[Objective] To investigate the characteristics of soil bacterial community structures in Inner Mongolia grasslands and identify key environmental drivers, providing a microbiological basis for grassland ecosystem conservation. [Methods] Along a west-to-east gradient of Inner Mongolia grasslands （desert steppe, meadow steppe, natural meadow, and artificial grassland）, eight representative sampling sites were selected: Urad Grassland in Bayannur City （BM）, Urad Grassland in Baotou City （BT）, Gegentala Grassland in Ulanqab City （WH）, Huitengxile Grassland in Ulanqab City （HT）, Ulanqab Grassland in Ulanqab City （WL）, Hulun Buir Grassland in Hulun Buir City （HM）, Horqin Grassland in Tongliao City （TL）, and the core forage planting area in Ar Horqin Banner, Chifeng City （CF）. Soil samples from these eight sites were collected from the 0-20 cm soil layer. Soil physicochemical properties were measured and soil bacterial community compositions were characterized using high-throughput sequencing. Distance based redundancy analysis （dbRDA） and FAPROTAX functional prediction were employed to examine the structure, functional characteristics, and relationships with environmental factors of soil bacterial communities across different grasslands. [Results] ①Soils in Inner Mongolia grasslands were generally alkaline （pH 7.65-10.13）; ②Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes were the three most abundant bacterial phyla, while Bacteroides, Rubrobacter, and Bacillus were the top three most abundant genera; ③dbRDA revealed that available phosphorus, organic matter, available potassium, pH, bulk density, total nitrogen, and total water-soluble salts were drivers of differences in bacterial community characteristics （cumulative explanation power：79.20%）; ④Ulanqab Grassland （WL） exhibited highest Shannon （10.41） and Chao1 （6 184.13） indices compared to other sites, with enrichment of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria and higher predatory or ectoparasitic functional activity. The bacterial community composition of Urad Grassland （BM） was highly similar to that of WL （ANOVA, P>0.05）; ⑤ FAPROTAX functional predictions indicated significant chemoheterotrophic activity in Hulun Buir Grassland （HM）, the strongest aerobic chemoheterotrophic activity in Horqin Grassland （TL）, robust nitrogen cycling activity in the core forage planting area in Ar Horqin Banner （CF）, and the highest aerobic ammonia oxidation and nitrification activity in Gegentala Grassland （WH）. [Conclusion] The soil bacterial community structure and functions in Inner Mongolia grasslands exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity, with Ulanqab Grassland （WL） displaying the highest microbial diversity and functional complexity. Soil physicochemical factors, including available phosphorus, organic matter, available potassium, pH, bulk density, total nitrogen, and total water-soluble salts, are crucial in shaping bacterial community structure. These findings provide valuable data for understanding the ecological mechanisms of soil bacteria and supporting sustainable management of Inner Mongolia grasslands.

Cottonseed, as a feed raw material with significant development potential, is rich in crude protein and can partially replace soybean meal in animal diets. However, anti-nutritional factors such as free gossypol present in cottonseed are toxic to animals, and issues including incomplete nutrient release and low nutrient utilization persist. Biological fermentation represents a safe detoxification technology that effectively degrades macromolecular nutrients, enhancing their digestibility and absorption by animals. To improve the utilization efficiency of feed raw materials and alleviate dependence on imported protein sources, the microbial fermentation of unconventional feed resources like cottonseed has become a critical strategy for the sustainable development of animal husbandry. This review summarizes the current research status on cottonseed as a feed, its nutritional components and anti-nutritional factors, the advantages of fermented cottonseed, fermentation techniques, and the progress in applying fermented cottonseed in animal production, aiming to provide a reference for the promotion and application of fermented cottonseed feed in animal production.

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the incidence patterns of major diseases in a large-scale dairy farm located in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, during 2023, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of targeted prevention and control strategies. [Methods] Diagnostic and treatment records of 3 747 Chinese Holstein dairy cows, covering mammary diseases, hoof and limb diseases, reproductive diseases, digestive diseases, and metabolic diseases, were extracted from January to December 2023 using the Afimilk farm management system. Combining on-site field surveys and interviews, descriptive statistical analyses were conducted to assess the proportion of each disease category, monthly incidence trends, and distributions of specific disease types. [Results] A total of 2 895 disease cases were recorded in 2023. Digestive diseases were the most prevalent, accounting for 40.45% of total cases, followed by mammary diseases （23.63%）, hoof and limb diseases （19.03%）, and reproductive diseases （15.72%）. Metabolic diseases had the lowest incidence （1.17%）. The peak disease period occurred between May and June, with digestive diseases reaching a monthly maximum of 220 cases. Among mammary diseases, clinical mastitis accounted for 52.63%, and subclinical mastitis for 26.75%. In digestive diseases, forestomach atony represented 38.00%, followed by enteritis （29.04%） and diarrhea （22.89%）. Among hoof and limb diseases, 72.96% were hoof-related conditions, with a notable increase during the spring. Reproductive diseases were mainly due to abortion （29.01%） and retained placenta （25.05%）. Within metabolic diseases, acidosis （47.06%） and ketosis （35.29%） were predominant. [Conclusion] Digestive and mammary diseases were the primary health challenges in the dairy farm, with digestive diseases exhibiting distinct seasonal incidence patterns. It is recommended that the farm establish a comprehensive prevention and control system centered on environmental improvements and nutritional management, with a focus on enhancing bedding management, hoof care and reproductive monitoring, and leveraging digital management systems for early disease warning.

[Objective] To investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with selenoglucose on growth performance, meat quality, serum immune indices, and serum antioxidant indices in broilers. [Methods] A single-factor completely randomized design was employed, with 288 one-day-old, weight-matched, healthy, male Cobb 505 white-feather broilers randomly assigned to four groups （A-D）, each comprising six replicates of 12 birds. Group A was fed a corn-soybean basal diet; groups B, C, and D received the basal diet supplemented with 0.15 mg/kg, 0.30 mg/kg, and 0.60 mg/kg selenoglucose, respectively. The trial lasted 42 days and was divided into two phases based on composition and nutritional levels of the basal diet: early stage （1-21 days） and late stage （22-42 days）. At the end of 21 and 42 days, growth performance was measured, and blood samples were collected from broilers in each group to determine serum immune and antioxidant indices. At day 42, breast muscle samples were collected for meat quality analysis. [Results] Regarding growth performance, from 1-21 days, the average daily gain （ADG） in groups B, C, and D was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in group A; from 22-42 days, the ADG in group D was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in groups A, B, and C, and the feed-to-gain ratio （F:G） in group A was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in groups C and D; from 1-42 days, the ADG in group D was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in groups A, B, and C, and the F:G in group A was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in groups B, C, and D. In terms of meat quality, the drip loss in groups A and B was significantly higher （P<0.05） than in groups C and D; the shear force in groups A, C, and D was significantly higher （P<0.05） than in group B; the water-holding capacity in group A was significantly higher （P<0.05） than in groups B, C, and D; the cooking yield in group B was significantly higher （P<0.05） than in groups A, C, and D. Regarding serum immune indices, from 1-21 days, serum immunoglobulin A （IgA） levels in groups C and D was significantly （P<0.05） higher than in groups A and B; serum immunoglobulin G （IgG） and immunoglobulin M （IgM） levels in group C was significantly （P<0.05） higher than in groups A, B, and D; from 22-42 days, serum IgA levels in groups C and D was significantly （P<0.05） higher than in groups A and B; serum IgG levels in group C was significantly （P<0.05） higher than in groups A, B, and D; serum IgG and IgA levels in group A was significantly （P<0.05） lower than in groups B and D; serum IgM levels in groups A, C, and D was significantly （P<0.05） higher than in group B. For serum antioxidant indices, from 1-21 days, serum glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px）, glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC） levels in groups C and D were significantly （P<0.05） higher than in groups A and B; serum GSH and T-AOC levels in group D were significantly （P<0.05） higher than in group C; from 22-42 days, serum GSH-Px levels in groups B, C, and D was significantly （P<0.05） higher than in group A; serum malondialdehyde （MDA） levels in groups B, C, and D was significantly （P<0.05） lower than in group A; serum superoxide dismutase （SOD） and GSH levels in group D were significantly （P<0.05） higher than in groups A, B, and C; serum T-AOC levels in groups B and C was significantly （P<0.05） higher than in group A. [Conclusion] The optimal dietary selenoglucose supplementation for broilers was determined to be 0.6 mg/kg. Under this condition, broilers exhibited the best comprehensive performance in terms of growth （ADG, F:G）, meat quality （drip loss）, immune function （IgA, IgG）, and antioxidant capacity （GSH-Px, GSH, SOD, T-AOC）.

[Objective] To achieve automatic recognition of lying postures in parturient dairy goats using the You Only Look Once version 5s （YOLOv5s） model and analyze thoracoabdominal movement characteristics using the Farneback optical flow algorithm, thereby providing technical support for precise management of dairy goat parturition. [Methods] The YOLOv5s model was employed to classify lying and standing postures of parturient dairy goats, with model performance evaluated by precision （P）, recall （R）, and mean average precision （mAP）. After video recognition, 20 Saanen dairy goats were divided into two groups based on parturition duration: Group A （parturition duration <30 min） and Group B （parturition duration ≥30 min）. The Farneback optical flow algorithm was used to extract thoracoabdominal movement parameters （velocity, amplitude, duration of single movement, and frequency）, and differences in movement patterns between the two groups were compared. [Results] ①The YOLOv5s model achieved P values of 98.4% and 98.3% for lying and standing posture recognition, respectively, with a false positive rate <2%, indicating minimal misjudgment risk; R values was 95.3% and 94.6%, with a missed detection rate <6%, demonstrating excellent detection coverage; mAP reached 96.3% and 95.2%, reflecting stable comprehensive performance and strong robustness. ②Optical flow analysis showed that the mean thoracoabdominal movement velocity in Group B was 5.358 px/s, significantly higher than that in Group A （2.461 px/s, P<0.05）; the mean movement amplitude in Group B was 6.104 px, extremely significantly higher than that in Group A （2.280 px, P<0.01）; the mean duration of single movements was 4.687 s in Group B and 4.272 s in Group A, with no significant difference （P=0.35）; Group B showed a significantly higher movement frequency （45.67 times） compared to Group A （12.92 times, P<0.01）, with reduced rhythmicity, indicating that parturition difficulty increases with prolonged parturition duration. [Conclusion] The synergistic application of the YOLOv5s model and Farneback optical flow algorithm enabled precise recognition of parturient dairy goat postures and accurate quantification of thoracoabdominal movements. This technology can be integrated into farm parturition early-warning systems to identify abnormal parturition behaviors in real time, reduce the risk of dystocia, and provide technical support for intelligent dairy goat management.

[Objective] To evaluate the safety and nutritional value of animal-derived protein hydrolysate prepared from meat and bone meal of disease-induced dead animals. [Methods] Meat and bone meal from different batches was processed through high-temperature and high-pressure treatment, degreasing, acid hydrolysis, distillative acid removal, neutralization and decolorization, concentration, and drying to collect animal-derived protein hydrolysate. The nutritional components （crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and protein digestibility, etc.）, mineral elements （calcium, total phosphorus, copper, iron, zinc, etc.）, heavy metals （arsenic, chromium, mercury, etc.）, prohibited drugs and antibiotics （clenbuterol, sulfonamides, quinolones, etc.）, microorganisms （Escherichia coli, Salmonella, etc.）, mycotoxins （vomitoxin, aflatoxin B₁, etc.）, and nucleic acids of major porcine pathogens （African swine fever virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, etc.） were detected. Twenty-four healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire weaned piglets of similar age and body weight were selected and randomly divided into three groups. The control group was fed a basal diet, while experimental groups 1 and 2 were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.1% and 0.5% animal-derived protein hydrolysate, respectively, for 35 days. Growth performance, diarrhea incidence, and serum immune, antioxidant, and biochemical parameters were measured. [Results] The animal-derived protein hydrolysate had a dry matter content of 94.04% and a crude protein content of 68.74%, with crude ash was rich in multiple mineral elements, including calcium, phosphorus, and iron exceeding 1 g/kg, and other trace elements exceeding 1 mg/kg. In terms of safety, the heavy metal mercury was not detected, and lead, cadmium, chromium, and total arsenic levels were below 1 mg/kg. No residues of prohibited drugs, harmful microorganisms, or nucleic acids of common porcine viruses were detected. Deoxynivalenol was detected at only 0.31 mg/kg, while other toxins were absent. The total bacterial count was 809 CFU/g, compliant with the Feed Hygiene Standard （GB 13078—2017）. In the weaned piglet trial, compared to the control group, diets supplemented with animal-derived protein hydrolysate significantly （P<0.05） increased average daily gain, significantly （P<0.05） reduced feed-to-gain ratio, and highly significantly （P<0.01） decreased diarrhea incidence. Additionally, it significantly （P<0.05） increased serum total protein and immunoglobulin A levels, highly significantly （P<0.01） increased immunoglobulin G levels, and significantly （P<0.05） enhanced the activities of glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, and total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC） in plasma. [Conclusion] The animal-derived protein hydrolysate exhibits high safety and nutritional value, with the ability to modulate the body′s immune function.

[Objective] To explore candidate genes influencing sheep growth traits and provide a basis for genetic improvement in sheep breeding. [Methods] Agarose gel electrophoresis and sequencing were used to detect the polymorphism of PPARGC1A gene InDels （insertions/deletions） in Hu sheep, Dorper sheep and Small-tailed Han sheep, and the association between the polymorphism of PPARGC1A gene and sheep growth traits was analyzed. [Results] Three genotypes （II, ID and DD） of the PPARGC1A gene were detected in all three sheep breeds. The II genotype frequencies of Hu sheep, Dorper sheep, and Small-tailed Han sheep were 0.328, 0.209 and 0.563, respectively. The ID genotype frequencies were 0.432, 0.488 and 0.406, respectively, while the DD genotype frequencies were 0.240, 0.302 and 0.031, respectively. Association analysis showed a significant association（P<0.05） between the PPARGC1A gene and body height, back height and buttock height in Hu sheep, as well as body length in Small-tailed Han sheep （P<0.05）. No significant associations were observed in Dorper sheep （P>0.05）. [Conclusion] The PPARGC1A gene had an impact on some growth traits in Hu sheep and Small-tailed Han sheep, and could be used as an important functional candidate gene for crossbreeding improvement in Hu sheep and Small-tailed Han sheep.

[Objective] To explore the correlation between body weight and body size indexes of Sadumun ternary crossbred black sheep, and to construct an optimal regression model of body weight-body size indexes for black sheep. [Methods] Sixty 8-month-old Sadumun ternary crossbred black sheep rams were selected for the study, and their chest circumference, body height, body length, body slant length and body weight were determined. The statistical software of SPSS 26.0 was used to carry out correlation analysis, regression analysis and path analysis of the collected data, and then to establish the regression equations. [Results] There was a highly significant （P<0.01） positive correlation between body weight and body size indexes of Sadumun ternary crossbred black sheep, and the correlation coefficient between chest circumference and body weight was the largest, which was 0.755. Path analysis showed that chest circumference, body height and body slanting length were important variables affecting body weight, and had an indirect effect on body weight through body slanting length. The optimal regression equation of body weight and body size index of Sadumun ternary crossbred black sheep was y=0.971x_{chest circumference}+0.629x_{body height}+0.505x_{body slant length}-127.019, and the standardized regression equation was y=0.644x_{chest circumference}+0.333x_{body height}+0.335x_{body slope length} （R²=0.761, P<0.01）. [Conclusion] There was a highly significant （P<0.01） positive correlation between body weight and body size indexes of Sadumun ternary crossbred black sheep. The chest circumference, body height and body slant length had a direct impact on body weight. In the process of breeding, the body weight of sheep could be effectively predicted and increased by optimizing these indexes.

[Objective] To investigate the infection of Klebsiella oxytoca in the swabs of pigs from a large-scale pig farm in Kuqa City, and to study its biological characteristics. [Methods] 80 nasal swab samples with respiratory tract infection symptoms were collected from the pig farm, and the bacterial species were identified by bacterial isolation and 16S rDNA sequencing. The drug resistance of the isolated strains was understood by detecting the drug sensitivity of the isolated strains to antibiotics and the carrying of drug resistance genes. The pathogenicity was evaluated by animal infection test. [Results] Bacterial isolation and culture were performed on 80 pig nasal swab samples. After morphological identification, 18 strains of suspected Klebsiella bacteria were initially isolated. After 16S rDNA sequencing and comparison analysis, three of the 18 strains were identified as K. oxytoca. 14 antimicrobial drugs from 10 classes were selected for drug sensitivity test, and threestrains of K. oxytoca were multidrug-resistant strains. The isolates were tested for 20 drug-resistant genes, and a total of 8 resistance genes were detected in the three strains of K. oxytoca, including bla_TEM, tetA, sul1, sul2, tetB, aac （3′）-IIa, aadA and qnrB. It was found that all the three isolates of acid-producing K. oxytoca could cause the death of mice and had strong pathogenicity. [Conclusion] The acid-producing K. oxytoca isolated from the large-scale pig farm showed multidrug resistance, carried multidrug-resistant genes, and had strong pathogenicity to mice. The results of this study provided basic data for the prevention and control of acid-producing K. oxytoca in this large-scale pig farm in Kuqa.

[Objective] To investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Enteromorpha polysaccharide-iron （EP-Fe） during late gestation on intestinal microbiota and iron metabolism in sows. [Methods] Sixty primiparous Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows at （90±2） d of gestation with similar body condition, expected farrowing date, and breeding sire were randomly allocated into two groups （30 sows per group, one sow per replicate）. The control group received a basal diet, while the EP-Fe group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 140 mg/kg EP-Fe from gestational day 95 until parturition. Fresh fecal samples from gestational day 112 and serum from farrowed sows were collected to analyze serum biochemical parameters, fecal microbial richness and diversity and fecal short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs） content. [Results] Dietary EP-Fe supplementation increased serum triglyceride （TG） and albumin （ALB） in sows. EP-Fe markedly altered the fecal microbial composition, elevated the relative abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Oscillibacter, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, UCG-002, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and unclassified_f__Prevotell-aceae, while reducing UCG-008 and norank_f__norank_ o__Gastranaerophilales. A tendency toward an increase in fecal SCFA concentrations was also observed. EP-Fe supplementation enhanced the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group, which was positively correlated with fecal iron, and decreased norank_f_ norank_ o_Clostridia_UCG-014, which was negatively correlated with placental iron transport genes. These changes reduced fecal iron, upregulated placental iron transporter gene expression, and enhanced iron absorption, utilization and transport in sows. [Conclusion] EP-Fe supplementation can modify the gut microbiota composition, increase SCFAs content, enhance intestinal iron absorption, and promote iron metabolic transfer between sows and piglets.

[Objective] This study aimed to clarify the effects of mixed ensiling of fresh corn stover and vegetable soybean straw on feed quality and in vitro digestibility, and to screen for the optimal mixing ratio. [Methods] Using ′Zhengyuan Nuo 432′ fresh corn stover and ′Zhexian 86′ vegetable soybean straw as raw materials, seven treatments were designed based on the fresh weight ratio of fresh corn stover∶vegetable soybean straw as 0∶1 （A1）, 1∶3 （A2）, 2∶3 （A3）, 1∶1 （A4）, 3∶2 （A5）, 3∶1 （A6）, and 1∶0 （A7）. A 60-day ensiling trial was conducted an experiment. The effects of different mixing ratios on silage feed quality were comprehensively evaluated using sensory evaluation, nutritional component analysis, fermentation quality analysis, in vitro digestibility determination, and correlation analysis of the indicators, along with the Entropy Weight-TOPSIS method. [Results] In the sensory evaluation, treatments A3, A4, A5, and A6 were rated as excellent, exhibiting an aromatic odor, intact structure, and good color retention, while A1, A2, and A7 were rated as good. Regarding nutritional components, the crude protein （CP） content significantly increased as the proportion of vegetable soybean straw increased （P<0.05）, while the water soluble carbohydrate （WSC） and neutral detergent fiber （NDF） contents significantly increased as the proportion of fresh corn stover increased （P<0.05）; no significant differences were observed in dry matter （DM） and acid detergent fiber （ADF） contents among all treatments （P>0.05）. In terms of fermentation quality, lactic acid （LA） content significantly increased with the elevation in fresh corn stover proportion （P<0.05）; acetic acid （AA）, butyric acid （BA）, and ammoniacal nitrogen （NH₃-N） contents first decreased and then increased with the increase in fresh corn stover proportion; treatments A5 and A6 exhibited higher LA content and lower BA and NH₃-N contents; the pH values did not significantly differ among treatments （P>0.05）. Regarding in vitro digestibility, the in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility （IVNDFD） significantly decreased with the increase in fresh corn stover proportion （P<0.05）; the in vitro dry matter digestibility （IVDMD） of the mixed silage groups was significantly higher than that of the single fresh corn stover silage group （A7） （P<0.05）. Correlation analysis showed that CP was highly significantly positively correlated with IVNDFD and IVDMD （P<0.01）, and highly significantly negatively correlated with WSC （P<0.01）. ADF was highly significantly positively correlated with AA, BA, NH₃-N, and pH （P<0.01） and highly significantly negatively correlated with WSC, LA and IVDMD （P<0.01）, and highly significantly negatively correlated with IVNDFD （P<0.01）. WSC was highly significantly positively correlated with LA and IVDMD （P<0.01）, and highly significantly negatively correlated with AA, BA, NH₃-N, and pH （P<0.01）. IVNDFD was highly significantly positively correlated with IVDMD （P<0.01）. The comprehensive evaluation using the Entropy Weight-TOPSIS method indicated that the A5 treatment group （fresh corn stover∶vegetable soybean straw=3∶2） achieved the highest comprehensive score （0.45） and ranked first. [Conclusion] When fresh corn stover and vegetable soybean straw were mixed and ensiled at a fresh weight ratio of 3∶2, the feed quality was optimal, and the in vitro digestibility was relatively high. The observed correlations between indicators revealed the intrinsic links among raw material nutritional characteristics, fermentation process, and digestion utilization efficiency, providing a scientific basis for the feed utilization of these straw resources.

Plant polysaccharides are high-molecular-weight polymers composed of multiple monosaccharide units linked via glycosidic bonds. They are widely distributed in plant roots, stems, leaves, and fruits, and possess a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects. Owing to their structural diversity and high stability, plant polysaccharides exhibit great potential for application in the fields of medicine, food, cosmetics, and animal feed. This review systematically summarizes the molecular characteristics, extraction methods, and bioactivities of plant polysaccharides, as well as their advancements in applications across the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and feed sectors. The aim is to promote the in-depth application of plant polysaccharides in diverse fields, enhance the efficient use of plant resources, and support the sustainable development of related industries.

[Objective] To explore the effectiveness of different combinations of improvement measures for salinized-alkalized land in the Inner Mongolia region and provide a reference for the rehabilitation and utilization of salinized-alkalized grassland. [Methods] The study was conducted in a severely salinized-alkalized grassland in Sulide Sumu, Uxin Banner, Ordos City. Six treatment groups and one control group （CK） were established. The treatment groups included: No-till reseeding with Rumex proteingrass （SM）, No-till reseeding with mixed forage grasses （HM）, Deep tillage with straw application and planting with Rumex proteingrass （SN）, Deep tillage with humic acid application and planting with Rumex proteingrass （SF）, Deep tillage with straw application and planting with mixed forage grasses （HN）, and Deep tillage with humic acid application and planting with mixed forage grasses （HF）. Vegetation community height, coverage, above-ground biomass, and species importance value from 2021 to 2023, as well as soil pH and total salt content in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers were measured in 2021 and 2023. [Results] ①Community characteristics: Treatments involving deep tillage combined with humic acid or straw （SF, SN, HF, HN） significantly （P<0.05） increased community height and above-ground biomass compared to the control group. In 2023, the HN treatment showed the highest community height （113.1 cm） and above-ground biomass （309.8 g/m²）; community coverage varied across different years, with the HN treatment reaching 75% coverage in 2023, which was significantly （P<0.05） higher than the control. Species importance value results showed that Rumex proteingrass had poor adaptability and disappeared from the community after three years, while the mixed grass Puccinellia distans gradually became the dominant species in the HF and HN treatments （with the spelies value reaching up to 0.95）. ②Soil characteristics: Compared to 2021, the soil pH in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers of the SF, SN, HF, and HN treatments was significantly （P<0.05） reduced in 2023; the total salt content in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers of the SF and HF treatments was also significantly （P<0.05） decreased in 2023. [Conclusion] For the improvement of severely salinized-alkalized grassland, the combination of deep tillage with humic acid/straw application and planting mixed forage grasses （especially HN and HF treatments） is optimal. This combination not only significantly improves soil physical and chemical properties but also enhances vegetation community height, coverage, and productivity. Furthermore, the mixed species demonstrate strong adaptability and high community stability, supporting the sustainable utilization of salinized-alkalized grassland.

[Objective] To determine the detection parameters for the nutritional composition of muscle from Erlang Shan cashmere goats in Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, providing fundamental data for breed characteristic identification and quality control. [Methods] A total of 92 longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris samples were collected from Erlang Shan cashmere goats and sheep from both within and outside the region. The contents of four proximate nutrients-protein, fat, moisture, and ash-were measured. Statistical comparison and cluster analysis were performed using descriptive statistics and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） methods. [Results] In Erlang Shan cashmere goat muscle, protein content was （21.09±3.56） g/100 g, fat content （3.69±2.35） g/100 g, moisture content （73.89±3.77） g/100 g, and ash content （1.45±0.59） g/100 g. Except for moisture, the content of all other nutrients was higher than those listed for the corresponding muscle parts in the China Food Composition Table 2019. Specifically, the protein content in Erlang Shan cashmere goat muscle was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in Gobi Mongolian sheep, and the fat content was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in local stall-fed small-tailed Han sheep. One-tail estimate indicated that over 16% of Erlang Shan cashmere goat meat did not meet the protein content requirement of ≥20% of Erlang Shan cashmere goat meat specified in the "Nei Meng Gu Brand" certification requirements of livestock products-Erlang Shan goats meat （T/NMSP MZB02.22—2023）. The OPLS-DA results showed a clear clustering and separation trend among samples from different origins, different parts, and breed lines, enabling effective discrimination of breed, origin, and muscle part. [Conclusion] This study successfully obtained the detection parameters for the proximate nutrients in Erlang Shan cashmere goat muscle. The muscle is characterized by high protein content, adequate moisture, and suitable fat content. The results provide a scientific reference for the quality assessment and control of Erlang Shan cashmere goat meat.

[Objective] To investigate the contamination characteristics of ESKAPE pathogens and the mobilized colistin resistance gene （mcr gene） in pig farm wastewater surrounding Poyang Lake. [Methods] Nineteen wastewater samples were collected from 11 pig farms near Poyang Lake. Metagenomic sequencing technology was used to determine the relative abundance of ESKAPE pathogens and mcr genes, followed by Pearson correlation analysis. [Results] A total of 26 types of mcr genes and mutants were detected in the 19 wastewater samples, with 8 to 19 types detected per sample; five ESKAPE pathogens were detected, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterococcus faecium. Comparing the removal rates of mcr genes before and after wastewater treatment showed that 12 types of mcr genes decreased in all farms where removal rates could be calculated （removal rates 56.0%-100%） and 12 other genes （excluding mcr-4.3 and mcr-3.6） decreased in some farms but increased in others （increase rates 22.2%-8,500.0%）. Both P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae showed a significant positive correlation with the mcr-2 and mcr-3 genes （P<0.05）. [Conclusion] ESKAPE pathogens and mcr gene contamination are present in pig farm wastewater surrounding Poyang Lake, and Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens may carry mcr genes. The existing wastewater treatment methods are insufficient to effectively remove mcr genes, thereby increasing the environmental health risks associated with pig farm wastewater. The findings provide a reference for strengthening manure management at pig farms near Poyang Lake and improving the quality of the farming ecological environment.

Based on an extensive review of the literature, the distribution patterns of Camelidae animals were summarized. Further data collation and systematic analysis of the development history, breed standards, and current population distribution of the Bactrian camel in China revealed that the geographical range of the core distribution area of Bactrian camels has changed little from historical times to the present. Current breed standards remain incomplete, and Bactrian camels in Inner Mongolia are mainly distributed in semi-desert and desert regions. The behavioral characteristics of the Bactrian camel are well adapted to desert ecological environments, exerting direct impacts on vegetation distribution in desert steppes and on the habitats of small animals, making it an ecologically friendly livestock species. An analysis of the population distribution patterns of Bactrian camels in Inner Mongolia from 1986 to 2023 (nearly 40 years) and their interspecies population relationships with cattle, horses, and sheep revealed that the Bactrian camel population exhibited a "U"-shaped trend. In the core production area (Alxa League), the number of Bactrian camels showed a positive correlation with the number of cattle and horses, but a negative correlation with the number of sheep. Meanwhile, an analysis of the correlation between demographic and economic factors and camel population size indicated that the Bactrian camel population is closely related to the disposable income of agricultural and pastoral areas, and negatively correlated with the population in the core production area. The above-mentioned patterns of population changes in camels, interspecies population relationships with other livestock, and correlations with demographic and economic factors provide new solutions for ecological management of grassland desertification caused by overgrazing. Combining the ecological and economic value of the Bactrian camel in arid regions, it is urged that relevant authorities give priority to strengthening systematic research and the conservation and utilization of this excellent livestock species.

[Objective] To isolate probiotic bacteria from swan feces and identify candidate strains for probiotic development and application. [Methods] Eight swan fecal samples were collected from Korla City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Probiotic bacteria were isolated and identified through morphological, biochemical, and sequencing analyses. The biological characteristics of the isolate, including growth curve, acid production capacity, tolerance, antibacterial activity, antibiotic susceptibility, auto-aggregation ability, and surface hydrophobicity, were evaluated. [Results] Bacteriological culture of the eight fecal samples yielded one potential lactic acid bacterium, identified as a Gram-positive, catalase-negative strain. Sequence alignment revealed 100% similarity with Enterococcus hirae from a Philippine bat source, confirming the isolate as E. hirae, designated as strain Hl4. As determined, the isolate exhibited a logarithmic growth phase between 4 and 14 hours; the pH of the bacterial culture stabilized at 4.10, indicating strong acid production capacity; the survival rate exceeded 20.00% after exposure to pH 2.00 and 0.40% bile salts, demonstrating robust tolerance; the auto-aggregation rate was 54.34%, and surface hydrophobicity was 67.07%. Antibacterial assays showed that the cell-free supernatant of the isolate significantly inhibited Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated moderate sensitivity to rifampicin and cefoxitin, and sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, penicillin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol. [Conclusion] The isolated swan-derived E. hirae strain Hl4 exhibits favorable biological characteristics, making it a promising candidate for development as a functional lactic acid bacterium.

Getah virus （GETV） is a significant zoonotic pathogen transmitted by mosquitoes, capable of infecting humans and various animals, and causing systemic symptoms. With the increasing frequency of animal migration and the deepening of international exchanges worldwide, the geographical spread of GETV has been continuously expanding. This has not only resulted in substantial economic losses in pig farms across multiple provinces in China but also heightened the risk of human infection. This paper provides a comprehensive review of domestic and international research on GETV, covering its historical distribution characteristics, pathogenic characteristics, molecular genetic evolution, epidemiological patterns, laboratory diagnosis, and vaccine development. Furthermore, it highlights future research directions, including studying on viral pathogenesis in depth, enhancing vaccine development and application, improving surveillance and early warning systems, and promoting interdisciplinary research and collaboration. To raise awareness among veterinary authorities and public health institutions of the economic impact and potential public health threat posed by GETV, and to provide a reference for developing effective GETV prevention and control strategies.

As an essential component of modern science and technology, biotechnology has driven significant advancements in the field of breeding. This review discusses the significance of biotechnology in plant breeding, with a particular focus on its application in forage breeding: including advances in tissue culture, molecular markers, genetic engineering, genome-wide association analysis, and genomic selection in improving breeding efficiency, enriching germplasm resources, enhancing stress resistance, and promoting forage quality improvement. In addition, the review analyzes the various challenges currently faced in applying biotechnology to forage breeding, and, combining with the current status of the forage industry and the contemporary context, provides prospects for future research directions in forage breeding, with the aim of providing a reference for the application of biotechnology in this field.

[Objective] To compare and evaluate the salt tolerance of a new Medicago ruthenica line （LX line） and two registered Medicago ruthenica varieties. [Methods] Seeds of three Medicago ruthenica varieties [LX line, Horqin Sandy Land Medicago ruthenica（B1）, and Tumd Medicago ruthenica （B2）] were subjected to simulated salt stress germination tests using NaCl solutions at concentrations of 30 mmol/L （T1）, 60 mmol/L （T2）, and 90 mmol/L （T3）, with an equal volume of distilled water treatment as the control. Germination rate, root length, shoot length, fresh weight, and dry weight were measured. Using paraffin sectioning, the anatomical structures of leaves and stems were observed to analyze differences between the new line and the other two. [Results] With increasing NaCl concentrations, the germination rate of the LX line initially increased and then decreased but remained higher than that of B1 and B2 varieties. Under T1, T2, and T3 conditions, root length and shoot length ranked as LX > B2 > B1. Under T1 and T2 conditions, the root-to-shoot ratio （root length/shoot length） of the LX line was higher than that of B1 and B2 varieties. No significant differences （P>0.05） were observed in fresh weight and dry weight between the LX line and B1 or B2 varieties. Regarding leaf anatomical characteristics, the LX line exhibited significantly （P<0.05） greater leaf thickness, vein thickness, mesophyll thickness, upper epidermal thickness, lower epidermal thickness, and palisade tissue thickness compared to those of B1 and B2 varieties, but lower spongy tissue porosity. For stem anatomical characteristics, the LX line showed significantly （P<0.05） smaller vessel diameter, stem pith diameter, xylem thickness, phloem thickness, area of xylem and phloem, and stem cross-sectional area compared to those of B1 and B2 varieties. [Conclusion] The LX line of Medicago ruthenica demonstrates salt-tolerant anatomical structures and salt tolerance, with its seeds capable of superior germination and development under salt stress conditions.

Huanglian jiedu Decoction, first recorded in Wai Tai Mi Yao, is a representative formula for clearing heat and detoxifying, known for its efficacy in purging excessive heat from San Jiao （Triple Burner）. Type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）, a chronic metabolic disease, is primarily characterized by insulin resistance （IR） and poses a serious threat to human health. Focusing on the core role of Huanglian jiedu Decoction in improving IR, this review systematically summarizes the research progress in its application for T2DM treatment：①Current studies on the mechanisms by which Huanglian jiedu Decoction ameliorates IR through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and effects of mitochondrial function protection; ②Current studies on the mechanisms by which Huanglian jiedu Decoction treats T2DM, including research on its active components and their binding targets; ③Clinical applications of Huanglian jiedu Decoction in the treatment of T2DM. Existing research indicates that Huanglian jiedu Decoction has shown promising therapeutic effects in treating T2DM. However, due to the complexity of its components, the synergistic mechanisms of its components and the quantitative studies of adverse reactions require further investigation. By integrating recent literature, this review aims to provide a reference for in-depth research and rational clinical application of Huanglian jiedu Decoction in the treatment of T2DM.

[Objective] This study focuses on the functional effectiveness of China′s live hog futures market, and evaluate its price discovery efficiency and risk aversion efficacy, to provide a basis for government optimization of hog production capacity regulation and enterprise participation in market-based hedging, thereby maintaining producers′ production incentives and safeguarding consumer welfare. [Methods] Cointegration tests and vector error correction models were employed to reveal the long-term equilibrium relationship and short-term adjustment mechanisms between futures and spot prices. The information share model and permanent-transitory model were used to quantify the contributions of futures and spot markets to price discovery. An ordinary least squares （OLS） regression model and error correction model （ECM） were constructed to estimate the optimal hedging ratio and risk hedging efficiency. [Results] The findings indicate that China′s live hog futures market plays a leading role in price discovery, with a significant long-term equilibrium relationship between futures and spot prices, where short-term price deviations converge toward long-term equilibrium through the error correction mechanism. China′s live hog futures market demonstrates a certain degree of effectiveness in hedging, while also showing potential for further development as a tool for market-based management of hog price risk. [Conclusion] The study results suggest that the government can optimize threshold settings for reserve meat regulation using futures price signals, and the price discovery function of the futures market can provide forward-looking market signals for production capacity early warning mechanisms. Leading hog breeding enterprises can utilize dynamic hedging strategies to stabilize business expectations. These findings provide an empirical basis for improving China's agricultural futures market system and promoting innovation in agricultural risk management tools.

[Objective] To analyze the immunomodulatory mechanism of miRNA in the MAPK signaling pathway of bovine milk and milk-derived exosomes. [Methods] Key immune miRNAs of MAPK signaling pathway in bovine milk and milk-derived exosomes were screened based on previous sequencing data. Target genes of these miRNAs were predicted using TargetScan and miRanda software, and their bioinformatics functions were analyzed. Finally, the miRNA-mRNA-KEGG regulatory network of immune-related key miRNAs was constructed. [Results] There were 80 key miRNAs in bovine milk and milk-derived exosomes. The target genes were significantly enriched in immune-related GO terms, including "regulation of inflammatory response" （GO:0050727） and "negative regulation of inflammatory response" （GO:0050728）. KEGG pathway analysis revealed enrichment in 335 pathways, with the top five being "Metabolism", "MAPK signaling pathway", "Pathways in cancer", "Endocytosis" and "Carbon metabolism". PDGFRA and PDGFRB genes in the regulatory network mediated immune functions of bovine milk and milk-derived exosomes through MAPK signaling pathway-associated miRNAs. [Conclusion] MAPK signaling pathway mediated the immune resistance in bovine milk and milk-derived exosomes via key miRNAs, such as bta-let-7i, bta-miR-155, bta-miR-34a, bta-miR-499b and bta-miR-106a_R+1_1ssIAC. PDGFRA and PDGFRB genes in the regulatory network regulated by multiple MAPK signaling pathway-associated miRNAs, might be the key genes in the immune regulation of bovine milk and milk-derived exosomes.

The total area of salinized grasslands in Hulunbuir City is approximately 460 100 hectares, primarily distributed across New Barag West Banner, New Barag East Banner, Prairie Chenbarhu Banner, and Ewenki Autonomous Banner （collectively referred to as the four pastoral banners）, accounting for 4.6% of the city′s total grassland area. This salinization diminishes grassland productivity and reduces available land, posing significant constraints on ecological development and the advancement of grassland-based animal husbandry in Hulunbuir City, and furthermore, impacting the ecological security of northern China. In light of this, this review presents a comprehensive review of the grassland resources, climatic conditions, and the current state of salinization within these four pastoral banners and summarizes the underlying causes of grassland salinization and relevant management strategies, aiming to provide a reference for optimizing salinized grassland management strategies and enhancing these degraded grassland resources in Hulunbuir City.

[Objective] To investigate the immunogenicity of the gE protein of porcine pseudorabies virus and to prepare murine polyclonal antibodies. [Methods] Bioinformatics software was used to analyze the gE protein of porcine pseudorabies virus, including restriction enzyme sites, transmembrane regions, signal peptides, physicochemical properties, and antigenicity index, to select a gene fragment suitable for expression. After the target gene fragment was amplified by PCR and verified by sequencing, the recombinant plasmid pCold-I-gE was constructed. This plasmid was transformed into BL21 competent cells to obtain recombinant expression bacteria. Following IPTG-induced expression, the recombinant protein was subjected to solubility analysis, identification, and purification. The purified recombinant protein was used to immunize mice for the preparation of polyclonal antibodies. Antibody titers, reactivity with the recombinant protein, and specific binding to the native protein in virus-infected cells were evaluated using indirect ELISA, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assay （IFA）. [Results] The induced recombinant bacteria showed an expected target band at 26.4 kDa. The recombinant protein was predominantly expressed in inclusion bodies and could bind specifically to antibodies in PRV-positive serum, with a single band observed after purification. IFA confirmed that the prepared polyclonal antibodies specifically recognized the gE protein in porcine pseudorabies virus-infected PK-15 cells. The antibody titer reached 1:102,400. [Conclusion] The gE protein of PRV was successfully expressed with good immunogenicity. The prepared murine polyclonal antibodies exhibited high titers and good specificity.

[Objective] Routine nutrient parameters with high reference value of Albas goat and Ordos fine wool sheep muscle were obtained, which provided reference for nutrition evaluation, product standard revision and publicity. [Methods] A total of 204 biceps femoris and longissimus dorsi muscles were collected from eight breeds of goats and sheep, including Ordos Albas goats, Ordos fine wool sheep, goats and sheep from Alxa, Ningxia and Shanxi. Four routine nutrient contents were determined, and descriptive statistics and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were performed. [Results] The protein, fat, moisture and ash contents （X±2SD, g/100 g） of Albas goat meat were （22.10±1.41）, （3.95±1.11）, （73.65±1.43） and （1.49±0.31） g/100 g, respectively. The protein content was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of other breeds of goats and sheep;the fat content is lower than that of Alxa white cashmere goats and Hengshan goats, but the difference is not significant （P>0.05）; the moisture content is significantly higher than that of Hengshan goats （P<0.05）. Samples from core producing areas showed significantly （P<0.05） higher protein content than those from non-core producing areas. The protein, fat, moisture and ash contents of Ordos fine wool mutton were （20.25±1.63）, （5.68±2.16）, （72.61±2.18） and （1.59±0.46） g/100 g, respectively. Intramuscular fat content was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of other breeds of goats and sheep. The protein content of Ordos fine wool sheep in Wushenzhao Town was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in the other two towns. The supervised OPLS-DA results of routine nutrients showed that goats and sheep had a clustering separation tendency, with protein and ash being the major contributing factors. When fat was replaced by four comprehensive indicators of fatty acids, the clustering separation was more obvious, and the separation effect of breed/region was also better. The major contributing indicators were ash, saturated fatty acid （SFA）, polyunsaturated fatty acid （PUFA）, monoun-saturated fatty acid （MUFA） and trans fatty acid （TFA）. [Conclusion] Albas goats meat exhibited nutritional advantages with high protein, low fat and strong water-holding capacity. Ordos fine wool sheep showed significantly higher intramuscular fat content compared with other breeds of goats and sheep, indicating that the sensory quality was better. Further research should be carried out in terms of texture indicators.

[Objective] To explore the effect of different solid-state fermentation techniques of lactic acid bacteria （LAB） on the bioavailability of active components of Astragalus membranaceus （AM） and evaluate its safety. [Methods] AM powder was fermented anaerobically using seven LAB strains （ZW0410,FJ0021,LYS0032,BJLY0086,SS0204,WT0327,GL0108） under raw material conditions （substrate∶water=1∶0.5, 2% inoculum, 37 ℃ for 48 h）. Parameters including pH, microbial activity （LAB count）, lactic acid content and functional components （total flavonoids, crude polysaccharides, total sugars） were measured to screen optimal LAB strains. [Results] Six LAB strains （ZW0410, FJ0021, LYS0032, BJLY0086, SS0204, WT0327） could ferment AM. After fermentation, the number of LAB could reach more than 10⁸ CFU/g, and the lactic acid content was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of the control group. The ZW0410 group showed the best effect. The number of LAB reached 2.64×10⁹ CFU/g, lactic acid content was 14.84 g/kg, pH decreased to 4.12, total flavonoids and crude polysaccharides increased to 18.06 g/kg （1.65 times higher than the blank group） and 36.93 g/kg, respectively, and total sugar content decreased by 6.4 percentage points. The Lactic acid bacteria BJLY0086 group showed the highest total flavonoid content（19.48 g/kg, 1.86 times higher than the blank group）. In addition, LAB fermentation significantly inhibited mold proliferation （No mold was detected except GL0108 group）, while mycotoxins aflatoxin B₁ （AFB₁）, zearalenone （ZEN）, deoxynivalenol （DON） and Escherichia coli remained within safe limits. [Conclusion] Under the conditions of this experiment, Lactobacillus plantarum ZW0410 was identified as the optimal strain for AM fermentation. Using this lactic acid bacterium to ferment AM, the content of total flavonoids and crude polysaccharides could be significantly （P<0.05） improved, and the growth of mold could be inhibited.

[Objective] To investigate the regulatory effects of water-fertilizer coupling on the growth characteristics, photosynthetic physiology, nutritional quality, and yield of Atriplex canescens, and to provide a basis for its high-quality and high-yield cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions. [Methods] A two-factor split-plot experiment was conducted at the East Science and Technology Park of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. The main plot consisted of four organic fertilizer levels （F0: 0 kg/hm²; F1: 750 kg/hm²; F2: 1,500 kg/hm²; F3: 2,250 kg/hm²）, and the subplots included three irrigation frequencies （W0: 0 times; W1: 3 times; W2: 6 times）, resulting in 12 treatments with three replicates. The irrigation volume was controlled at 2.5 L per plant by pit irrigation. Morphological indicators (plant height, basal diameter, canopy width）, photosynthetic parameters （intercellular CO₂ concentration, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, leaf water use efficiency）, stress-resistance-related physiological indicators in leaves （soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline, malondialdehyde content, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities）, nutritional indicators （crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber content）, and yield were measured. Two-way analysis of variance and multiple comparisons were performed using SPSS 26.0, and principal component analysis （PCA） was employed to comprehensively evaluate the overall effects of different water-fertilizer treatments. [Results] Fertilizer application rate significantly （P<; 0.05） or highly significantly （P<; 0.01） affected all indicators except canopy width, with the F2 treatment showing the optimal effect: plant height and basal diameter increased by 23.56% and 41.26%, respectively, compared to F0; net photosynthetic rate increased by 40.31% compared to F0; crude protein （20.30%） and crude fat （2.48%） contents were the highest; and yield （11,286.63 kg/hm²） increased by 43.16% compared to F0. F3 （excessive fertilization） led to increased proline content, a decrease in crude fat content to 1.98%, and a 12.9% reduction in yield compared to F2. Irrigation frequency had no significant effect （P>; 0.05） on plant height, canopy width, intercellular CO₂ concentration, stomatal conductance, or leaf water use efficiency, but significantly （P<; 0.05) or highly significantly （P<; 0.01） affected the remaining indicators: plant height and basal diameter under F0-F2 increased with higher irrigation frequency, while those under F3 decreased with increased irrigation frequency; no significant differences in morphological indicators were observed between W1 and W2 under the same fertilizer treatment; net photosynthetic rate increased with irrigation frequency across all fertilizer treatments. The F2W2 combination achieved the highest yield （92.1% higher than F0W0） but showed no significant difference compared to F2W1. Water-fertilizer interaction had a highly significant （P<; 0.01） effect on four leaf stress resistance-related physiological indicators （soluble protein content, proline content, superoxide dismutase activity, and catalase activity), but no significant effect on other indicators. Principal component analysis results indicated that F2W1 had the best comprehensive effect, followed by F2W2. [Conclusion] Under the experimental conditions, a moderate fertilizer level （F2: 1,500 kg/hm²） combined with a moderate irrigation frequency （W1: 3 times） was the optimal cultivation model for achieving high-quality and high-yield A. canescens. This model synergistically enhances growth, photosynthetic capacity, nutritional quality, and yield. Excessive fertilization easily induces osmotic stress in A. canescens, which should be avoided in practical production.

[Objective] To investigate the effects of ABT rooting powder concentration, soaking duration, and cultivation time on the rooting performance of hydroponic cuttings of Medicago sativa using hydroponic cutting techniques. [Methods] The experiment set three rooting powder concentrations （200, 500, 800 mg/L, labeled A1, A2, A3） and three soaking durations （10, 30, 60 s, labeled B1, B2, B3), forming nine treatment combinations through full factorial design （denoted as A1B1, A1B2, A1B3, A2B1, A2B2, A2B3, A3B1, A3B2, A3B3）, with tap water treatment as the control （CK）, totaling 10 treatment groups. Rooting rate, average number of adventitious roots, and longest root length were measured on days 10, 17, and 24, and a comprehensive rooting performance score was calculated using principal component analysis （PCA）-based scoring. [Results] The results showed that on day 10, the A2B1 treatment had the highest rooting rate （23.33%）, A2B2 had the highest average number of adventitious roots （4.72 roots per cutting）, A2B2 exhibited the longest root length （45.88 mm）, and A1B2 achieved the highest comprehensive rooting performance score （3.23）. On day 17, A2B1 had the highest rooting rate （71.11%）, A2B2 had the highest average number of adventitious roots （4.61 roots per cutting）, A2B1 showed the longest root length （164.04 mm）, and A2B1 had the highest comprehensive rooting performance score （2.47）. On day 24, A2B1 had the highest rooting rate （74.45%）, A2B2 had the highest average number of adventitious roots （5.56 roots per cutting）, A3B1 exhibited the longest root length （237.97 mm）, and A2B1 achieved the highest comprehensive rooting performance score （2.84）. [Conclusion] The rooting rate, root length, and average number of adventitious roots of M. sativa cuttings were closely related to rooting powder concentration, soaking duration, and cultivation time, showing significant differences in rooting performance among treatment combinations. The best comprehensive rooting performance at 10 days was observed with 200 mg/L ABT rooting powder soaked for 10 s, while at 17 and 24 days, the optimal combination was 500 mg/L ABT rooting powder soaked for 10 s.

[Objective] To systematically assess the nutrient composition characteristics of ground source protein feed resources in Zhejiang Province, and to accumulate data for the establishment of a database of ground source protein resources, soybean meal reduction and substitution actions and feed industry optimization in Zhejiang Province. [Methods] Fourteen kinds of ground source protein feedstuffs from Zhejiang Province were collected, and the resource characteristics were analyzed by determining the nutrient compositions of crude protein, crude fiber, and amino acid, combined with the analysis of variance （ANOVA） and correlation statistics. [Results] Crude protein content：rice bran meal was the lowest [（5.69±1.82）%], feather meal was the highest [（81.48±4.36）%], and defatted rice bran was the medium [（14.61±1.15）%]; crude fiber content：fish meal was the lowest [（2.70±1.28）%], rice bran meal was the highest [（26.97±15.14）%], and defatted rice bran was the medium [（8.91±0.66）%]. The crude fiber content of defatted rice bran showed significant difference （P<0.05） with rice bran meal and peanut meal; total amino acids content：rice bran meal was the lowest [（4.38±1.74）%], feather meal was the highest [（77.03±3.80）%], and defatted rice bran was medium [（11.86±1.06）%], and the total amino acid content of defatted rice bran was not significantly different （P>0.05） with wine lees, rice bran meal and wheat bran, and the difference with other varieties was significant （P<0.05）. There was a highly significant （P<0.01） negative correlation between crude protein content and crude fiber content, indicating that feedstuffs with higher protein content usually have lower fiber content; there was a highly significant （P<0.01） positive correlation between crude protein content and total amino acid content, indicating that feedstuffs with higher protein content contain higher amino acids. There was a highly significant （P<0.01） negative correlationbetween crude fiber content and total amino acids content, and a significant （P<0.05） negative correlation between crude fiber content and crude ash content. There was a significant （P<0.05） negative correlation between crude ash content and moisture content. [Conclusion] Defatted rice bran is an abundant ground source protein feed resource in Zhejiang Province. The effect of its high cellulose content on animal digestibility should be considered in application. Subsequently, through technological innovations such as fermentation technology, bacteria-enzyme synergy technology and low-temperature processing technology, the nutritional deficiencies of defatted rice bran are expected to be broken through, which has great development potential and application prospects.

[Objective] To amplify the leukotoxin A （LktA） genes from the A1 and A2 serotypes of ovine-derived Mannheimia haemolytica, and construct eukaryotic expression vectors for the LktA proteins of these two serotypes. [Methods] Genomic DNA extracted from A1 and A2 serotype strains was used as the templates for PCR amplification of the LktA gene with specifically designed primers. The amplified LktA genes from both serotypes were cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector Morange2-C1 to construct recombinant eukaryotic expression vectors for the LktA proteins of A1 and A2 serotypes. Recombinant plasmids were verified by double digestion with restriction enzymes EcoRⅠand KpnⅠ and sequencing. The correctly constructed vectors were transfected into 293T cells using a liposome-mediated transfection method. After 48 hours of transfection, total cellular proteins were extracted and identified by Western blotting using an anti-mOrange monoclonal antibody as the primary antibody and goat anti-mouse IgG as the secondary antibody. Additionally, subcellular localization of the target protein was observed using laser confocal microscopy. [Results] The LktA genes of the two strains were successfully amplified by PCR using genomic DNA of A1 and A2 serotype M. haemolytica as templates, with PCR products showing clears band of approximately 2 862 bp on agarose gel electrophoresis, consistent with the expected fragment size. Double digestion of the recombinant eukaryotic expression vectors with EcoRⅠand KpnⅠ produced two distinct bands, with the fragment sizes in agreement with the expected sizes of the target insert and linearized vector. Sequencing of the recombinant plasmid after double-enzyme digestion revealed 100% identity between the obtained sequences and the designed reference sequence, confirming the successful construction of the recombinant expression vector. Cell transfection and Western blotting results showed that the eukaryotic expression vectors Morange2-C1-LktA1 （A1 serotype） and Morange2-C1-LktA2 （A2 serotype） successfully expressed LktA proteins in 293T cells, with specific target bands observed at approximately 130 kDa. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that both LktA proteins were localized to the cell membrane. [Conclusion] Eukaryotic expression vectors for LktA proteins from A1 and A2 serotypes of the ovine-derived M. haemolytica were successfully constructed, and their subcellular localization was determined. These findings provide a valuable basis for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms of LktA interaction with host cell receptors.

[Objective] To conduct etiological detection of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in selected horse farms in central and western Inner Mongolia, and accurately assess the prevalence of equine babesiosis and theileriosis. [Methods] Blood samples were collected from horses using random sampling method at a horse farm in Hohhot City and another in Alxa League, Inner Mongolia. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was employed to detect antibodies against B. caballi and T. equi, with optical density （OD） values serving as the primary detection metric. Descriptive statistics （including positive rate calculations） and chi-square tests were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software to analyze differences in pathogen infection rates between the horse farms. [Results] The positive rate for B. caballi was 50.00% at the Hohhot City farm and 0% at the Alxa League farm. The positive rate for T. equi was 77.78% at the Hohhot City farm and 0% at the Alxa League farm. The co-infection rate of B. caballi and T. equi was 44.44% at the Hohhot City farm and 0% at the Alxa League farm. Infections with B. caballi and T. equi were not associated with the sex of the horses. [Conclusion] The results indicate severe infections of B. caballi and T. equi at the Hohhot City farm, while no infections were detected at the Alxa League farm. These findings provide valuable data for understanding the epidemiological characteristics of related diseases in horse farms in central and western Inner Mongolia and provide a basis for developing targeted prevention and control strategies.

[Objective] To address the industrial challenges of high production costs and low biomass in feed-grade Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [Methods] The indigenous low-activity strain SCL6 was selected as the research subject, and fermentation process optimization was conducted based on YPD medium. A two-stage optimization strategy was implemented. First, key medium components （carbon source, nitrogen source, inorganic salts） were screened through single-factor experiments, and the key factors affecting the fermentation process were screened by Plackett-Burman test. Subsequently, a Box-Behnken central composite design combined with response surface methodology （RSM） was employed to construct a mathematical model for multi-factor interactions. Parameter optimization and model validation were performed using Design-Expert software. Biomass was quantified via OD₆₀₀ measurements coupled with wet weight determination. Key influential factors were identified via analysis of variance （ANOVA）. Finally, the optimized process was conducted in a 3 L fermenter with dynamic feeding and parameter control. [Results] ①Factor significance analysis：carbon source type, cultivation temperature and initial pH exhibited highly significant （P<0.01） impacts on biomass accumulation, identifying them as primary limiting factors. Nitrogen composition, inorganic salt concentration and inoculum size showed no significant （P>0.05） effects. ②Optimized parameters：maltose （50.46 g/L） as carbon source, corn steep liquor （20 g/L） as complex nitrogen source, trace elements （MgSO₄·7H₂O 4 g/L, ZnSO₄ 0.1 g/L, KH₂PO₄ 2 g/L）, initial pH 6.10, and dynamic temperature control （29.52 ℃）. ③Process validation：in 3 L fermenters, SCL6 achieved an OD_{600 nm} of 106.8, cell wet weight of 150.2 g/L, representing 2.33-fold and 5.34-fold improvements over optimized flask culture （OD_{600 nm}=46.6） and original flask culture （OD_{600 nm}=20）, respectively. The viable cell count reached 2.1×10⁹ CFU/mL, complying with GB/T 22547—2008 feed additive standards. ④Economic evaluation：the optimized process reduced production costs by 35.8% per ton of culture, including 29.9% savings in carbon source expenditure and 42.5% reduction in energy consumption, effectively resolving inefficiencies in glucose utilization and excessive energy demand for temperature control in conventional processes. [Conclusion] The two-stage fermentation optimization process based on the response surface methodology established in this study has significantly improved the industrial cultivation efficiency of the indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae SCL6. By accurately identifying the key limiting factors and establishing a dynamic regulation model, an exponential increase in the biomass of the yeast cells and a significant reduction in the production cost have been achieved.

[Objective] To investigate the adjuvant therapeutic effect of a renal prescription diet on dogs with acute kidney injury （AKI）. [Methods] Eighteen adult dogs weighing approximately 10 kg were randomly divided into three groups （6 dogs per group）: Group A, Group B, and Group C. Dogs in Groups A and B were subcutaneously injected with gentamicin to establish a dog AKI model, while Group C received no modeling treatment. When Groups A and B reached AKI Stage Ⅲ （blood creatinine concentration of 221-439 μmol/L), conventional fluid therapy was initiated. Group A was fed a prescription diet, Group B was fed a regular diet, and Group C was fed the prescription diet. Blood and urine samples of the dogs were collected on days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 post-modeling to measure creatinine （CREA） concentration, blood urea nitrogen （BUN） concentration, blood phosphorus concentration, total protein concentration, albumin （ALB） concentration, hematocrit （HCT）, pH, bicarbonate （HCO₃^-） concentration, urine specific gravity （USG）, and urinary sediment level and other related indicators. [Results] All measured indicators in Group C remained within the normal reference range for dogs. Key renal injury indicators, including creatinine （CREA）, blood urea nitrogen （BUN）, and blood phosphorus concentrations, decreased earlier and to a greater extent in Group A compared to Group B. By day 10 of the feeding experiment, CREA and blood phosphorus concentrations in Group A returned to the normal reference range for dogs and were significantly lower （P<0.05） than those in Group B. On days 6, 8, and 10, pH and bicarbonate （HCO₃^-） concentrations in Group A returned to the normal reference range for dogs and were significantly higher （P<0.05） than those in Group B. On days 8 and 10, USG in Group A was significantly higher （P<0.05）, while the number of casts was significantly lower （P<0.05） than in Group B, indicating earlier and faster recovery of renal function in Group A. Throughout the experiment, ALB and HCT levels in all three groups remained within the normal reference range for dogs. [Conclusion] Compared to a regular diet, the renal prescription diet exhibits a superior adjuvant therapeutic effect on dogs with AKI, providing a reference for its clinical application in companion animals.

[Objective] To screen high-quality grass germplasm resources suitable for Huairen City, Shanxi Province, to enhance grassland productivity and promote ecological restoration. [Methods] This study introduced 10 grass varieties （7 from Poaceae and 3 from Fabaceae） at the Provincial Grass Variety Regional Testing Station at the Science and Technology Service Center of Shanxi Sanggan River Poplar High-Yield Forest Experimental Bureau in Huairen City. Field experiments were conducted to systematically evaluate the growth period, plant height, stem-to-leaf ratio, fresh grass yield, dry grass yield, and dry-to-fresh grass ratio of the 10 grass varieties. Principal component analysis was used for comprehensive evaluation. [Results] All tested grass varieties adapted to the local environment and completed their growth and development cycles. Among the Poaceae, Leymus secalinus cv. Jinbei had a longer growth period, while Leymus chinensis cv. Zhongcao No. 27 had a shorter growth period. Elymus sibiricus cv. Qingmu No.1 exhibited the highest plant height, fresh grass yield, and dry grass yield, which were significantly higher （P<0.05） than those of other Poaceae species. Among the Fabaceae, Lespedeza davurica had a longer growth period, with the highest stem-to-leaf ratio and fresh grass yield; Medicago sativa cv. Aohan had a shorter growth period, with the highest plant height and dry grass yield; and Lespedeza potaninii cv. Tenggeli had the highest dry-to-fresh grass yield ratio. Based on principal component analysis of the six indicators, the ranking of suitability for planting was as follows: for Poaceae, Elymus sibiricus cv. Qingmu No.1>Leymus chinensis cv. Zhongcao No.27>Leymus chinensis cv. Zhongke No.1>Bromus inermis cv. Yuanye>Leymus chinensis cv. Xiwuzhumuqin>Cleistogenes songorica cv. Tenggeli>Leymus secalinus cv. Jinbei; for Fabaceae, Lespedeza davurica > Medicago sativa cv. Aohan>Lespedeza potaninii cv. Tenggeli. [Conclusion] The Poaceae grasses Elymus sibiricus cv. Qingmu No.1, Leymus chinensis cv. Zhongcao No.27, Leymus chinensis cv. Zhongke No.1, and the Fabaceae grass Lespedeza davurica are recommended as superior varieties for ecological restoration and grass industry development in this region.

Melinis repens （Willd.） Zizka is a highly stress-resistant grass species of the Poaceae family in tropical regions, which is tolerant to high temperatures, drought, and barrenness.It possesses ornamental, forage, ecological, and medicinal values, demonstrating significant application potential in tropical areas. The widespread use of Melinis repens （Willd.） Zizka for ecological slope protection and landscaping requires a substantial supply of seeds. However, seed production of Melinis repens （Willd.） Zizka faces challenges such as low seed-setting rates, inconsistent maturity periods, strong seed dormancy, and low germination rates.Therefore,based on analysis of the existing literature and combined with the research results of other forage grasses in the Poaceae family, this paper comprehensively reviewed the biological characteristics, geographical distribution, reproductive traits, seed biological properties, seed propagation techniques, and tissue culture systems of Melinis repens （Willd.） Zizka. The study summarized technical difficulties and key issues in seed propagation of Melinis repens （Willd.） Zizka, and proposed future research directions, to provide important guidance for improving seed production. Additionally, it also offered reference for the conservation and promotion of Melinis repens （Willd.） Zizka germplasm resources.

[Objective] To analyze the impact of camel farmers′ participation in cooperatives on their income levels in Alxa League, Inner Mongolia, and to provide a reference for deeply promoting the transformation and upgrading of the livestock industry in the region. [Methods] Using camel farmers in Alxa League as the research subjects, data from 203 camel farming households were collected through online surveys conducted between 2022 and 2023. A multiple regression model was constructed, and propensity score matching was employed to conduct a series of empirical analyses and tests to explore the impact of camel farmers′ participation in livestock cooperatives on their income levels. [Results] The empirical study found that camel farmers participating in livestock cooperatives had an average increase in per capita household total income of 22,732 yuan compared to those who did not participate. Specifically, per capita wage income increased by 4,075 yuan, per capita operating income increased by 16,857 yuan, and per capita transfer income increased by 1,800 yuan. [Conclusion] Participation in livestock cooperatives has a positive effect on increasing the income of camel farmers in Alxa League, contributing to the enhancement of total household income through increases in per capita operating income, wage income, and transfer income. To leverage the role of livestock cooperatives in boosting farmers′ and herders′ income, the following policy recommendations are proposed: First, the government and livestock cooperatives should adopt multiple measures to stimulate farmers′ and herders′ enthusiasm for participating in cooperatives, establish a comprehensive system to protect members′ rights and interests, and maximize the benefits for participating members. Second, cooperatives should develop systematic training programs and implement customized training to meet the personalized needs of members. Finally, an information-sharing platform should be established to assist farmers and herders in accessing market, policy, and technological information, supporting independent brand development, enhancing product value, expanding market scale, and increasing income.

[Objective] To explore the estimation of genetic parameters of reproductive traits and environmental influencing factors in Booroola Merino sheep, to analyze the genetic patterns of reproductive traits in polytocous sheep, and to provide a basis for the selection and breeding of polytocous lines of Booroola Merino sheep. [Methods] Booroola Merino sheep from a commercial company were used as the research subject, and their reproductive traits were subjected to genetic parameter estimation and model selection. A total of 2,048 phenotypic data of reproductive traits were collected, covering average birth weight per litter （ABW）, total birth weight per litter （TBW）, gestation days （GD）, number of lambs born per litter （NLF）, and number of lambs born alive per litter （NSLF）. The GLM procedure of SAS 9.2 software was used to analyze the fixed effects of lambing year, lambing season, ewe age, lambing type, and farm/flock. Based on the ASReml-R package of R software, four different single-trait animal models were fitted [Model 1: y=Xb+Z₁a+e; Model 2: y=Xb+Z₁a+Z₂m+e; Model 3: y=Xb+Z₁a+Z₂m+Z₃c+e （δa,m=0）; Model 4: y=Xb+Z₁a+Z₂m+Z₃c+e（δa,m≠0）], the genetic parameters of reproductive traits were estimated, and the optimal model for genetic evaluation was screened by Akaike information criterion （AIC）, Bayesian information criterion （BIC）, and likelihood ratio test. [Results] Ewe age, lambing year, lambing season, farm/flock, and lambing type significantly influenced ABW, TBW, GD, NLF, and NSLF to varying degrees. Direct heritability estimates for these traits ranged from 0.010 to 0.174. Model 4 was identified as the optimal model for evaluating ABW, GD, and NLF, while Model 3 was the optimal model for evaluating TBW and NSLF. [Conclusion] Reproductive traits of Booroola Merino sheep are significantly influenced by environmental factors, with permanent environmental effects playing a non-negligible role in sheep reproduction studies. These findings provide important support for the selection and breeding of low-heritability reproductive traits in Multi-fetal Fine-wool sheep, facilitating the development of more scientific breeding strategies to enhance sheep reproductive performance in practical farming.

[Objective] To investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall polysaccharides （YPS） on growth performance, serum antioxidant parameters, and immune function in Tan-Hu F₁ crossbred lambs. [Methods] Sixty healthy Tan-Hu F₁ crossbred lambs, approximately 20 days old, were randomly assigned to four groups, with 15 lambs per group, each lamb serving as a replicate. The control group, experimental Group 1, experimental Group 2, and experimental Group 3 were fed pelleted lamb feed supplemented with 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% YPS, respectively. The experimental period lasted 67 days, including a 7-day pre-feeding period and a 60-day formal feeding period. Lambs were weighed at the start and end of the experiment, and blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment to measure serum antioxidant and immune-related parameters. [Results] No significant differences （P>0.05） were observed among groups in initial body weight, final body weight, average daily gain, or average daily feed intake. Regarding serum antioxidant parameters, compared to the control group, experimental Group 1 exhibited significantly higher （P<0.05） activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px）, which were also significantly higher （P<0.05） than those in experimental Groups 2 and 3; total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC） in experimental Group 1 was not significantly different （P>0.05） from the control group but was significantly higher （P<0.05） than in experimental Groups 2 and 3; malondialdehyde （MDA） contents in experimental Group 1 were not significantly different （P>0.05） from the control group but were significantly lower （P<0.05） than in experimental Groups 2 and 3. For immune-related parameters, compared to the control group, immunoglobulin A （IgA） and immunoglobulin G （IgG） levels in experimental Groups 1 and 2 were elevated but not significantly （P>0.05）, while experimental Group 3 showed significant increases （P<0.05）; no significant differences （P>0.05） in IgA or IgG levels were observed among the three experiment groups; serum interferon-γ （IFN-γ） levels in experimental Group 1 were not significantly different （P>0.05） from the control group but were significantly lower （P<0.05） than in experimental Groups 2 and 3; serum interleukin-4 （IL-4） levels in experimental Group 1 were not significantly different （P>0.05） from the control group but were significantly higher （P<0.05） than in experimental Groups 2 and 3; serum interleukin-6 （IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） levels in experimental Group 1 were significantly lower （P<0.05） than in the control group and significantly lower （P<0.05） than in experimental Groups 2 and 3; serum cortisol （COR） levels and diamine oxidase （DAO） activity in experimental Group 1 were not significantly different （P>0.05） from the control group but were significantly lower （P<0.05） than in experimental Groups 2 and 3; no significant differences （P>0.05） in serum D-lactate （D-LA） levels were observed among the control and experimental groups 1, 2 and 3. [Conclusion] Dietary supplementation with an appropriate level of YPS in lactating Tan-Hu F₁ crossbred lambs can enhance antioxidant capacity and immune function, alleviate weaning stress, and improve gut health. A supplementation level of 0.2%-0.4% is recommended.

[Objective] To investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from animal sources in Jilin Province. [Methods] A total of 400 samples were collected from large-scale layer chicken farms, pig farms, and dairy cow farms across eight prefecture-level cities and one autonomous prefecture in Jilin Province. Bacterial isolation and purification were performed, followed by identification using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry （MALDI-TOF MS） and susceptibility to 18 antibiotics was tested using the broth microdilution method. [Results] A total of 87 E. faecalis strains were isolated, with an overall isolation rate of 21.75% （87/400）. Specifically, 43 strains were isolated from chickens （isolation rate：30.71%, 43/140）, 33 from pigs （isolation rate：20.63%, 33/160）, and 11 from dairy cows （isolation rate： 11.00%, 11/100）. Chicken-derived E. faecalis exhibited resistance rates exceeding 80% to cefoxitin, clindamycin, ceftiofur, tiamulin, tilmicosin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and oxacillin. Pig-derived E. faecalis showed resistance rates above 80% to cefoxitin, clindamycin, ceftiofur, tiamulin, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxacillin, gentamicin, and tilmicosin. Dairy cow-derived E. faecalis displayed a 100% resistance rate to tilmicosin, while resistance to other Antimicrobial （except gentamicin） was below 10.00%. Overall, the multidrug resistance rate was 85.07%, with resistance to 9 drugs being the most prevalent, accounting for 26.87% of isolates. [Conclusion] The resistance rates of E. faecalis from layer and pig farms in Jilin Province are high, with severe multidrug resistance observed.

The cryopreservation of livestock semen has reached a mature stage of development since the 20th century and has been deeply integrated with modern technologies such as artificial intelligence, serving as a crucial support for advancing the modernization and efficiency of livestock reproduction and meeting the demands for livestock products. This technology is particularly valuable for preserving precious genetic resources, promoting the utilization of superior breeds, and facilitating cross-regional exchange. However, oxidative stress injuries induced by the freeze-thaw process, such as the excessive reactive oxygen species production and weakened antioxidant defenses, lead to thinning and damage of the sperm plasma membrane, acrosome impairment, and DNA integrity disruption. These effects significantly impair the quality and fertilization potential of thawed semen, and widespread application of cryopreservation technology, thereby hindering the dissemination of superior breeding stock and the sustainable development of animal husbandry. This review systematically evaluates the effects of resveratrol in improving key quality parameters of frozen-thawed semen, including sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome status, and DNA stability. It further explores its core mechanism of action, including a significant reduction of reactive oxygen species levels, effective inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and enhancement of endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity in sperm. Additionally, the application characteristics of resveratrol, particularly its concentration-dependent effects and potential synergistic interactions, are analyzed. This review aims to elucidate the antioxidant mechanisms and application value of resveratrol in semen cryopreservation, optimize the concentration of resveratrol in cryoprotective media, and explore synergistic strategies to enhance the efficacy of livestock semen cryopreservation, thereby improving genetic resource preservation and utilization, and promoting the sustainable development of animal husbandry.

The dairy cattle breeding industry serves as the foundation and cornerstone of the dairy industry chain, with superior dairy cattle breeds constituting the material basis for dairy industry development. Therefore, vigorously developing the dairy cattle breeding industry is a long-term strategy to promote the development of China′s dairy industry, with far-reaching significance for driving the long-term prosperity of China′s dairy industry. As one of the main production areas for herbivorous livestock in China, the innovative development of the dairy cattle breeding industry in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is particularly critical and urgent. With reference to the national strategies of "Breeding Industry Revitalization" and "Dairy Industry Revitalization" ,the study conducted an in-depth analysis of the current state of the dairy cattle breeding industry in Inner Mongolia to systematically examine the challenges and bottlenecks faced in the dairy cattle breeding industry development. Based on this analysis, a series of innovative development strategies were proposed, including short-term and long-term objectives, along with corresponding countermeasures and recommendations, with a particular emphasis on the core research directions for the development of the dairy cattle breeding industry, thereby providing robust decision-making support and a scientific basis for the further development of the dairy cattle breeding industry in Inner Mongolia.

[Objective] To evaluate the effects of different mixing sowing ratios of Avena sativa and Vicia benghalensis on biomass yield and silage quality. [Methods] The experiment was conducted in Sandaoshui Township, Sinan County, Tongren City, Guizhou Province （27°70′N, 108°09′E） using a single-factor completely randomized design. Six treatments were established with A. sativa:V. benghalensis mixing sowing ratios （by mass） of 3:1 （T1）, 4:1 （T2）, 5:1 （T3）, and 6:1 （T4）, sole A. sativa （C1） and sole V. benghalensis （C2）, each with three replicates. After determining biomass yield at the second cutting stage （A. sativa at milk stage, V. benghalensis at initial flowering stage）, samples were collected, sealed in vacuum bags, and stored at room temperature in a dry indoor environment, and silage quality parameters were assessed after 30 days. [Results] The total fresh and dry forage yields were highest in the C1 treatment, but there was no significant difference （P>0.05） compared with the T4 treatment; the dry forage yields of C1 and T4 treatments were significantly higher （P<0.05） than those of other treatments, and their fresh forage yields were significantly higher （P<0.05） than all treatments except T3. Regarding nutritional composition, dry matter （DM） content showed no significant differences （P>0.05） among T1, T2, T3, T4, and C1 treatments, but was significantly lower （P<0.05） than that of C2 treatment; crude fat （EE） content did not differ significantly （P>0.05） among treatments; acid detergent fiber （ADF） content showed no significant differences （P>0.05） among T1, T2, T3, T4, and C1 treatments; water-soluble carbohydrate （WSC） content in T4 treatment was not significantly different （P>0.05） from C1 treatment, but both were significantly higher （P<0.05） than other treatments. For fermentation parameters, pH and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen ratios in T1, T2, T3, and T4 treatments decreased with increasing mixing sowing ratios, while lactic acid and acetic acid contents increased with increasing mixing sowing ratios. Butyric acid was not detected. [Conclusion] Under the experimental conditions, mixing sowing of A. sativa and V. benghalensis enhanced forage nutritional quality and silage fermentation quality, with an optimal mixing sowing ratio of 6:1.

[Objective] The study on herdsmen’s perception and adaptability to extreme weather events is of great significance for improving herdsmen’s disaster resistance. [Methods] Based on the data of 194 herdsmen in central and western Inner Mongolia, the binary Probit model was used to empirically investigate the factors influencing herdsmen’s perceptions of extreme weather events and adaptive behavior. [Results] ①The factors significantly affecting herdsmen’s perception of extreme weather events included herdsmen’s education level, household labor force size, average annual family income, the number of channels for obtaining information, and the timeliness of obtaining meteorological information. The impact of whether to borrow or not was not significant. ②Household labor force size, average annual income of the family, and timeliness of meteorological information were significant factors affecting herdsmen’s adaptive behaviors to extreme weather events, whether to borrow or not and the number of channels for obtaining information also positively impacted on herdsmen’s adoption of adaptive behaviors. [Conclusion] Herders′ perception and response behaviors to extreme weather events are comprehensively influenced by multi-dimensional factors such as economic foundation, information conditions, family structure, and personal characteristics. Moreover, the impacts of different factors vary in the links of perception and response. This provides a direction for formulating targeted policies to guide herders in coping with extreme climates.

[Objective] To understand the effects of salt and alkali stress on seed germination and seedling growth of Sorghum sudanense. [Methods] With Sorghum sudanense seeds as experimental materials, one ultrapure water control group and three salt and alkali stress groups （NaCl, Na₂CO₃ and NaOH） were set up. Each group was set with 6 concentration gradients: the concentrations of the NaCl group were 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mmol/L; the concentrations of the Na₂CO₃ group were 15, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mmol/L; and the concentrations of the NaOH group were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mmol/L. Sorghum sudanense seeds were placed in a petri dish containing treatment solution （25 ℃ dark culture）, and the number of germination was recorded daily. At the end of the germination test, the root length, bud length, fresh weight and dry weight of the seeds were measured, and the seed germination rate, germination potential and germination index were calculated. According to the measured indicators, the critical values of salt and alkali stress of NaCl, Na₂CO₃ and NaOH on Sorghum sudanense seeds were calculated. [Results] When the NaCl concentration was greater than or equal to 100 mmol/L, the seed germination rate and germination potential were significantly （P<0.05） lower than those of the control group. When the concentration was greater than or equal to 50 mmol/L, the seedling bud length, root length, fresh weight and germination index were significantly （P<0.05） lower than those of the control group. When the concentration of Na₂CO₃ was greater than or equal to 75 mmol/L, Sorghum sudanense seeds did not germinate. When the concentration was higher than 15 mmol/L, the germination rate, germination index, bud length, root length and fresh weight were significantly （P<0.05） lower than those of the control group. Compared with the control group, there was no significant difference （P>0.05） in seed germination rate, germination potential, or dry weight among all concentration gradients of NaOH. The bud length and root length were significantly （P<0.05） lower than the control group at the concentration of 10 mmol/L. The fresh weight was significantly （P<0.05） lower than that of the control group at the concentration of 5 mmol/L. The critical concentrations of NaCl, Na₂CO₃ and NaOH for Sorghum sudanense seeds were 269.52, 49.18 and 124.76 mmol/L, respectively. The sensitivity of Sorghum sudanense seeds to salt and alkali was Na₂CO₃>NaOH>NaCl. [Conclusion] The effects of saline-alkali stress on the seed germination and seedling growth of Sorghum sudanense vary with salt types and concentrations. Among them, Na₂CO₃ has the strongest inhibitory effect, while NaCl has the weakest. Moreover, the seedling growth indices （especially fresh weight and root length） are more sensitive to saline-alkali stress than the germination indices （such as germination rate）.

Sandy shrubs have a unique appearance and developed root systems, with characteristics such as tolerance to poor soil fertility, drought resistance, and cold resistance. They play a good ecological role in soil improvement, windbreak and sand fixation, and can be developed and utilized in a wide range of fields. They have ecological value, landscape value, and economic value, and are an important component of arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Inner Mongolia is rich in sandy shrubs resources, with various Chinese endemic sandy shrubs.In recent years, according to the concept of sustainable development, the development and utilization of sandy shrubs has been continuously deepened. This article briefly introduced the distribution, types, and application value of sandy shrubs in Inner Mongolia, and summarized the development and utilization of sandy shrubs in multiple fields such as wood, paper, feed, medicine, and bioenergy. It provided a basis and ideas for further strengthening the development and utilization of sandy shrubs resources in the future. It should expand the application fields of sandy shrubs through scientific planning, improving development and utilization methods, so as to promote sustainable utilization of sandy shrubs, and realize the coordinated development of ecological protection and economic benefits.

[Objective] To investigate the effects of 4-octylitaconic acid （4-OI） on liver regeneration and inflammatory response following partial hepatectomy in rats. [Methods] Thirty healthy male Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were randomly allocated into five groups：a sham group, a model group, and three 4-OI intervention groups （low, medium, and high dose）. The sham group underwent laparotomy with liver lobe manipulation only, whereas the model group and the 4-OI intervention groups were subjected to a 70% hepatectomy. The 4-OI intervention groups received intraperitoneal injections of 4-OI at doses of 1, 3 and 6 mg/（kg·d）, respectively, administered for three consecutive days prior to surgery , immediately post-surgery, and on the first day after surgery. Liver tissues were harvested from each group for weighing, and the liver regeneration rate was calculated. Histological assessment was performed using hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining to evaluate morphological changes in the liver tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to detect the expression of Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA）. Additionally, real-time quantitative PCR was utilized to measure the mRNA expression levels of hepatocyte growth factor （HGF）, vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）, tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）, inter-leukin-1β （IL-1β）, interleukin-6 （IL-6）, and interleukin-10 （IL-10） in the liver tissues. [Results] The model group exhibited significantly exacerbated histopathological damage in the liver tissue compared to the sham-operated group. The mRNA expression levels of HGF, VEGF, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were highly significantly （P<0.01） elevated, whereas the mRNA expression level of IL-10 was highly significantly （P<0.01） reduced. The average optical density value of Ki-67-positive cells was highly significantly （P<0.01） increased, while the average optical density value of PCNA-positive cells showed a non-significant（P>0.05） increase. In contrast to the model group, the 4-OI low-dose intervention groups highly significantly （P<0.01） upregulated the mRNA expression levels of HGF and VEGF, along with highly significantly （P<0.01） elevated the average optical density values of Ki-67 and PCNA-positive cells. Furthermore, 4-OI significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, while significantly increasing the mRNA expression level of IL-10 （0.01<P<0.05）. [Conclusion] 4-OI exerts a protective effect on liver resection injury in rats by promoting the regeneration of the residual liver and attenuating the inflammatory response.

[Objective] To understand the production performance advantages of the F₁ generation crossbreds between Huang-huai Meat Sheep and Hu Sheep, providing a reference for the promotion of new Huang-huai Meat Sheep breed resources. [Methods] 90 purebred Hu ewes, ranging from 2 to 4 parities, were selected and synchronized for estrus. Subsequently, 35 randomly selected purebred Hu ewes were artificially inseminated with semen from Huang-huai Meat Sheep rams, resulting in 29 parturient purebred Hu ewes producing 61 Huang-Hu F₁ lambs （experimental group）. The remaining 55 Hu ewes were artificially inseminated with Hu rams, resulting in 53 parturient purebred Hu ewes producing 103 purebred Hu lambs （control group）. Growth traits, including birth weight, weaning weight, weaning survival rate, average daily gain （ADG） from 0-55, 55-90, 90-120, 120-150, and 0-150 days, as well as body height, body length, chest circumference, and cannon bone circumference at birth, 55, 90, 120, and 150 days, were measured and analyzed for both groups. [Results] Regarding birth weight, weaning weight, weaning survival rate, and ADG across different age periods （0-55, 55-90, 90-120, 120-150, and 0-150 days of age）, the single-birth weight of F₁ generation Huang-hu lambs in the experimental group was significantly （P<0.01） higher than that of Hu lambs in the control group; the multiple-birth weight （twins or more） of F₁ generation Huang-hu lambs in the experimental group was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of Hu lambs in the control group; the weaning weight, weaning survival rate, and ADG across all measured age periods （0-55, 55-90, 90-120, 120-150, and 0-150 days of age） of F₁ generation Huang-hu lambs in the experimental group were significantly （P<0.01） higher than those of Hu lambs in the control group. For body measurements, at birth and weaning, the body height, body length, and chest circumference of F₁ generation Huang-hu lambs in the experimental group were significantly （P<0.01） higher than those of Hu lambs in the control group; the cannon bone circumference of female lambs at birth in the experimental group was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of female Hu lambs in the control group; at 90, 120, and 150 days, the chest circumference of F₁ generation Huang-hu lambs in the experimental group was significantly （P<0.01） higher than that of Hu lambs in the control group; the cannon bone circumference of female lambs at 120 days in the experimental group was significantly higher （P<0.01） than that of female Hu lambs in the control group; the cannon bone circumference of male lambs at 150 days in the experimental group was significantly higher （P<0.01） than that of male Hu lambs in the control group; the cannon bone circumference of female lambs at 150 days in the experimental group was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of female Hu lambs in the control group. [Conclusion] Using Huang-huai meat sheep as the sire and Hu sheep as the dam for crossbreeding, the F₁ generation lambs show obvious heterosis in birth weight, weaning weight, weaning survival rate, and chest circumference, and prominent meat production traits, and are therefore suitable for promotion and application in large-scale sheep farms.

With the acceleration of large-scale livestock and poultry farming in China, the concept of "prevention first" among livestock and poultry producers has placed higher demands on scientific disinfection practices. The scientific selection of chemical disinfectants and optimization of disinfection strategies have become critical for disease prevention and control. In this context, this paper systematically reviews the types, mechanisms of action, application methods, and development of novel chemical disinfectants commonly used in livestock and poultry, with particular focuses on summarizing the factors influencing disinfection efficacy, such as environmental temperature, pH, and organic matter load, aiming to provide a reference for the scientific selection and application of chemical disinfectants in livestock and poultry producers.

[Objective] To investigate the dynamic changes in antibody levels and bacterial shedding in Simmental calves following vaccination with the Brucella A19 vaccine. [Methods] Sixty 3-month-old Brucella antibody-negative calves were selected, with 30 calves subcutaneously vaccinated with the A19 vaccine and the other 30 injected with an equal volume of physiological saline as a control. A total of 960 serum samples were collected from both the experimental and control groups 1 day before immunization and on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 21, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168, 196, 224, and 260 post-immunization. Antibody levels of the calves were dynamically monitored using the Rose Bengal Plate Test （RBT）, Standard Tube Agglutination Test （SAT）, Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay （cELISA）, and Brucellosis Fluorescence Polarization Assay （FPA）. Additionally, fluorescence quantitative PCR was employed to detect Brucella nucleic acid in blood samples. The health status of the calves was closely monitored and recorded during a 7-day observation period following A19 vaccination. [Results] Within 6 days after the initial vaccination, Brucella nucleic acid was detectable in the blood of vaccinated calves, but no Brucella nucleic acid was detected beyond 6 days. Five calves in the experimental group exhibited mild symptoms such as elevated body temperature and reduced appetite after vaccination, which resolved spontaneously within 72 hours. From days 2 to 21 post-vaccination, the Brucella antibody-positive detection rate in calves gradually increased, with cELISA and FPA achieving a 100% detection rate on day 14. On day 28, the antibody-positive detection rate reached 100% across all four detection methods. Over time, the antibody-positive detection rate gradually declined, and on day 260, the positive detection rate of Brucella antibodies in the calves in the experimental group decreased to 0. [Conclusion] The A19 vaccine demonstrates highly safe. After the first vaccination, bacteremia induced by Brucella A19 vaccine strain in calves is of short duration, and the vaccine rapidly stimulates antibody production in the calves, with the antibody-positive detection rate exhibiting a trend of initial increase followed by a decrease.