[Objective] The aim of this study was to screen the genes and key signaling pathways associated with the development of carbon tetrachloride （CCl₄）-induced liver injury, analysing the dynamic changes in the expression of genes related to calcium ion （Ca²⁺） transport during liver injury. [Method] Thirty 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control and model groups, with 15 mice in each group. The control group was given a single intraperitoneal injection of saline at a dose of 0.1 mL/（10 g·BW）, and the model group was given a single intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of CCl₄ as well as olive oil （CCl₄∶olive oil = 1∶4, V/V） at a dose of 0.1 mL/（10 g·BW） to establish a model of CCl₄-induced acute liver injury. The viability of ALT and AST in the serum of mice in the model group was detected by ELISA on days 2, 5 and 7 after modelling. Subsequently, the histopathological changes of the liver were observed using HE staining and Masson staining. Three biological replicates of liver tissue samples were selected from each of the control group （Group C）, the group on the 2^nd day after modelling （Group D2）, and the group on the 5^nd day after modelling （Group D5） to construct cDNA libraries for transcriptome sequencing, and the obtained data were assembled and functionally annotated. Afterwards, DESeqR package （1.10.0） was used to screen the significantly differentially expressed genes, and KOBAS software was employed to perform GO functional annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the significantly differentially expressed genes involved in the Ca²⁺ signalling pathway. [Result] Compared with the control group, ALT and AST activity in serum of mice in the model group on the 2^nd day after liver injury were highly significant （P<0.01） increased. On the 2^nd day after liver injury, the structure of hepatic lobules in the model group was destroyed. Large necrosis and collagen deposition were formed around the hepatic portal vein, the arrangement of hepatocytes was disordered, and inflammatory cell infiltration could be seen. Extensive necrosis with large collagen deposits formed around the hepatic portal vein. Hepatocyte arrangement was disorganized and inflammatory cell infiltration could be observed. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that the total number of differentially expressed genes in group D2 compared with group C was 6 954, and the number of up-regulated and down-regulated genes was 3 577 and 3 377, respectively. The total number of differentially expressed genes in group D5 compared with group C was 6 028, and the number of up- and down-regulated genes was 3 202 and 2 826, respectively. The total number of differentially expressed genes in the group D5 compared to the group D2 was 6 657, with 3 200 upregulated and 3 457 downregulated genes, respectively. In addition, there were a total of 1 462 co-varying differentially expressed genes among the three groups. GO function enrichment analysis showed that the GO entries enriched for differentially expressed genes between group D2 and group C were mainly involved in metabolism, signal transduction, Ca²⁺ transport, etc. The GO entries enriched for differentially expressed genes between group D5 and group C were mainly related to immune response and intracellular signal transduction. The GO entries of differentially expressed genes enriched between group D5 and group D2 mainly involved metabolic processes and signal transduction regulation. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the signaling pathways mainly involved in the differentially expressed genes between group D2 and group C included peroxisome, fatty acid degradation, etc. The differentially expressed genes between group D5 and group C mainly involved signaling pathways such as chemokine signaling and cholesterol metabolism. The signaling pathways mainly involved in the differentially expressed genes between group D5 and group D2 include fatty acid degradation, peroxisome, etc. Compared with group C, the expression of Mcub, which is a mitochondrial calcium unidirectional transport protein gene, and Itpr3, which is an endoplasmic reticulum inositol triphosphate receptor 3 gene, increased dramatically in group D2. Expression of Mcub and the voltage-gated calcium channel protein gene Cacna1i increased dramatically in the group D5. The expression of Cacna1i was dramatically increased in the group D5 compared with the group D2. [Conclusion] Gene expression profiles of liver tissues differed before and after the onset of CCl₄-induced liver injury and at different times after the onset of liver injury. The differentially expressed genes involved multiple signaling pathways related to hepatocyte function. In the early stage of liver injury, mitochondria rapidly intervene in the regulation of calcium homeostasis. Meanwhile, mitochondria and Ca²⁺ channels on the cell membrane play a key role in the subsequent regulation of cellular functions.

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of potassium ferrate on plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1. [Method] The absolute abundance of mcr-1 gene in water was determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR using four-factor and three-level orthogonal method. The elimination rate of mcr-1 gene was used as an index to investigate different factors and levels （potassium ferrate: 7.09 mg/L, 14.17 mg/L, 21.26 mg/L; temperature: 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃; reaction time: 5 min, 15 min, 30 min; pH: 5, 7, 9） on mcr-1 gene content. [Result] Among the four factors, the greatest influence on the absolute abundance of mcr-1 gene was the dosage of potassium ferrate, followed by the reaction pH and reaction time, and the least influence was the reaction temperature. The level combination with the best effect on mcr-1 gene ablation was A₃B₃C₁D₃, which was treated with 21.26 mg/L potassium ferrate （6 mg/L in Fe） for 15 min at a reaction pH of 5 and a reaction temperature of 60 ℃, and the ablation rate of the mcr-1 gene under this condition was 55%. However, the copy number of mcr-1 gene increased under certain combinations of factors. [Conclusion] Potassium ferrate could affect mcr-1 gene levels by altering DNA concentrations. Under appropriate conditions, potassium ferrate abrogated the mcr-1 gene in the water. However, under certain combinations of factor levels, mcr-1 gene replication will increase.

[Objective] By studying the physiological properties and bacteriostatic activities of bovine-derived lactic acid bacteria, it was possible to screen lactic acid bacteria that can have bacteriostatic effects on Pasteurella multocida （Pm） and Mannheimia haemolytica （Mh）, the main pathogens that lead to respiratory diseases in cattle. [Method] Growth curves of Lactobacillus rhamnosus （Lr）, Lactobacillus plantarum （Lp） and Lactobacillus acidophilus （La） isolated from healthy cattle faeces were performed. Meanwhile, the bacteriostatic activities of the three Lactobacillus strains were evaluated by detecting their susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs in the presence of proteases, at different pH values, and in co-culture with Pm and Mh. [Result] All three strains of Lactobacillus entered the logarithmic growth phase after 6 h of incubation, with Lr and Lp growing faster. They entered the stable growth period after 20 h of incubation, and the viable counts of Lr and Lp were always higher than those of La throughout the growth process. In addition, all three Lactobacillus strains were resistant to levofloxacin, moderately sensitive to kanamycin and streptomycin, and sensitive to ampicillin and erythromycin. Compared to the control, the culture supernatant of Lr showed a small decrease in the inhibitory activity against Pm and Mh after reaction with trypsin, pepsin and proteinase K. The culture supernatant of Lp showed no reduction in the inhibitory activity against Pm and Mh after reaction with pepsin and no change in the inhibitory activity against Mh after reaction with trypsin. There was no decrease in the inhibitory activity against Pm after reaction of culture supernatant of La with trypsin, pepsin and proteinase K. There was no change in the inhibitory activity against Mh after reaction with proteinase K. When the pH was 2-3, the inhibitory activities of culture supernatants of Lr and Lp were stronger on Pm than the control, and the inhibitory activities of culture supernatants of La were stronger on Mh than the control. When the pH was 4, the inhibitory activity of culture supernatants of all three strains of Lactobacillus was weaker than that of the control against Mh. When the pH was 5-6, the inhibitory activities of culture supernatants of the three Lactobacillus strains were weaker than those of the control group for both Pm and Mh, as well as weaker than those of the other pH groups. The growth of Pm and Mh was inhibited by the culture supernatants of the three Lactobacillus strains during the co-cultivation period from 0 to 60 h. The growth inhibition of Pm by the culture supernatant of Lr was consistently better than that of Lp and La. The growth inhibition of Mh by the culture supernatant of La was the most effective. [Conclusion] Bovine-derived Lr, Lp and La were sensitive or moderately sensitive to a variety of antimicrobial drugs, and had growth inhibitory abilities against Pm and Mh, the main pathogens of BRD. The inhibitory activities were enhanced at low pH and were not affected by the action of specific species of proteases. The three strains of Lactobacillus have the potential to be developed as microecological agents for the prevention and treatment of BRD.

[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the sterilization conditions that can both eliminate pathogenic bacteria and spoilage microorganisms while maximally preserving the viable count of lactic acid bacteria, providing a theoretical reference for optimizing the production process of acid whey beverages. [Method] Acid whey was used to prepare acid whey beverages, and then one control group and three sterilization treatment groups, named A to D, were set up. Group A was the control group without sterilization, group B was sterilized at 65 ℃ for 30 min, group C was sterilized at 75 ℃ for 1 min, and group D was sterilized at 75 ℃ for 3 min. After different sterilization conditions, the total colony counts as well as the numbers of lactic acid bacteria, coliforms, staphylococcus aureus, moulds and yeasts were detected in the acid whey beverages. [Result] The coliform was not detected in the sample of acid whey beverage. The 75 ℃ for 1 min sterilization group （Group C） could not eliminate all staphylococcus aureus, moulds, and yeast. Both 65 ℃ for 30 min and 75 ℃ for 3 min sterilization treatment groups （Group B and D） could completely kill staphylococcus aureus, moulds and yeasts, but the 75 ℃ for 3min sterilization group （Group D） had a higher survival rate of lactic acid bacteria. [Conclusion] The 75 ℃ for 3 min sterilization treatment is the optimal sterilization condition among the three groups, which can serve as a reference for optimizing the production and processing process of acid whey beverages.

Energy feed is one of the most crucial types of feed in pig production. At present, the most commonly used energy feed in pig feed is corn in China. However, with the yearly increase of China′s corn imports and the rapid development of bioenergy industry, the price of corn for feed industry has been increasing. Unconventional feed resources are abundant in China, the use of unconventional energy feed to replace corn can not only ease the pressure of China′s corn imports, but also reduce the cost of feed to bring higher economic benefits for farmers. This study reviews the current status of several unconventional energy feeds, including aged wheat and wheat bran, rice bran and rice bran meal, sorghum, barley and cassava, in pig production, with a view to broadening the sources of energy feeds in pig farming in China and alleviating the pressure on the use of corn in feed.

[Objective]This study was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters of feed conversion ratio （FCR）, spur length （JJ）, shank length （JC）, and shank circumference （JW） in Fengxiang Guixiang chicken F-line roosters, and to establish a breeding model for this breed. [Method] In this study, two batches of 2 205 male Fengxiang Guixiang chickens, aged 70 days, were selected for analysis. The body weight at 70 days of age （BWG1） and the body weight at 112 days of age （BWG2） were recorded. Daily feed intake and the amount of feed remaining from 70 to 112 days of age were monitored to calculate the average daily feed intake and feed conversion rate. Additionally, the JJ, JC, and JW metrics of the chickens at 112 days of age were determined. Data analysis and genetic parameter estimation were conducted using SPSS software and the REML algorithm within ASReml software, in conjunction with an animal trait model. [Result] Except for the JJ trait, the batch effect had an extremely significant （P<0.01） influence on all the tested traits of the F-line cocks of Fengxiang Guixiang chicken; the heritability of JJ, JC, JW, BWG1, BWG2, ADG, ADFI, and FCR were 0.470 8, 0.321 0, 0.552 9, 0.341 3, 0.464 1, 0.472 3, 0.440 1, and 0.339 1, respectively, all belonging to medium to high heritability traits; the coefficient of variation of JJ was 0.27, the highest among all the traits measured in the experiment, indicating that this trait has great breeding potential. FCR had extremely significant （P<0.01） negative genetic correlations and negative phenotypic correlations with JC, JW, ADG, and ADFI, while there were no significant （P>0.05） phenotypic correlations and genetic correlations between JJ and other traits. [Conclusion] The spur length, shank length, shank circumference, body weight at 70 days of age, body weight at 112 days of age, daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of male Fengxiang Guixiang chicken F line exhibit medium heritability. These traits are primarily influenced by genetic factors. The genetic parameters of Fengxiang Guixiang chicken estimated in this study can serve as a foundation for the genetic improvement of the population, thereby enhancing the efficiency of breeding efforts.

[Objective]To investigate the impact of substituting wet fermented soybean meal for soybean meal on the growth performance, serum immune parameters, intestinal permeability, and muscle fatty acid composition of broilers, thereby providing a scientific basis for the utilization of wet fermented soybean meal in broiler production. [Method]A total of 320 1-day-old AA broilers were randomly allocated into control and experimental groups. Each group consisted of 8 replicates, pre-group with each replicate comprising 20 chicks. The control group was fed a basic diet, while the experimental group received a diet in which soybean meal was substituted with an equivalent amount of 5% wet fermented soybean meal. The experiment was conducted over 42 days. The average daily gain （ADG）, average daily feed intake （ADFI）, and feed-to-gain （F/G） were calculated based on replicate. Blood samples were collected on the 21^st and 42^nd days of the experiment. The concentrations of serum immunoglobulin A （IgA）, immunoglobulin G （IgG）, immunoglobulin M （IgM）, D-lactic acid, endotoxin, and diamine oxidase （DAO） activity were measured using commercially available assay kits. After the experiment, two broilers from each replicate were randomly selected for slaughter, and their breast muscle samples were pooled. The intramuscular fat （IMF） content was measured using the Soxhlet extraction method, while the fatty acid composition was analyzed via gas chromatography. The feed cost and meat production cost of broilers were calculated based on feed intake and weight gain data. [Result]Compared with the control group, the final body weight, ADG, and ADFI of broilers in the experimental group were significantly （P< 0.05） increased, while the feed-to-gain ratio was marginally lower （P=0.051）. On the 21^st day of the experiment, the serum IgM content in the experiment group exhibited a significant increase （P<0.05）, and the content of IgA and IgG was significantly increased （P<0.01）. On the 42^nd day of the experiment, the serum concentrations of IgA, IgG, and IgM in the experiment group were significantly increased （P<0.01）. On the 21^st day of the experiment, the serum D-lactic acid and endotoxin content of the experiment group broilers were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. On the 42^nd day of the experiment, the serum diamine oxidase （DAO） activity and the endotoxin levels were markedly reduced （P<0.01）. There were no significant （P>0.05） differences in muscle fat （IMF）, muscle saturated fatty acids （SFA）, unsaturated fatty acids （UFA）, monounsaturated fatty acids （MUFA）, and polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA） between the control and experimental groups. When wet fermented soybean meal was used to replace an equivalent amount of soybean meal for feeding broilers, the cost of meat production could be reduced by 0.06 yuan/kg. [Conclusion] The substitution of 5% wet fermented soybean meal or an equivalent amount of conventional soybean meal significantly enhances the growth performance, immunity, and intestinal barrier functions of broilers, while also reducing the cost of meat production.

[Objective] This study aims to comprehensively analyze the development history, research hotspots, and trends of feed testing in our country while providing visual data support. [Method] Utilizing the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） database as the data source, this study retrieved journal literature on feed detection research in China from 1993 to 2024. The search themes included feed detection, feed detection technology, feed quality detection, and feed detection analysis. Additionally, an analysis of the annual publication volume in this research field was conducted. We employed bibliometric visualization software of CiteSpace 6.3.3 and VOSviewer 1.6.20 to analyze highly cited authors, cooperative networks, co-occurring keywords, and important journals, systematically identifying the research hotspots and trends of feed testing. [Results] Based on the predefined retrieval criteria, a total of 550 journal articles were included in this study. The peak publication year was 2009, during which 48 articles were published. The keyword cluster analysis reveals that preservatives and pig feed are the most prominent research foci in the domain of feed testing in China. Furthermore, preservatives, sensors, Shigella, and tetracycline have emerged as key topics of interest. The analysis of highly cited authors and their collaboration networks reveals that Jia Tao, Li Danni, and Gao Wenhui rank as the top three authors in terms of citation frequency of research outcomes, and they have also established the three largest collaborative networks. Additionally, Liu Muhua has made substantial contributions to the most recent research advancements. The co-occurrence keyword network analysis reveals that research in this field has evolved through three distinct stages: initial focus on toxin testing, subsequent exploration of detection methods and components, and the current emphasis on the application of emerging technologies and advanced detection methodologies. Looking ahead, pig feed testing, emerging technologies and testing methods, new feed testing, and are anticipated to be future research hotspots. [Conclusion] Through bibliometric analysis, we have identified the key research hotspots and emerging trends in the field of feed testing in China.

A reasonable nutritional regulation plans contribute to decreasing the intestinal stress response of farmed animals, reducing the use of antibiotics and other drugs, and building a new system of efficient green farming technology. Unlike traditional neutral feed oligosaccharides such as fructooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides, alginate oligosaccharides （AOS） are a natural active substance prepared from marine algae, which are binary linear block compounds composed of β-D-mannuronic acid （M） and α-L-guluronic acid （G）. AOS contain multiple active carboxyl groups in addition to active aldehyde and hydroxyl groups, with unique chemical structure and biological activity, which are now applied in many fields such as medicine, food, animal husbandry, etc., attracting much attention from scholars. Based on the latest research progress at home and abroad, this study reviewed the sources, preparation methods, characterization methods, biological activities, and application of AOS in pig industry, with a view to providing theoretical support for the scientific use and promotion of AOS in healthy animal breeding.

[Objective] To investigate the response of soil chemical characteristics to various grass-crop rotation combinations. [Methods] In accordance with the crop planting practices in the study area, six crops were selected as research subjects: three economic crops （corn, sunflower, and potato) and three forage crops （alfalfa, millet straw, and sorghum-sudan grass）. Five rotation combinations were established as follows: T1 （alfalfa - sunflower - sunflower - potato - corn）; T2 （millet straw - potato - millet straw - millet straw - sunflower）; T3 （alfalfa - alfalfa - potato - corn - sunflower）; T4 （sorghum-sudan grass - potato - corn - sunflower - corn); and T5 （potato - millet straw - sunflower - potato - millet straw）. Field experiments were conducted over a five-year period in Darhan Muminggan United Banner, Baotou City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The primary chemical properties of soil at depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm were compared and analyzed under different rotation regimes.[Results] In the 0 - 10 cm soil layer, the T4 combination exhibited significantly higher （P<0.05） levels of total nitrogen, available potassium, inorganic carbon, and total sulfur compared to other combinations. The organic carbon content was highest in the T3 combination and significantly higher （P<0.05） than in the T2, T4, and T5 combinations. Additionally, the carbon-to-phosphorus ratio in the T3 combination was significantly higher （P<0.05） than in other combinations. In the 10 - 20 cm soil layer, the T4 combination showed significantly higher （P<0.05） levels of total nitrogen, available potassium, and total sulfur relative to other combinations. The T3 combination had significantly higher （P<0.05） levels of organic carbon, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and carbon-to-phosphorus ratio compared to other combinations. In the 20 - 30 cm soil layer, the T4 combination demonstrated significantly higher （P<0.05） levels of available potassium and total sulfur compared to other combinations. The inorganic carbon content was highest in the T3 combination and significantly higher （P<0.05） than in the T2 combination. Furthermore, the carbon-to-phosphorus ratio in the T3 combination was the highest and significantly higher （P<0.05） than in the T1, T2, and T5 combinations. [Conclusion] Based on the enhanced soil nutrient content from various rotation combinations and the improved efficiency of crop absorption and utilization of these nutrients, it is recommended to adopt the alfalfa-alfalfa-potato-corn-sunflower （T3 combination） as the optimal grass-crop rotation combination for this region. These findings provide a valuable reference for optimizing the grass-crop rotation systems and enhancing the sustainable use of soil resources.

[Objective] The aim of this study was to assess the effects of exogenous ascorbic acid （AsA） priming on seed vigor of forage triticale under Na₂SO₄ stress. [Method] The seed germination test of forage triticale was carried out under the stress of Na₂SO₄ solution at the concentration of 75 mmol/L after the treatment of 0 （CK）, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h with AsA solution at the concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mmol/L. Subsequently, the changes of germination percentage （Gp）, germination index （Gi）, seedlings vigor index （SVI）, and mean germination time （MGT） of the seeds were analyzed. [Result] The effects of AsA concentration on Gp, Gi and SVI of forage triticale seeds were highly significant （P<0.01）, and the effects on MGT were not significant （P>0.05）. The effects of AsA priming time on Gp, Gi, MGT and SVI of forage triticale seeds was highly significant （P<0.01）. The interaction between AsA concentration and priming time was highly significant （P<0.01） for Gp and SVI and non-significant （P>0.05） for Gi and MGT of forage triticale seeds. The AsA concentration of 1.5 mmol/L triggered for 8 h resulted in the highest Gp, Gi and SVI as well as the shortest MGT in forage triticale seeds. When AsA concentration was 2.0 mmol/L for 24 h, Gp, Gi and SVI of forage triticale seeds were lower than other priming times, while MGT was longer than other priming times. [Conclusion] The effects of exogenous AsA priming on seed vigor of forage triticale under Na₂SO₄ stress were closely related to its concentration, priming time and the interaction between the two. AsA at a concentration of 1.5 mmol/L for 8 h possessed the best effect on the seed vigor of forage triticale under 75 mmol/L Na₂SO₄ stress.

Pasture germplasm resource is the foundation of pasture breeding, which is also the important material basis for China′s agricultural science and technology innovation as well as the sustainable development of grass and pasture industry. China is rich in pasture germplasm resources. Up to now, relevant researchers have collected 6 704 species of grassland forage plants belonging to 5 phyla, 246 families and 1 545 genera, and the preserved pasture germplasm resources have reached 55 800 copies, ranking the second in the world. Among them, 717 new pasture grass varieties have been validated. In this paper, the collection, preservation, identification status and utilization of pasture germplasm resources in China are reviewed, with a view to providing reference for researchers to further collect, preserve and utilize pasture germplasm resources.

[Objective] The aim of this study was to assess the effect of exogenous ascorbic acid （AsA） priming on the seed vigor of deteriorated Avena sativa. At the same time, the optimal concentration and time of ascorbic acid （AsA） priming on seed vigor of Avena sativa was clarified, so as to provide a scientific basis for Avena sativa forage production practice. [Method] Avena sativa seeds with controlled deterioration were used as experimental materials, which were triggered by different concentrations of AsA solution （0, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50 mmol/L） for 0 （CK）, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. Subsequently, the changes of germination percentage （Gp）, germination index （Gi）, seedlings vigor index （SVI）, and mean germination time （MGT） were analyzed. [Result] The priming time and concentration of exogenous AsA possessed highly significant （P<0.01） effects on the Gp, Gi and SVI of the deteriorated Avena sativa seeds, and had no significant （P>0.05） effects on the MGT. The interaction of the two had highly significant （P<0.01） effects on SVI and no significant （P>0.05） effects on Gp, Gi and MGT. The highest Gp, Gi and SVI and the shortest MGT were observed in the deteriorated Avena sativa seeds triggered by the AsA concentration of 0.5 mmol/L for 24 h. The Gp, Gi and SVI were increased by 23.42%, 55.08% and 41.42%, respectively, and the MGT was shortened by 14.25%. [Conclusion] The exogenous AsA priming concentration, priming time and the interaction between the two were closely related to the changes of Gp, Gi, SVI and MGT in deteriorated Avena sativa seeds. The exogenous AsA concentration of 0.5 mmol/L for 24 h was the best treatment to improve the vigor of deteriorated Avena sativa seeds.

[Objective] Investigate the impact of ewes giving birth to twin and triplet lambs on their feed intake, body condition, and lamb weight gain under consistent nutritional levels and feeding management conditions. [Methods] Xinggao mutton sheep were selected as the experimental animals, and five ewes that had given birth to twin lambs and five ewes that had given birth to triplet lambs during the lactation period were chosen for the feeding experiment. The experimental sheep were housed in individual pens, each equipped with an attached supplementary feeding area for lambs, and the ewes were fed once in the morning and once in the evening for a 45 days trial period. Ewes are monitored for feed intake and body weight, while lambs are monitored for lactation, starter feed consumption, and weight gain. [Results] During the experiment, there was no significant （P>0.05） difference in the average daily feed intake between ewes with twin lambs and ewes with triplet lambs. The weight loss of ewes with triplet lambs was greater than that of ewes with twin lambs. The average birth weight and average total weight gain of lambs in the twin-lamb group were greater than those in the triplet-lamb group, but the differences were not significant （P>0.05）. The average daily weight gain of lambs in the twin-lamb group （on a 5-day cycle） was greater than that of the triplet-lamb group. Notably, the difference in average daily weight gain between the two groups at ages 16-20 days and 21-25 days reached an extremely significant level （P<0.01）. Similarly, the average daily milk intake of lambs in the twin-lamb group was higher than that of the triplet-lamb group, with a significant （P<0.01） difference observed at ages 1-5 days. Conversely, the average daily intake of starter feed in the triplet-lamb group at 8-10 days was significantly higher （P<0.05） than that of the twin-lamb group. In contrast, the twin-lamb group demonstrated significantly higher （P<0.05） average daily starter feed intake than the triplet-lamb group at ages 31-35 days, 36-40 days, and 41-45 days. Furthermore, the average daily milk intake of lambs in the twin-lamb group exhibited an extremely significant negative correlation with the average daily intake of starter feed （R=-0.94, P=0.002）. In the triplet-lamb group, the average daily weight gain was significantly positively correlated with the average daily intake of starter feed （R=0.86, P=0.024）, while it was significantly negatively correlated with the average daily milk intake （R=-0.79, P=0.048）. [Conclusion] Under identical nutritional and feeding management conditions, the weight loss experienced by three-lambing ewes of Xinggao mutton sheep during the lactation period is greater than that of two-lambing ewes. Additionally, the average birth weight, average daily gain, and average daily milk intake of three-lambing lambs are lower than those of two-lambing lambs. When the number of lambs exceeds two, reliance solely on breast milk becomes insufficient to support the growth and development of the lambs; therefore, it is essential to implement scientific and reasonable early supplementary feeding measures.

[Objective] Investigate the compositional differences in the semen and intestinal microbiota of Duroc boars during winter and summer, and examine the correlation between predominant microbial communities and semen quality parameters. [Methods] A total of twelve Duroc boars were selected for the collection of fresh sperm and feces samples during both winter and summer. The study utilized 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the variations in microbial community composition between semen and fecal samples collected during winter and summer. The computer-aided sperm analysis system was utilized to examine variations in sperm quality parameters across the different seasons. Examine the correlation between the predominant bacterial genera in semen and feces during winter and summer, and their respective associations with semen quality parameters in the corresponding seasons.[Results] There were no statistically significant differences （P>0.05） in the richness and diversity of the bacterial community in the semen of Duroc boars between winter and summer. The Shannon index of fecal flora in summer was significantly higher （P<0.01） compared to winter, while the Simpson index of fecal flora in summer was notably lower （P<0.05） than in winter. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria are the predominant phyla in semen samples collected during both winter and summer. In summer, the dominant genera include Achromobacter, Terribacillus, Porphyromonas, among others, whereas in winter, Pseudomonas, Brochothrix, Achromobacter, and others dominate. Notably, the relative abundances of Pseudomonas and Carnobacterium in winter semen samples were significantly higher （P<0.01） compared to those in summer. The Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the predominant phyla in fecal samples during both winter and summer. The relative abundance of Firmicutes was significantly higher in winter （P<0.01） compared to summer, whereas the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes and Spirochaetes were significantly lower （P<0.05）, and that of Proteobacteria was markedly reduced （P<0.01）. Dominant genera in summer feces included Terrisporobacter, Turicibacter, Treponema, among others, while Streptococcus, Terrisporobacter, and Clostridium leptum group 1 were more prevalent in winter. Specifically, the relative abundance of Streptococcus was significantly higher in winter （P<0.05）, Clostridium leptum group 1 showed a marked increase （P<0.01）, Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 was significantly lower （P<0.01）, and Escherichia-Shigella, Christensenellaceae R-7, and Prevotellaceae NK3B31 exhibited significant reductions （P<0.05） in winter compared to summer. The relative abundance of Acinetobacter in summer semen exhibited a significant negative correlation （P<0.05） with sperm motility during the same season. Additionally, the relative abundance of Achromobacter showed an extremely significant negative correlation （P<0.01） with sperm density in summer. In winter, the relative abundance of Pseudomonas was significantly positively correlated （P<0.05） with semen volume. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Clostridium leptum 1 in summer feces demonstrated a significant positive correlation （P<0.05） with sperm motility in summer, while the relative abundance of Turicibacter was significantly negatively correlated （P<0.05） with sperm density in summer. The sperm deformity rate in Duroc boars during winter was significantly lower （P<0.01） compared to that in summer. [Conclusion] Seasonal variations influenced the composition of bacterial microbes in the semen and intestine of Duroc boars, revealing correlation between certain dominant bacterial genera in both the semen and intestines and semen quality. The findings of this study provide a foundational basis for enhancing and preserving semen quality in boars during winter and summer.

[Objective] The deamination and nitrogen removal effects of four yeast strains and their combinations with spore bacteria on the wastewater from blister manure were investigated. [Method] Taking the removal rates of ammonia nitrogen and ammonia gas as measurement indicators, this study investigated the deamination effect on piggery wastewater containing blisters when inoculated with four yeast strains: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ZP, Sac. cerevisiae X1, Candida ethanolica JMJ, and Can. ethanolica HJ, at a dosage of 1%. The deamination and nitrogen removal efficiencies of combined inoculations involving Candida ethanolica strains JMJ and HJ with Bacillus megaterium strain LB and Bacillus licheniformis strain WL, at an inoculation concentration of 1.5%, were evaluated using wastewater from blister manure as the medium. This study aimed to determine the optimal combination of yeast and bacillus strains for effective wastewater treatment. The deamination and nitrogen removal efficacy of co-inoculating Candida ethanolica strain JMJ and Bacillus megaterium strain LB at inoculation concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% in wastewater from blister manure was investigated to determine the optimal combination ratio of yeast and bacillus. [Result] When the four yeast strains were individually employed to treat sewage, all demonstrated the capability to remove ammonia. The relative removal rate of ammonia ranged from 17.90% to 75.41% within 6 to 72 hours post-inoculation. When yeast strains are co-cultured with bacillus, the combination of Candida ethanolica JMJ and Bacillus megaterium LB demonstrates superior performance in the removal of ammonia and ammonia nitrogen, exhibiting long-term effectiveness. The relative removal rate of ammonia gas remains at 38.53% - 41.45% within the initial 3 to 6 hours and reaches 100.00% within 12 to 72 hours. The relative removal rate of ammonia nitrogen is maintained between 17.29% and 25.65% over a period of 24 to 72 hours. In terms of both removal efficiency and stability, an inoculation amount of 1.50% outperforms those of 0.50% and 1.00%. [Conclusion] The synergistic application of yeast and bacillus for the ammonia nitrogen treatment of flushing manure wastewater demonstrates superior efficiency compared to the use of yeast alone. This research offers valuable theoretical insights and practical recommendations for the effective management and resource utilization of ammonia nitrogen in flushing manure wastewater.

[Objective] The aim of this study was to understand the core type, virulence genes and pathogenicity of Escherichia coli LPS of faecal origin in diarrhoeic lambs in Ta′e Reclamation Area, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. [Method] Four hundred and fifteen samples of diarrhoeic lambs were collected from Ta′e Reclamation Area, followed by isolation of Escherichia coli using identification medium. Then, the isolates were identified molecularly by amplification of the specific gene phoA of E. coli and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. PCR was used to determine the LPS core type and virulence gene carriage of the isolates. The correlation between LPS core type and virulence gene of the isolates was analyzed by Fisher′s exact test. The pathogenicity of the isolates was determined by mouse infection test. [Result] Seventy-three E. coli strains were isolated and identified from 415 samples with an isolation rate of 17.6% （73/415）. The Seventy-three E. coli LPS core types were mainly R1 （57.53%）, followed by R3 （24.66%）, R4 （10.96%）, K12 （5.48%） and R2 （1.37%）. A total of 13 virulence genes were detected among the 25 virulence genes tested, with higher detection rates for genes such as mat （98.63%）, yijP （91.78%), and ibeB （90.41%）, and lower detection rates for genes irp2 （16.44%）, iucD （9.59%）, and stx1 （2.74%）. No significant correlation was found between LPS core type and virulence genes. In addition, nine randomly selected strains were found to cause diarrhea and death in mice and were highly pathogenic to mice. [Conclusion] The above results indicate that LPS of E. coli from lambs in the Ta′e Reclamation Area is characterized by diverse phenotypes, carries various virulence genes, and has a certain pathogenicity, which should be considered in the production.