[Objective] To isolate probiotic bacteria from swan feces and identify candidate strains for probiotic development and application. [Methods] Eight swan fecal samples were collected from Korla City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Probiotic bacteria were isolated and identified through morphological, biochemical, and sequencing analyses. The biological characteristics of the isolate, including growth curve, acid production capacity, tolerance, antibacterial activity, antibiotic susceptibility, auto-aggregation ability, and surface hydrophobicity, were evaluated. [Results] Bacteriological culture of the eight fecal samples yielded one potential lactic acid bacterium, identified as a Gram-positive, catalase-negative strain. Sequence alignment revealed 100% similarity with Enterococcus hirae from a Philippine bat source, confirming the isolate as E. hirae, designated as strain Hl4. As determined, the isolate exhibited a logarithmic growth phase between 4 and 14 hours; the pH of the bacterial culture stabilized at 4.10, indicating strong acid production capacity; the survival rate exceeded 20.00% after exposure to pH 2.00 and 0.40% bile salts, demonstrating robust tolerance; the auto-aggregation rate was 54.34%, and surface hydrophobicity was 67.07%. Antibacterial assays showed that the cell-free supernatant of the isolate significantly inhibited Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated moderate sensitivity to rifampicin and cefoxitin, and sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, penicillin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol. [Conclusion] The isolated swan-derived E. hirae strain Hl4 exhibits favorable biological characteristics, making it a promising candidate for development as a functional lactic acid bacterium.

[Objective] To investigate the immunogenicity of the gE protein of porcine pseudorabies virus and to prepare murine polyclonal antibodies. [Methods] Bioinformatics software was used to analyze the gE protein of porcine pseudorabies virus, including restriction enzyme sites, transmembrane regions, signal peptides, physicochemical properties, and antigenicity index, to select a gene fragment suitable for expression. After the target gene fragment was amplified by PCR and verified by sequencing, the recombinant plasmid pCold-I-gE was constructed. This plasmid was transformed into BL21 competent cells to obtain recombinant expression bacteria. Following IPTG-induced expression, the recombinant protein was subjected to solubility analysis, identification, and purification. The purified recombinant protein was used to immunize mice for the preparation of polyclonal antibodies. Antibody titers, reactivity with the recombinant protein, and specific binding to the native protein in virus-infected cells were evaluated using indirect ELISA, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assay （IFA）. [Results] The induced recombinant bacteria showed an expected target band at 26.4 kDa. The recombinant protein was predominantly expressed in inclusion bodies and could bind specifically to antibodies in PRV-positive serum, with a single band observed after purification. IFA confirmed that the prepared polyclonal antibodies specifically recognized the gE protein in porcine pseudorabies virus-infected PK-15 cells. The antibody titer reached 1:102,400. [Conclusion] The gE protein of PRV was successfully expressed with good immunogenicity. The prepared murine polyclonal antibodies exhibited high titers and good specificity.

[Objective] To investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall polysaccharides （YPS） on growth performance, serum antioxidant parameters, and immune function in Tan-Hu F₁ crossbred lambs. [Methods] Sixty healthy Tan-Hu F₁ crossbred lambs, approximately 20 days old, were randomly assigned to four groups, with 15 lambs per group, each lamb serving as a replicate. The control group, experimental Group 1, experimental Group 2, and experimental Group 3 were fed pelleted lamb feed supplemented with 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% YPS, respectively. The experimental period lasted 67 days, including a 7-day pre-feeding period and a 60-day formal feeding period. Lambs were weighed at the start and end of the experiment, and blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment to measure serum antioxidant and immune-related parameters. [Results] No significant differences （P>0.05） were observed among groups in initial body weight, final body weight, average daily gain, or average daily feed intake. Regarding serum antioxidant parameters, compared to the control group, experimental Group 1 exhibited significantly higher （P<0.05） activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px）, which were also significantly higher （P<0.05） than those in experimental Groups 2 and 3; total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC） in experimental Group 1 was not significantly different （P>0.05） from the control group but was significantly higher （P<0.05） than in experimental Groups 2 and 3; malondialdehyde （MDA） contents in experimental Group 1 were not significantly different （P>0.05） from the control group but were significantly lower （P<0.05） than in experimental Groups 2 and 3. For immune-related parameters, compared to the control group, immunoglobulin A （IgA） and immunoglobulin G （IgG） levels in experimental Groups 1 and 2 were elevated but not significantly （P>0.05）, while experimental Group 3 showed significant increases （P<0.05）; no significant differences （P>0.05） in IgA or IgG levels were observed among the three experiment groups; serum interferon-γ （IFN-γ） levels in experimental Group 1 were not significantly different （P>0.05） from the control group but were significantly lower （P<0.05） than in experimental Groups 2 and 3; serum interleukin-4 （IL-4） levels in experimental Group 1 were not significantly different （P>0.05） from the control group but were significantly higher （P<0.05） than in experimental Groups 2 and 3; serum interleukin-6 （IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） levels in experimental Group 1 were significantly lower （P<0.05） than in the control group and significantly lower （P<0.05） than in experimental Groups 2 and 3; serum cortisol （COR） levels and diamine oxidase （DAO） activity in experimental Group 1 were not significantly different （P>0.05） from the control group but were significantly lower （P<0.05） than in experimental Groups 2 and 3; no significant differences （P>0.05） in serum D-lactate （D-LA） levels were observed among the control and experimental groups 1, 2 and 3. [Conclusion] Dietary supplementation with an appropriate level of YPS in lactating Tan-Hu F₁ crossbred lambs can enhance antioxidant capacity and immune function, alleviate weaning stress, and improve gut health. A supplementation level of 0.2%-0.4% is recommended.

[Objective] To investigate the adjuvant therapeutic effect of a renal prescription diet on dogs with acute kidney injury （AKI）. [Methods] Eighteen adult dogs weighing approximately 10 kg were randomly divided into three groups （6 dogs per group）: Group A, Group B, and Group C. Dogs in Groups A and B were subcutaneously injected with gentamicin to establish a dog AKI model, while Group C received no modeling treatment. When Groups A and B reached AKI Stage Ⅲ （blood creatinine concentration of 221-439 μmol/L), conventional fluid therapy was initiated. Group A was fed a prescription diet, Group B was fed a regular diet, and Group C was fed the prescription diet. Blood and urine samples of the dogs were collected on days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 post-modeling to measure creatinine （CREA） concentration, blood urea nitrogen （BUN） concentration, blood phosphorus concentration, total protein concentration, albumin （ALB） concentration, hematocrit （HCT）, pH, bicarbonate （HCO₃^-） concentration, urine specific gravity （USG）, and urinary sediment level and other related indicators. [Results] All measured indicators in Group C remained within the normal reference range for dogs. Key renal injury indicators, including creatinine （CREA）, blood urea nitrogen （BUN）, and blood phosphorus concentrations, decreased earlier and to a greater extent in Group A compared to Group B. By day 10 of the feeding experiment, CREA and blood phosphorus concentrations in Group A returned to the normal reference range for dogs and were significantly lower （P<0.05） than those in Group B. On days 6, 8, and 10, pH and bicarbonate （HCO₃^-） concentrations in Group A returned to the normal reference range for dogs and were significantly higher （P<0.05） than those in Group B. On days 8 and 10, USG in Group A was significantly higher （P<0.05）, while the number of casts was significantly lower （P<0.05） than in Group B, indicating earlier and faster recovery of renal function in Group A. Throughout the experiment, ALB and HCT levels in all three groups remained within the normal reference range for dogs. [Conclusion] Compared to a regular diet, the renal prescription diet exhibits a superior adjuvant therapeutic effect on dogs with AKI, providing a reference for its clinical application in companion animals.

[Objective] To investigate the effects of rehydration following drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of Lespedeza davurica[Methods] Seeds of L. davurica. were used as experimental materials and subjected to drought stress simulated by polyethylene glycol （PEG） solutions with water potentials of 0 （control, CK）, -0.1, -0.3, -0.5, and -0.7 MPa for durations of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 14 days, followed by rehydration. The patterns of changes in germination percentage （Gp）, mean germination time （MGT）, germination index （Gi）, seedling vigor index （SVI）, radicle length （RL）, and plumule length （PL） were analyzed. [Results] With increasing PEG water potential and prolonged stress duration, Gp, Gi, SVI, RL, and PL of L. davurica seeds exhibited a declining trend, while MGT showed an increasing trend. Rehydration following short-term （3 days） drought stress at low water potential （-0.1 MPa） promoted seed germination and seedling growth of L. davurica, whereas rehydration after long-term （9-14 days） drought stress at high water potentials （-0.5 and -0.7 MPa） inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of L. davurica. [Conclusion] Seed germination and seedling growth of L. davurica can tolerate drought stress induced by PEG at water potentials below -0.5 MPa for no more than days, provided timely rehydration is applied to effectively mitigate the damage caused by drought stress.

[Objective] To evaluate the effects of different mixing sowing ratios of Avena sativa and Vicia benghalensis on biomass yield and silage quality. [Methods] The experiment was conducted in Sandaoshui Township, Sinan County, Tongren City, Guizhou Province （27°70′N, 108°09′E） using a single-factor completely randomized design. Six treatments were established with A. sativa:V. benghalensis mixing sowing ratios （by mass） of 3:1 （T1）, 4:1 （T2）, 5:1 （T3）, and 6:1 （T4）, sole A. sativa （C1） and sole V. benghalensis （C2）, each with three replicates. After determining biomass yield at the second cutting stage （A. sativa at milk stage, V. benghalensis at initial flowering stage）, samples were collected, sealed in vacuum bags, and stored at room temperature in a dry indoor environment, and silage quality parameters were assessed after 30 days. [Results] The total fresh and dry forage yields were highest in the C1 treatment, but there was no significant difference （P>0.05） compared with the T4 treatment; the dry forage yields of C1 and T4 treatments were significantly higher （P<0.05） than those of other treatments, and their fresh forage yields were significantly higher （P<0.05） than all treatments except T3. Regarding nutritional composition, dry matter （DM） content showed no significant differences （P>0.05） among T1, T2, T3, T4, and C1 treatments, but was significantly lower （P<0.05） than that of C2 treatment; crude fat （EE） content did not differ significantly （P>0.05） among treatments; acid detergent fiber （ADF） content showed no significant differences （P>0.05） among T1, T2, T3, T4, and C1 treatments; water-soluble carbohydrate （WSC） content in T4 treatment was not significantly different （P>0.05） from C1 treatment, but both were significantly higher （P<0.05） than other treatments. For fermentation parameters, pH and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen ratios in T1, T2, T3, and T4 treatments decreased with increasing mixing sowing ratios, while lactic acid and acetic acid contents increased with increasing mixing sowing ratios. Butyric acid was not detected. [Conclusion] Under the experimental conditions, mixing sowing of A. sativa and V. benghalensis enhanced forage nutritional quality and silage fermentation quality, with an optimal mixing sowing ratio of 6:1.

[Objective] To investigate the regulatory effects of water-fertilizer coupling on the growth characteristics, photosynthetic physiology, nutritional quality, and yield of Atriplex canescens, and to provide a basis for its high-quality and high-yield cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions. [Methods] A two-factor split-plot experiment was conducted at the East Science and Technology Park of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. The main plot consisted of four organic fertilizer levels （F0: 0 kg/hm²; F1: 750 kg/hm²; F2: 1,500 kg/hm²; F3: 2,250 kg/hm²）, and the subplots included three irrigation frequencies （W0: 0 times; W1: 3 times; W2: 6 times）, resulting in 12 treatments with three replicates. The irrigation volume was controlled at 2.5 L per plant by pit irrigation. Morphological indicators (plant height, basal diameter, canopy width）, photosynthetic parameters （intercellular CO₂ concentration, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, leaf water use efficiency）, stress-resistance-related physiological indicators in leaves （soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline, malondialdehyde content, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities）, nutritional indicators （crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber content）, and yield were measured. Two-way analysis of variance and multiple comparisons were performed using SPSS 26.0, and principal component analysis （PCA） was employed to comprehensively evaluate the overall effects of different water-fertilizer treatments. [Results] Fertilizer application rate significantly （P<; 0.05） or highly significantly （P<; 0.01） affected all indicators except canopy width, with the F2 treatment showing the optimal effect: plant height and basal diameter increased by 23.56% and 41.26%, respectively, compared to F0; net photosynthetic rate increased by 40.31% compared to F0; crude protein （20.30%） and crude fat （2.48%） contents were the highest; and yield （11,286.63 kg/hm²） increased by 43.16% compared to F0. F3 （excessive fertilization） led to increased proline content, a decrease in crude fat content to 1.98%, and a 12.9% reduction in yield compared to F2. Irrigation frequency had no significant effect （P>; 0.05） on plant height, canopy width, intercellular CO₂ concentration, stomatal conductance, or leaf water use efficiency, but significantly （P<; 0.05) or highly significantly （P<; 0.01） affected the remaining indicators: plant height and basal diameter under F0-F2 increased with higher irrigation frequency, while those under F3 decreased with increased irrigation frequency; no significant differences in morphological indicators were observed between W1 and W2 under the same fertilizer treatment; net photosynthetic rate increased with irrigation frequency across all fertilizer treatments. The F2W2 combination achieved the highest yield （92.1% higher than F0W0） but showed no significant difference compared to F2W1. Water-fertilizer interaction had a highly significant （P<; 0.01） effect on four leaf stress resistance-related physiological indicators （soluble protein content, proline content, superoxide dismutase activity, and catalase activity), but no significant effect on other indicators. Principal component analysis results indicated that F2W1 had the best comprehensive effect, followed by F2W2. [Conclusion] Under the experimental conditions, a moderate fertilizer level （F2: 1,500 kg/hm²） combined with a moderate irrigation frequency （W1: 3 times） was the optimal cultivation model for achieving high-quality and high-yield A. canescens. This model synergistically enhances growth, photosynthetic capacity, nutritional quality, and yield. Excessive fertilization easily induces osmotic stress in A. canescens, which should be avoided in practical production.

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of nitrogen application at different growth stages on the agronomic traits, yield, and nutritional quality of silage maize, and to identify the optimal nitrogen application strategy. [Methods] Under a uniform total topdressing nitrogen rate （300 kg/hm² of urea）, two silage maize cultivars, Dajingjiu 23 and Heyu 9566, were studied. Three nitrogen application treatments were set at different growth stages: N1, a one-time application at the jointing stage; N2, split application at the jointing and big bell stages in a 5:5 ratio; and N3, split application at the jointing, big bell, and silking stages in a 3.3:3.3:3.3 ratio. A no-nitrogen topdressing control （N0） was also included. Agronomic traits were measured at the jointing, big bell, silking, grain filling, milk, and dough stages, while yield and nutritional quality were assessed at the dough stage. Grey relational analysis was employed to evaluate the overall performance of each treatment. [Results] The results showed that, compared with N0, the N3 treatment significantly （P<0.05） improved plant height, stem diameter, number of green leaves, and leaf area across all stages for both cultivars, with ear height at the dough stage also significantly increased. At the milk stage, Dajingjiu 23 under N3 had 4.2% and 1.5% higher plant height and 8.4% and 2.8% greater stem diameter compared with N1 and N2, respectively; Heyu 9566 under N3 showed 6.7% and 4.1% increases in plant height and 15.0% and 5.4% increases in stem diameter compared with N1 and N2, respectively, indicating that triple nitrogen topdressing promoted plant growth and lodging resistance. In terms of yield, both cultivars under N3 had significantly higher fresh and dry biomass than other treatments, with Dajingjiu 23 achieving 109.0 t/hm² fresh and 44.1 t/hm² dry yield, and Heyu 9566 reaching 133.8 t/hm² and 60.4 t/hm², suggesting that N3 facilitated biomass accumulation. In terms of nutritional quality, N3 resulted in relatively higher crude protein and starch contents, lower neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and acid detergent fiber （ADF） contents, and the highest relative feed value （RFV）, indicating improved forage digestibility and palatability. Grey relational analysis showed that both equal-weighted and weighted correlation rankings were consistent, with N3 achieving the highest score for both cultivars, confirming its optimal integrated effects on promoting growth, increasing yield, and improving nutritional quality. [Conclusion] The N3 treatment with three split nitrogen applications can simultaneously optimize the growth and development of silage corn, increase its biological yield, and improve its nutritional quality. It is the optimal nitrogen management scheme for the silage corn varieties Dajingjiu 23 and Heyu 9566, and can provide practical references for nitrogen regulation in the high-yield and high-quality production of silage corn.

[Objective] To screen high-quality grass germplasm resources suitable for Huairen City, Shanxi Province, to enhance grassland productivity and promote ecological restoration. [Methods] This study introduced 10 grass varieties （7 from Poaceae and 3 from Fabaceae） at the Provincial Grass Variety Regional Testing Station at the Science and Technology Service Center of Shanxi Sanggan River Poplar High-Yield Forest Experimental Bureau in Huairen City. Field experiments were conducted to systematically evaluate the growth period, plant height, stem-to-leaf ratio, fresh grass yield, dry grass yield, and dry-to-fresh grass ratio of the 10 grass varieties. Principal component analysis was used for comprehensive evaluation. [Results] All tested grass varieties adapted to the local environment and completed their growth and development cycles. Among the Poaceae, Leymus secalinus cv. Jinbei had a longer growth period, while Leymus chinensis cv. Zhongcao No. 27 had a shorter growth period. Elymus sibiricus cv. Qingmu No.1 exhibited the highest plant height, fresh grass yield, and dry grass yield, which were significantly higher （P<0.05） than those of other Poaceae species. Among the Fabaceae, Lespedeza davurica had a longer growth period, with the highest stem-to-leaf ratio and fresh grass yield; Medicago sativa cv. Aohan had a shorter growth period, with the highest plant height and dry grass yield; and Lespedeza potaninii cv. Tenggeli had the highest dry-to-fresh grass yield ratio. Based on principal component analysis of the six indicators, the ranking of suitability for planting was as follows: for Poaceae, Elymus sibiricus cv. Qingmu No.1>Leymus chinensis cv. Zhongcao No.27>Leymus chinensis cv. Zhongke No.1>Bromus inermis cv. Yuanye>Leymus chinensis cv. Xiwuzhumuqin>Cleistogenes songorica cv. Tenggeli>Leymus secalinus cv. Jinbei; for Fabaceae, Lespedeza davurica > Medicago sativa cv. Aohan>Lespedeza potaninii cv. Tenggeli. [Conclusion] The Poaceae grasses Elymus sibiricus cv. Qingmu No.1, Leymus chinensis cv. Zhongcao No.27, Leymus chinensis cv. Zhongke No.1, and the Fabaceae grass Lespedeza davurica are recommended as superior varieties for ecological restoration and grass industry development in this region.

The dairy cattle breeding industry serves as the foundation and cornerstone of the dairy industry chain, with superior dairy cattle breeds constituting the material basis for dairy industry development. Therefore, vigorously developing the dairy cattle breeding industry is a long-term strategy to promote the development of China′s dairy industry, with far-reaching significance for driving the long-term prosperity of China′s dairy industry. As one of the main production areas for herbivorous livestock in China, the innovative development of the dairy cattle breeding industry in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is particularly critical and urgent. With reference to the national strategies of "Breeding Industry Revitalization" and "Dairy Industry Revitalization" ,the study conducted an in-depth analysis of the current state of the dairy cattle breeding industry in Inner Mongolia to systematically examine the challenges and bottlenecks faced in the dairy cattle breeding industry development. Based on this analysis, a series of innovative development strategies were proposed, including short-term and long-term objectives, along with corresponding countermeasures and recommendations, with a particular emphasis on the core research directions for the development of the dairy cattle breeding industry, thereby providing robust decision-making support and a scientific basis for the further development of the dairy cattle breeding industry in Inner Mongolia.

[Objective] To analyze the impact of camel farmers′ participation in cooperatives on their income levels in Alxa League, Inner Mongolia, and to provide a reference for deeply promoting the transformation and upgrading of the livestock industry in the region. [Methods] Using camel farmers in Alxa League as the research subjects, data from 203 camel farming households were collected through online surveys conducted between 2022 and 2023. A multiple regression model was constructed, and propensity score matching was employed to conduct a series of empirical analyses and tests to explore the impact of camel farmers′ participation in livestock cooperatives on their income levels. [Results] The empirical study found that camel farmers participating in livestock cooperatives had an average increase in per capita household total income of 22,732 yuan compared to those who did not participate. Specifically, per capita wage income increased by 4,075 yuan, per capita operating income increased by 16,857 yuan, and per capita transfer income increased by 1,800 yuan. [Conclusion] Participation in livestock cooperatives has a positive effect on increasing the income of camel farmers in Alxa League, contributing to the enhancement of total household income through increases in per capita operating income, wage income, and transfer income. To leverage the role of livestock cooperatives in boosting farmers′ and herders′ income, the following policy recommendations are proposed: First, the government and livestock cooperatives should adopt multiple measures to stimulate farmers′ and herders′ enthusiasm for participating in cooperatives, establish a comprehensive system to protect members′ rights and interests, and maximize the benefits for participating members. Second, cooperatives should develop systematic training programs and implement customized training to meet the personalized needs of members. Finally, an information-sharing platform should be established to assist farmers and herders in accessing market, policy, and technological information, supporting independent brand development, enhancing product value, expanding market scale, and increasing income.

[Objective] To explore the estimation of genetic parameters of reproductive traits and environmental influencing factors in Booroola Merino sheep, to analyze the genetic patterns of reproductive traits in polytocous sheep, and to provide a basis for the selection and breeding of polytocous lines of Booroola Merino sheep. [Methods] Booroola Merino sheep from a commercial company were used as the research subject, and their reproductive traits were subjected to genetic parameter estimation and model selection. A total of 2,048 phenotypic data of reproductive traits were collected, covering average birth weight per litter （ABW）, total birth weight per litter （TBW）, gestation days （GD）, number of lambs born per litter （NLF）, and number of lambs born alive per litter （NSLF）. The GLM procedure of SAS 9.2 software was used to analyze the fixed effects of lambing year, lambing season, ewe age, lambing type, and farm/flock. Based on the ASReml-R package of R software, four different single-trait animal models were fitted [Model 1: y=Xb+Z₁a+e; Model 2: y=Xb+Z₁a+Z₂m+e; Model 3: y=Xb+Z₁a+Z₂m+Z₃c+e （δa,m=0）; Model 4: y=Xb+Z₁a+Z₂m+Z₃c+e（δa,m≠0）], the genetic parameters of reproductive traits were estimated, and the optimal model for genetic evaluation was screened by Akaike information criterion （AIC）, Bayesian information criterion （BIC）, and likelihood ratio test. [Results] Ewe age, lambing year, lambing season, farm/flock, and lambing type significantly influenced ABW, TBW, GD, NLF, and NSLF to varying degrees. Direct heritability estimates for these traits ranged from 0.010 to 0.174. Model 4 was identified as the optimal model for evaluating ABW, GD, and NLF, while Model 3 was the optimal model for evaluating TBW and NSLF. [Conclusion] Reproductive traits of Booroola Merino sheep are significantly influenced by environmental factors, with permanent environmental effects playing a non-negligible role in sheep reproduction studies. These findings provide important support for the selection and breeding of low-heritability reproductive traits in Multi-fetal Fine-wool sheep, facilitating the development of more scientific breeding strategies to enhance sheep reproductive performance in practical farming.

The cryopreservation of livestock semen has reached a mature stage of development since the 20th century and has been deeply integrated with modern technologies such as artificial intelligence, serving as a crucial support for advancing the modernization and efficiency of livestock reproduction and meeting the demands for livestock products. This technology is particularly valuable for preserving precious genetic resources, promoting the utilization of superior breeds, and facilitating cross-regional exchange. However, oxidative stress injuries induced by the freeze-thaw process, such as the excessive reactive oxygen species production and weakened antioxidant defenses, lead to thinning and damage of the sperm plasma membrane, acrosome impairment, and DNA integrity disruption. These effects significantly impair the quality and fertilization potential of thawed semen, and widespread application of cryopreservation technology, thereby hindering the dissemination of superior breeding stock and the sustainable development of animal husbandry. This review systematically evaluates the effects of resveratrol in improving key quality parameters of frozen-thawed semen, including sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome status, and DNA stability. It further explores its core mechanism of action, including a significant reduction of reactive oxygen species levels, effective inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and enhancement of endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity in sperm. Additionally, the application characteristics of resveratrol, particularly its concentration-dependent effects and potential synergistic interactions, are analyzed. This review aims to elucidate the antioxidant mechanisms and application value of resveratrol in semen cryopreservation, optimize the concentration of resveratrol in cryoprotective media, and explore synergistic strategies to enhance the efficacy of livestock semen cryopreservation, thereby improving genetic resource preservation and utilization, and promoting the sustainable development of animal husbandry.

With the acceleration of large-scale livestock and poultry farming in China, the concept of "prevention first" among livestock and poultry producers has placed higher demands on scientific disinfection practices. The scientific selection of chemical disinfectants and optimization of disinfection strategies have become critical for disease prevention and control. In this context, this paper systematically reviews the types, mechanisms of action, application methods, and development of novel chemical disinfectants commonly used in livestock and poultry, with particular focuses on summarizing the factors influencing disinfection efficacy, such as environmental temperature, pH, and organic matter load, aiming to provide a reference for the scientific selection and application of chemical disinfectants in livestock and poultry producers.

Getah virus （GETV） is a significant zoonotic pathogen transmitted by mosquitoes, capable of infecting humans and various animals, and causing systemic symptoms. With the increasing frequency of animal migration and the deepening of international exchanges worldwide, the geographical spread of GETV has been continuously expanding. This has not only resulted in substantial economic losses in pig farms across multiple provinces in China but also heightened the risk of human infection. This paper provides a comprehensive review of domestic and international research on GETV, covering its historical distribution characteristics, pathogenic characteristics, molecular genetic evolution, epidemiological patterns, laboratory diagnosis, and vaccine development. Furthermore, it highlights future research directions, including studying on viral pathogenesis in depth, enhancing vaccine development and application, improving surveillance and early warning systems, and promoting interdisciplinary research and collaboration. To raise awareness among veterinary authorities and public health institutions of the economic impact and potential public health threat posed by GETV, and to provide a reference for developing effective GETV prevention and control strategies.

[Objective] To investigate the dynamic changes in antibody levels and bacterial shedding in Simmental calves following vaccination with the Brucella A19 vaccine. [Methods] Sixty 3-month-old Brucella antibody-negative calves were selected, with 30 calves subcutaneously vaccinated with the A19 vaccine and the other 30 injected with an equal volume of physiological saline as a control. A total of 960 serum samples were collected from both the experimental and control groups 1 day before immunization and on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 21, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168, 196, 224, and 260 post-immunization. Antibody levels of the calves were dynamically monitored using the Rose Bengal Plate Test （RBT）, Standard Tube Agglutination Test （SAT）, Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay （cELISA）, and Brucellosis Fluorescence Polarization Assay （FPA）. Additionally, fluorescence quantitative PCR was employed to detect Brucella nucleic acid in blood samples. The health status of the calves was closely monitored and recorded during a 7-day observation period following A19 vaccination. [Results] Within 6 days after the initial vaccination, Brucella nucleic acid was detectable in the blood of vaccinated calves, but no Brucella nucleic acid was detected beyond 6 days. Five calves in the experimental group exhibited mild symptoms such as elevated body temperature and reduced appetite after vaccination, which resolved spontaneously within 72 hours. From days 2 to 21 post-vaccination, the Brucella antibody-positive detection rate in calves gradually increased, with cELISA and FPA achieving a 100% detection rate on day 14. On day 28, the antibody-positive detection rate reached 100% across all four detection methods. Over time, the antibody-positive detection rate gradually declined, and on day 260, the positive detection rate of Brucella antibodies in the calves in the experimental group decreased to 0. [Conclusion] The A19 vaccine demonstrates highly safe. After the first vaccination, bacteremia induced by Brucella A19 vaccine strain in calves is of short duration, and the vaccine rapidly stimulates antibody production in the calves, with the antibody-positive detection rate exhibiting a trend of initial increase followed by a decrease.

[Objective] To investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from animal sources in Jilin Province. [Methods] A total of 400 samples were collected from large-scale layer chicken farms, pig farms, and dairy cow farms across eight prefecture-level cities and one autonomous prefecture in Jilin Province. Bacterial isolation and purification were performed, followed by identification using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry （MALDI-TOF MS） and susceptibility to 18 antibiotics was tested using the broth microdilution method. [Results] A total of 87 E. faecalis strains were isolated, with an overall isolation rate of 21.75% （87/400）. Specifically, 43 strains were isolated from chickens （isolation rate：30.71%, 43/140）, 33 from pigs （isolation rate：20.63%, 33/160）, and 11 from dairy cows （isolation rate： 11.00%, 11/100）. Chicken-derived E. faecalis exhibited resistance rates exceeding 80% to cefoxitin, clindamycin, ceftiofur, tiamulin, tilmicosin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and oxacillin. Pig-derived E. faecalis showed resistance rates above 80% to cefoxitin, clindamycin, ceftiofur, tiamulin, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxacillin, gentamicin, and tilmicosin. Dairy cow-derived E. faecalis displayed a 100% resistance rate to tilmicosin, while resistance to other Antimicrobial （except gentamicin） was below 10.00%. Overall, the multidrug resistance rate was 85.07%, with resistance to 9 drugs being the most prevalent, accounting for 26.87% of isolates. [Conclusion] The resistance rates of E. faecalis from layer and pig farms in Jilin Province are high, with severe multidrug resistance observed.