contributed 84.321% of the total variance,representing the majority of the data information. The D-values for different soybean varieties（lines） were,in descending order：Y13>Y4>Y10>Y6>Y9>Y15>Y3>Y11>Y14>Y12>Y1>Y2 =Y7>Y8>Y5.The regression equation was：D-value=-3.459+0.756PH+1.299SD+0.858SPAD+0.382Pro content+0.693Sp content+0.397P_n.DHI results indicated that Y13 exhibited the strongest drought resistance,while Y5 showed the weakest.【Conclusion】Chang 1807（Y13） demonstrates the best drought resistance and can serve as a potential candidate for drought-tolerant varieties in Shanxi Province. Plant height,stem diameter,relative chlorophyll content,proline content,soluble protein content,and net photosynthetic rate exhibit significant statistical correlations with the drought resistance measurement value（D-value）,thus serving as effective drought resistance indicators for different soybean varieties（lines） at the flowering and podding stage.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of different selenium fertilizer application methods on selenium enrichment and yield in oats,providing insights for innovative selenium enrichment strategies in oats.【Methods】Seed soaking treatments with organic selenium fertilizer at concentrations of 0（CK）,0.05,0.10,and 0.25 mg/L were conducted. A total of 12 selenium treatments were designed,including two types of selenium fertilizers（organic and inorganic） and six application methods（basal application,spraying,seed soaking,seed soaking+basal application,seed soaking+spraying and basal application+spraying）,the effects on selenium content in oat grains,leaves and stems,selenium utilization efficiency in grains,economic traits per plant,and yield were analyzed.【Results】Selenium content in oat grains,leaves and stems increased with higher concentrations of organic selenium fertilizer used in seed soaking. Compared with treatments of 0.10,0.05 mg/L and CK,the 0.25 mg/L treatment increased grains selenium content by 0.262,1.714 and 2.980 mg/kg,leaves selenium content by 0.613,0.927 and 1.164 mg/kg,and stems selenium content by 0.608,0.686 and 0.686 mg/kg,respectively. The average selenium content in oat grains under organic selenium fertilizer treatments was 1.6 times higher than that under inorganic selenium fertilizer treatments;the basal application+spraying treatment with organic selenium fertilizer was significantly higher than other treatments（P<0.05）,with grains,leaves and stems selenium contents increased by 1.61-4.64,0.88-9.58 and 0.14-6.24 mg/kg,respectively,and selenium utilization efficiency in grains increased by 15.78%-44.80%.【Conclusion】 Seed soaking,basal application and spraying all enhance selenium content in oats,with spraying showing better enrichment effects than basal application or seed soaking,organic selenium fertilizer exhibits superior enrichment effects compared to inorganic selenium fertilizer in oats;the combination of different selenium fertilizers and application methods effectively increases oat selenium content,with the organic selenium fertilizer basal application+spraying treatment exhibiting the most effective selenium enrichment in oats.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of reduced basal application of controlled-release fertilizers on watermelon growth and fertilizer use efficiency,providing a reference for the selection,formulation,and water-fertilizer management of watermelon-specific controlled-release fertilizers.【Methods】Using the watermelon variety Qianli No. 4 as the test material,four treatments were established：conventional quick-release fertilizer（T1）,urea-formaldehyde+resin-coated potassium sulfate（T2）,sulfur-coated urea+resin-coated potassium sulfate（T3）,and resin-coated urea+resin-coated potassium sulfate（T4）,with a no-fertilizer control（CK）. The effects of these treatments on dry matter accumulation,nitrogen uptake,potassium uptake,yield,fertilizer use efficiency of watermelon,and soil nutrient contents and enzyme activities were analyzed.【Results】Reduced basal application of controlled-release fertilizers significantly enhanced watermelon dry matter accumulation. At the fruit expanding stage,T4 treatment resulted in a dry matter accumulation of 276.8 g/plant,representing increases of 24.7% and 75.0% compared to T1 treatment and CK,respectively. Nitrogen and potassium uptake under T4 treatment at the same stage were 6.0 and 6.9 g/plant,respectively,showing increases of 40.8% and 54.7% compared to T1 treatment. Yield under T4 treatment was 27.2% higher than T1 treatment,and nitrogen and potassium use efficiencies were improved by 265.9% and 139.2%,respectively. Regarding soil quality,no significant differences in available phosphorus content were observed among fertilizer treatments（P>0.05）. However,T4 treatment significantly increased soil organic matter,available nitrogen,and available potassium contents by 27.1%,30.8%,and 46.9%,respectively,compared to T1 treatment（P<0.05）. Soil sucrase and catalase activities showed no significant differences among the four fertilizer treatments（P>0.05） but were significantly higher than CK（P<0.05）. Soil urease activity in T2 treatment and CK was lower than in other treatments.【Conclusion】Reduced basal application of controlled-release fertilizers have positive effects on watermelon growth,yield,fertilizer use efficiency,and soil quality. The combination of resin-coated urea+resin-coated potassium sulfate（T4） demonstrate superior fertilizer efficacy and soil improvement effects.

【Objective】To screen potato varieties with high phosphorus（P） efficiency to enhance phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency in the cold and arid region of North China.【Methods】Fifteen potato varieties were used as experimental materials in field trials conducted in 2021 and 2022,with treatments of no phosphorus fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer application. Phosphorus efficiency was evaluated based on indicators including potato yield,phosphorus concentration,phosphorus uptake,phosphorus biological efficiency,agronomic efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer,partial factor productivity of phosphorus fertilizer,and apparent utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer. A membership function analysis was employed to comprehensively evaluate the phosphorus efficiency of different potato varieties and screen them.【Results】Different potato varieties and phosphorus application levels affected fresh weight yield. Under no phosphorus fertilizer treatment,the Atlantic variety exhibited the highest yield at 51 973 kg/hm². Under phosphorus fertilizer treatment,the North 009 variety showed the greatest yield increase of 8.22%,indicating high sensitivity to phosphorus.In 2022,under high phosphorus conditions,the dry weight yield increase ranged from 4.91% to 9.50%,with the North 009 variety showing the highest increase;under low phosphorus conditions,the dry weight yield increase ranged from 0.57% to 5.21%,with the Atlantic variety exhibiting the highest increase. Under low phosphorus conditions,the North 009 variety demonstrated the highest phosphorus biological efficiency at 465.12 kg/kg;the contribution rate of phosphorus fertilizer to yield varied from 0.56% to 8.68%,with the North 009 variety being the highest,followed by the Atlantic variety. Membership function analysis revealed that the North 009 variety had the highest comprehensive membership function value of 0.99,followed by the Atlantic variety at 0.93.【Conclusion】The potato varieties North 009 and Atlantic exhibite superior comprehensive phosphorus efficiency,making them suitable for agricultural production or as phosphorus-efficient germplasm resources.

【Objective】To screen tomato varieties suitable for cultivation in Baotou City and its surrounding areas in Inner Mongolia.【Methods】Twenty-four nationally registered high-quality,disease-resistant tomato varieties,categorized into cherry tomatoes,taste tomatoes,and hard-fleshed tomatoes,were evaluated. A total of 24 indicators,including agronomic traits,nutritional quality,and yield,were measured. Principal component analysis was employed for comprehensive identification and evaluation.【Results】Among cherry tomatoes,the top two varieties based on comprehensive scores were Jingxing and Lvyangli,characterized by slightly concave fruit shoulders,two locules,and relatively high single fruit weights（52.65 g and 62.18 g,respectively）. These varieties exhibited a sweet-tart flavor,with Lvyangli achieving the highest yield of 4 464.67 kg/hm². For taste tomatoes,DRK0568 and Antelaisi were the top two varieties,with mature fruits color displaying pink coloration and high single fruit weights（277.01 g and 242.97 g,respectively）. These varieties had a sandy texture and tart-sweet flavor,with DRK0568 recording the highest yield of 6 835.66 kg/hm². Among hard-fleshed tomatoes,Daimeite FA2177 and TY196 ranked highest,both with pink mature fruit color and high single fruit weights（262.30 g and 238.39 g,respectively）. These varieties had a sandy texture and tart flavor,with relatively high yields of 6 720.33 kg/hm² and 6 829.67 kg/hm²,respectively.【Conclusion】The cherry tomato varieties Jingxing and Lvyangli,taste tomato varieties DRK0568 and Antelaisi,and hard-fleshed tomato varieties Daimeite FA2177 and TY196 are recommended as promising varieties for promotion and cultivation in Baotou City,Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】To investigate the impact of irrigation water quotas and calculation methods on the irrigation water use coefficient in the arid regions of Xinjiang.【Methods】Seven agricultural irrigation districts in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture in northern Xinjiang were selected as the input and target output systems,with the loam soil irrigation district in Changji（northern Xinjiang） and the aeolian sandy soil irrigation district in Hotan（southern Xinjiang） as representative cases,and an input-output model and field irrigation water tests was employed to monitor soil moisture in field irrigation.【Results】The marginal positive effects of input factors on the irrigation water use coefficient were ranked as follows：the proportion of micro-irrigation area>anti-seepage canals>well irrigation water volume>gross water consumption,indicating that expanding the scale of high-efficiency water-saving irrigation,anti-seepage of water conveyance canals,water-saving construction for well pumping irrigation significantly enhanced irrigation efficiency;when the field water use coefficient reached 0.70,the suitable moist layer depth for different irrigation methods in the irrigation districts ranged from 70 to 86 cm,accurately reflecting the effectiveness of irrigation water use;a method for calculating the irrigation water use coefficient that based on a constant net irrigation water quota was improved.【Conclusion】The expansion of the scale of high-efficiency water-saving irrigation,anti-seepage of water conveyance canals,water-saving construction for well pumping irrigation positively contribute to improving irrigation water resource use efficiency in the arid regions of Xinjiang. Notably,a suitable moist layer depth for the net irrigation water quota ranges from 70 to 86 cm.

Peanut sprouts are crisp in test,possess a unique flavor,and are rich in resveratrol,making them an ideal functional food. This paper reviews the changes in nutritional components,including proteins,amino acids,fats and fatty acids,minerals,carbohydrates,vitamin C,phenolics,and resveratrol,during the germination of peanuts,summarizes the research progress on the functional bioactivities of peanut sprouts and the current status of studies on their processing and utilization both domestically and internationally,and discusses future research directions for peanut sprouts,aiming to provide a valuable reference for promoting the rapid growth of the peanut sprout industry and its further development and utilization in the food industry.

Potentilla anserina,a plant with both medicinal and edible properties,possesses significant economic and pharmaceutical value. This paper reviews the research progress on the nutritional components of Potentilla anserina,including proteins,fats,dietary fiber,starch,vitamins,and minerals,and its bioactive components,such as JMS,polysaccharides,polyphenols,and flavonoids,and summarizes the health benefits and development and application of Potentilla anserina,aiming to provide a reference for exploring its comprehensive value and promoting the development of the Potentilla anserina industry.

【Objective】To clarify the current development status of the edible mushroom industry.【Methods】Using bibliometric methods,literature on the theme of “edible mushroom industry development” published in Peking University Core Journals and Chinese Science Citation Database（CSCD） journals from 2019 to 2023 was retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）,and CiteSpace was employed to conduct a visualization analysis of the industry′s development status.【Results】From 2019 to 2023,the number of academic publications on the development of the edible mushroom industry exhibited two distinct phases（2019—2020 and 2021—2023）,with an initial increase followed by a decline. Edible Fungi of China was identified as the primary journal publishing literature related to the industry′s development. Collaborative networks among authors and institutions in this field have not yet formed a substantial scale. Keywords related to the development of the edible mushroom industry showed high relevance to the theme,with rational clustering. The research focus on “#0 e-commerce” persisted through 2023,showing extensive interconnections with the theme “edible mushroom.” The top six keywords with the highest burst strength were supply chain（2.09）,mycology（1.25）,promotion effect（1.19）,tourism（0.79）,informatization（0.79） and vertical coordination（0.79）. By 2023,four keywords with ongoing burst strength were industrial cycle（0.62）,industrial cluster（0.55）,mycology（1.25）,and industrialization（0.48）.【Conclusion】Current research hotspots in the edible mushroom industry includes e-commerce,resource integration,current status,industrial structure,variety rights,and the Belt and Road. Research on supply chain,mycology,promotion effect,tourism,and informatization requires further deepening. Future research trends in the edible mushroom industry may prioritize industrial cycle,industrial cluster,mycology,and industrialization.