[Objective] To investigate the contamination characteristics of ESKAPE pathogens and the mobilized colistin resistance gene （mcr gene） in pig farm wastewater surrounding Poyang Lake. [Methods] Nineteen wastewater samples were collected from 11 pig farms near Poyang Lake. Metagenomic sequencing technology was used to determine the relative abundance of ESKAPE pathogens and mcr genes, followed by Pearson correlation analysis. [Results] A total of 26 types of mcr genes and mutants were detected in the 19 wastewater samples, with 8 to 19 types detected per sample; five ESKAPE pathogens were detected, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterococcus faecium. Comparing the removal rates of mcr genes before and after wastewater treatment showed that 12 types of mcr genes decreased in all farms where removal rates could be calculated （removal rates 56.0%-100%） and 12 other genes （excluding mcr-4.3 and mcr-3.6） decreased in some farms but increased in others （increase rates 22.2%-8,500.0%）. Both P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae showed a significant positive correlation with the mcr-2 and mcr-3 genes （P<0.05）. [Conclusion] ESKAPE pathogens and mcr gene contamination are present in pig farm wastewater surrounding Poyang Lake, and Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens may carry mcr genes. The existing wastewater treatment methods are insufficient to effectively remove mcr genes, thereby increasing the environmental health risks associated with pig farm wastewater. The findings provide a reference for strengthening manure management at pig farms near Poyang Lake and improving the quality of the farming ecological environment.

[Objective] This study aimed to clarify the effects of mixed ensiling of fresh corn stover and vegetable soybean straw on feed quality and in vitro digestibility, and to screen for the optimal mixing ratio. [Methods] Using ′Zhengyuan Nuo 432′ fresh corn stover and ′Zhexian 86′ vegetable soybean straw as raw materials, seven treatments were designed based on the fresh weight ratio of fresh corn stover∶vegetable soybean straw as 0∶1 （A1）, 1∶3 （A2）, 2∶3 （A3）, 1∶1 （A4）, 3∶2 （A5）, 3∶1 （A6）, and 1∶0 （A7）. A 60-day ensiling trial was conducted an experiment. The effects of different mixing ratios on silage feed quality were comprehensively evaluated using sensory evaluation, nutritional component analysis, fermentation quality analysis, in vitro digestibility determination, and correlation analysis of the indicators, along with the Entropy Weight-TOPSIS method. [Results] In the sensory evaluation, treatments A3, A4, A5, and A6 were rated as excellent, exhibiting an aromatic odor, intact structure, and good color retention, while A1, A2, and A7 were rated as good. Regarding nutritional components, the crude protein （CP） content significantly increased as the proportion of vegetable soybean straw increased （P<0.05）, while the water soluble carbohydrate （WSC） and neutral detergent fiber （NDF） contents significantly increased as the proportion of fresh corn stover increased （P<0.05）; no significant differences were observed in dry matter （DM） and acid detergent fiber （ADF） contents among all treatments （P>0.05）. In terms of fermentation quality, lactic acid （LA） content significantly increased with the elevation in fresh corn stover proportion （P<0.05）; acetic acid （AA）, butyric acid （BA）, and ammoniacal nitrogen （NH₃-N） contents first decreased and then increased with the increase in fresh corn stover proportion; treatments A5 and A6 exhibited higher LA content and lower BA and NH₃-N contents; the pH values did not significantly differ among treatments （P>0.05）. Regarding in vitro digestibility, the in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility （IVNDFD） significantly decreased with the increase in fresh corn stover proportion （P<0.05）; the in vitro dry matter digestibility （IVDMD） of the mixed silage groups was significantly higher than that of the single fresh corn stover silage group （A7） （P<0.05）. Correlation analysis showed that CP was highly significantly positively correlated with IVNDFD and IVDMD （P<0.01）, and highly significantly negatively correlated with WSC （P<0.01）. ADF was highly significantly positively correlated with AA, BA, NH₃-N, and pH （P<0.01） and highly significantly negatively correlated with WSC, LA and IVDMD （P<0.01）, and highly significantly negatively correlated with IVNDFD （P<0.01）. WSC was highly significantly positively correlated with LA and IVDMD （P<0.01）, and highly significantly negatively correlated with AA, BA, NH₃-N, and pH （P<0.01）. IVNDFD was highly significantly positively correlated with IVDMD （P<0.01）. The comprehensive evaluation using the Entropy Weight-TOPSIS method indicated that the A5 treatment group （fresh corn stover∶vegetable soybean straw=3∶2） achieved the highest comprehensive score （0.45） and ranked first. [Conclusion] When fresh corn stover and vegetable soybean straw were mixed and ensiled at a fresh weight ratio of 3∶2, the feed quality was optimal, and the in vitro digestibility was relatively high. The observed correlations between indicators revealed the intrinsic links among raw material nutritional characteristics, fermentation process, and digestion utilization efficiency, providing a scientific basis for the feed utilization of these straw resources.

[Objective] To investigate the application of near-infrared spectroscopy technology in the analysis of amino acids in total mixed rations （TMR）, aiming to meet the market demand for rapid and non-destructive detection of TMR nutritional components. [Methods] Near-infrared spectroscopy technology combined with partial least squares （PLS） regression was utilized to establish near-infrared spectroscopy prediction models for the content of 17 amino acids, crude protein （CP）, and dry matter （DM） using 282 dairy cow TMR samples collected from Ningxia, Yunnan, Beijing, Heilongjiang, and Inner Mongolia. [Results] The coefficients of determination for the validation set （Rp²） for arginine （ARG）, aspartic acid （ASP）, cysteine （CYS）, glutamic acid （GLU）, glycine （GLY）, histidine （HIS）, isoleucine （ILE）, leucine （LEU）, lysine （LYS）, phenylalanine （PHE）, serine （SER）, threonine （THR）, tyrosine （TYR）, valine （VAL）, crude protein （CP）, and dry matter （DM） were 0.733, 0.820, 0.852, 0.920, 0.888, 0.726, 0.880, 0.877, 0.900, 0.815, 0.865, 0.824, 0.807, 0.809, 0.906, and 0.905, respectively, all greater than 0.64; the standard error of prediction （SEP） and systematic bias （Bias） for the validation set were all less than 0.48. The relative prediction deviation （RPD） ranged from 2.072 to 3.564. The Rp² for methionine （MET）, proline （PRO）, and alanine （ALA） were 0.584, 0.507, and 0.314, respectively, all less than 0.64; their RPD values were below 1.75. [Conclusion] The established models in this study satisfy the requirements for prediction accuracy for routine analysis of most of the above nutritional components analyzed （ASP, CYS, GLU, GLY, ILE, LEU, LYS, PHE, SER, THR, ARG, HIS, TYR, VAL, CP, DM）. The models for certain amino acids （MET, PRO, ALA） require further improvement in sensitivity by optimizing the spectral feature extraction algorithm or expanding the sample size.

Lactobacillus johnsonii is a probiotic widely used in food products with unquestionable safety. In recent years, research and application of L. johnsonii in livestock, poultry, and other farm animals have become increasingly in-depth and extensive. However, it lacks spores and shows poor temperature tolerance, which makes it highly susceptible to losing biological activity during high-temperature pelleting processes, especially when used as a feed additive. Meanwhile, factors such as the underdeveloped fermentation production process and the need for different formulations for different application scenarios of products restrict its industrial application. Additionally, as a feed probiotic, current research on L. johnsonii remains largely at the macroscopic level, and the mechanisms underlying its effects on improving animal performance are not yet fully elucidated. This review systematically summarizes L. johnsonii with respect to strain isolation and identification, adaptation to the animal digestive tract environment, biological functional characteristics, application in animal husbandry, and production technology and product forms, with the aim of providing a reference for exploring the feed value of L. johnsonii and promoting its large-scale application in the livestock industry.

Feed nutritional bioactive substances refer to a class of natural or synthetic trace components that possess specific biological activities, exert physiological effects on the animal body, and improve feed utilization efficiency. These substances not only promote animal growth and enhance productive performance but also strengthen reproductive capacity and immune function. This review outlines the common categories of feed nutritional bioactive substances, as well as the sources and physicochemical properties of different feed nutritional bioactive substances and explores their major functions and mechanisms of action within the animal body, with particular emphasis on discussing the research progress regarding the application of feed nutritional bioactive substances in dairy animals, and analyzing the effects of feed nutritional bioactive substances on lactation, reproduction, growth performance, and product quality during the application process. Furthermore, the application prospects of feed nutritional bioactive substances in dairy farming are analyzed, emphasizing the importance of further in-depth research into their mechanisms of action and the optimization of application protocols to achieve efficient, healthy, and sustainable development in the dairy industry.

The hair follicle is the basis for hair growth and an important component of the skin. Its development is regulated by the synergistic effects of multiple factors. The development of the hair follicle and its cyclical phases-anagen, catagen, and telogen-are precisely regulated by non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs （miRNAs）. miRNAs influence the normal development and regeneration of hair follicles by interacting with various signaling pathways and target genes, thereby modulating the dynamic balance among cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. This review elaborates on the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in animal hair follicle development and discusses their role in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of related cells, with the aim of providing a reference for improving fiber quality.

[Objective] To investigate the effects of applying different types of fertilizers on the production performance of Medicago sativa in the Xianyang region, providing theoretical reference and practical basis for the efficient cultivation and utilization of local M. sativa. [Methods] M. sativa in the Xianyang region was used as the test material, and a completely randomized block design was adopted with four treatments: urea （N≥46.4%, application rate 90 kg/hm²）, biochar-based fertilizer （N-P₂O₅-K₂O content 10%-13%-13%, C nutrient conten 20.0%, total nutrients≥36.0%, application rate 750 kg/hm²）, traditional Chinese medicine fertilizer （N-P₂O₅-K₂O≥100 g/L, irrigated with a 600-fold dilution）, and a no-fertilizer treatment as the control （CK）. Each treatment had three replicates. The effects of the different fertilization treatments on M. sativa growth characteristics were comprehensively analyzed by systematically measuring indicators including plant height, basal stem diameter, relative chlorophyll content （SPAD value）, leaf nitrogen content, and fresh forage yield. [Results] All three fertilizer treatments significantly （P<0.05） increased M. sativa plant height, basal stem diameter, nitrogen content, and fresh forage yield. The biochar-based fertilizer and traditional Chinese medicine fertilizer treatments significantly （P<0.05） increased the relative chlorophyll content, while the urea treatment did not significantly（P>0.05） increase in the relative chlorophyll content. Specifically, the traditional Chinese medicine fertilizer treatment yielded the best results for plant height and basal stem diameter; the biochar-based fertilizer treatment resulted in the highest relative chlorophyll content and nitrogen content; and the fresh forage yield followed the order: biochar-based fertilizer treatment group>Urea treatment group>traditional Chinese medicine fertilizer treatment group. Comprehensive analysis using the membership function showed that the overall improvement effect of the treatments on M. sativa followed the ranking: biochar-based fertilizer treatment group>traditional Chinese medicine fertilizer treatment group>urea treatment group>control group. Among them, the biochar-based fertilizer demonstrated the best performance in promoting M. sativa growth, nutrient accumulation, and yield increase. [Conclusion] The biochar-based fertilizer provides the optimal comprehensive improvement effect on M. sativa growth, nutrient accumulation, and yield, making it the preferred fertilizer for promoting M. sativa growth under the conditions of this experiment.

[Objective] To explore the effectiveness of different combinations of improvement measures for salinized-alkalized land in the Inner Mongolia region and provide a reference for the rehabilitation and utilization of salinized-alkalized grassland. [Methods] The study was conducted in a severely salinized-alkalized grassland in Sulide Sumu, Uxin Banner, Ordos City. Six treatment groups and one control group （CK） were established. The treatment groups included: No-till reseeding with Rumex proteingrass （SM）, No-till reseeding with mixed forage grasses （HM）, Deep tillage with straw application and planting with Rumex proteingrass （SN）, Deep tillage with humic acid application and planting with Rumex proteingrass （SF）, Deep tillage with straw application and planting with mixed forage grasses （HN）, and Deep tillage with humic acid application and planting with mixed forage grasses （HF）. Vegetation community height, coverage, above-ground biomass, and species importance value from 2021 to 2023, as well as soil pH and total salt content in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers were measured in 2021 and 2023. [Results] ①Community characteristics: Treatments involving deep tillage combined with humic acid or straw （SF, SN, HF, HN） significantly （P<0.05） increased community height and above-ground biomass compared to the control group. In 2023, the HN treatment showed the highest community height （113.1 cm） and above-ground biomass （309.8 g/m²）; community coverage varied across different years, with the HN treatment reaching 75% coverage in 2023, which was significantly （P<0.05） higher than the control. Species importance value results showed that Rumex proteingrass had poor adaptability and disappeared from the community after three years, while the mixed grass Puccinellia distans gradually became the dominant species in the HF and HN treatments （with the spelies value reaching up to 0.95）. ②Soil characteristics: Compared to 2021, the soil pH in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers of the SF, SN, HF, and HN treatments was significantly （P<0.05） reduced in 2023; the total salt content in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers of the SF and HF treatments was also significantly （P<0.05） decreased in 2023. [Conclusion] For the improvement of severely salinized-alkalized grassland, the combination of deep tillage with humic acid/straw application and planting mixed forage grasses （especially HN and HF treatments） is optimal. This combination not only significantly improves soil physical and chemical properties but also enhances vegetation community height, coverage, and productivity. Furthermore, the mixed species demonstrate strong adaptability and high community stability, supporting the sustainable utilization of salinized-alkalized grassland.

[Objective] To explore the effects of microbial fertilizers on the soil physicochemical properties and vegetation community characteristics of degraded grasslands with different soil types. [Methods] Three typical degraded soil types （sandy loam, sandy soil, and chestnut soil） in the Hulunbuir Grassland were selected as research objects. Three microbial fertilizer treatments （T1: Soil Remediation Microbial Agent+Root and Leaf Protection Agent produced by Shandong Zhongnong Fuyuan; T2: Soil Remediation Microbial Agent+Chelated Water-Soluble Fertilizer produced by Wodifeng Biofertilizer; T3: Soil Remediation Microbial Agent+Hugen 120 produced by Lihaoyuan Biology） and a control group （CK） were established. A two-year field experiment was conducted to analyze their effects on soil physicochemical properties and vegetation community characteristics. [Results] ①In terms of vegetation community characteristics: compared to the control group, the T3 treatment significantly increased the vegetation coverage in sandy loam and sandy soil by 48.5% and 40.5%, respectively （P<0.05）, and increased hay yield by 59.0% and 74.11%; for the chestnut soil, the T2 treatment exhibited the best effect, significantly increasing coverage and yield by 9.7% and 49.9% compared to CK （P<0.05）. ②In terms of soil physicochemical properties: the pH value showed a decreasing trend in all treatment groups, among which T2 treatment had the most significant improvement effect on sandy loam and sandy soil, while T1 treatment showed the most notable improvement effect on chestnut soil; meanwhile, the T3 treatment increased the organic matter content in sandy loam by 2.03 times, and the T2 treatment increased the available potassium content in sandy soil to 116.07 mg/kg （5.3 times higher than CK）. [Conclusion] The effects of microbial fertilizers on the soil physicochemical properties and vegetation community characteristics of degraded grasslands vary significantly across different soil types. Fertilizers containing trace elements such as silicon and calcium （e.g., T3） show more significant improvement effects on sandy grasslands, while fulvic acid-type microbial fertilizers （e.g., T1, T2） are more suitable for application in chestnut soil （slightly saline-alkaline） grasslands. The results provide a reference for the precise ecological restoration of degraded grasslands with different soil types.

Muscle tissue from livestock such as cattle, sheep, and pigs possesses excellent nutritional value and desirable eating characteristics, making it one of the most important sources of animal protein for humans. However, how to further enhance the meat quality of these livestock remains a focal point for researchers and practitioners in the animal husbandry industry. Livestock muscle tissue is composed of different types of muscle fibers, and the muscle fiber type and its dynamic transformation processes significantly affect the meat's texture, flavor characteristics, and nutritional composition. Muscle fiber transformation is a complex biological process synergistically regulated by multiple factors, including genetics, nutrition, and environment. Therefore, an in-depth exploration of the composition characteristics and transformation mechanisms of livestock muscle fibers, and their effects on meat quality, holds significant theoretical importance. This review aims to systematically elaborate on the research progress regarding the muscle fiber types and their transformation mechanisms in livestock, providing a scientific basis for the improvement of meat quality.

[Objective] To determine the detection parameters for the nutritional composition of muscle from Erlang Shan cashmere goats in Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, providing fundamental data for breed characteristic identification and quality control. [Methods] A total of 92 longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris samples were collected from Erlang Shan cashmere goats and sheep from both within and outside the region. The contents of four proximate nutrients-protein, fat, moisture, and ash-were measured. Statistical comparison and cluster analysis were performed using descriptive statistics and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） methods. [Results] In Erlang Shan cashmere goat muscle, protein content was （21.09±3.56） g/100 g, fat content （3.69±2.35） g/100 g, moisture content （73.89±3.77） g/100 g, and ash content （1.45±0.59） g/100 g. Except for moisture, the content of all other nutrients was higher than those listed for the corresponding muscle parts in the China Food Composition Table 2019. Specifically, the protein content in Erlang Shan cashmere goat muscle was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in Gobi Mongolian sheep, and the fat content was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in local stall-fed small-tailed Han sheep. One-tail estimate indicated that over 16% of Erlang Shan cashmere goat meat did not meet the protein content requirement of ≥20% of Erlang Shan cashmere goat meat specified in the "Nei Meng Gu Brand" certification requirements of livestock products-Erlang Shan goats meat （T/NMSP MZB02.22—2023）. The OPLS-DA results showed a clear clustering and separation trend among samples from different origins, different parts, and breed lines, enabling effective discrimination of breed, origin, and muscle part. [Conclusion] This study successfully obtained the detection parameters for the proximate nutrients in Erlang Shan cashmere goat muscle. The muscle is characterized by high protein content, adequate moisture, and suitable fat content. The results provide a scientific reference for the quality assessment and control of Erlang Shan cashmere goat meat.

With the rapid development of agriculture and animal husbandry, the treatment and utilization of organic wastes, such as livestock and poultry manure and crop straw, have become significant environmental and resource challenges. Composting, as an efficient and economic treatment method, not only reduces environmental pollution but also converts organic wastes into valuable organic fertilizer. Aerobic composting is the primary method of composting, which promotes the biodegradation of organic matter through the metabolic activities of aerobic microorganisms, with the high temperatures generated during fermentation process eliminating insect eggs, pathogenic organisms, and weed seeds, thereby facilitating the humification and harmlessness of the compost, and ultimately producing a green organic fertilizer. This review summarizes the key factors affecting the efficiency of aerobic composting, including parameters such as carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, moisture content, oxygen content, pH value, temperature, and fermentation microorganisms, with the aim of clarifying the regulatory mechanisms of these factors on composting efficiency and providing a reference for relevant research and practice in this field.

Based on an extensive review of the literature, the distribution patterns of Camelidae animals were summarized. Further data collation and systematic analysis of the development history, breed standards, and current population distribution of the Bactrian camel in China revealed that the geographical range of the core distribution area of Bactrian camels has changed little from historical times to the present. Current breed standards remain incomplete, and Bactrian camels in Inner Mongolia are mainly distributed in semi-desert and desert regions. The behavioral characteristics of the Bactrian camel are well adapted to desert ecological environments, exerting direct impacts on vegetation distribution in desert steppes and on the habitats of small animals, making it an ecologically friendly livestock species. An analysis of the population distribution patterns of Bactrian camels in Inner Mongolia from 1986 to 2023 (nearly 40 years) and their interspecies population relationships with cattle, horses, and sheep revealed that the Bactrian camel population exhibited a "U"-shaped trend. In the core production area (Alxa League), the number of Bactrian camels showed a positive correlation with the number of cattle and horses, but a negative correlation with the number of sheep. Meanwhile, an analysis of the correlation between demographic and economic factors and camel population size indicated that the Bactrian camel population is closely related to the disposable income of agricultural and pastoral areas, and negatively correlated with the population in the core production area. The above-mentioned patterns of population changes in camels, interspecies population relationships with other livestock, and correlations with demographic and economic factors provide new solutions for ecological management of grassland desertification caused by overgrazing. Combining the ecological and economic value of the Bactrian camel in arid regions, it is urged that relevant authorities give priority to strengthening systematic research and the conservation and utilization of this excellent livestock species.

Global climate warming, combined with modern large-scale and high-density intensive farming systems, has considerably broadened the scope and intensified the severity of the adverse effects of heat stress. Heat stress has become one of the most critical stress factors that urgently require attention in livestock and poultry production, and exert negative impacts on production performance, reproductive performance, and immune function, thereby resulting in decreased feed intake, retarded growth, reproductive disorders, reduced immunity, and other associated problems. Natural plants and their extracts contain a variety of bioactive components （e.g., polyphenols and polysaccharides） that can alleviate heat stress-induced damage through mechanisms, including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, free radical scavenging, immune regulation, and improvement of intestinal function. This review introduces the alleviating effects of several individual natural plants （e.g., Viola yedoensis, Momordica charantia seedlings, Moringa oleifera leaves, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, and Schisandra chinensis） and traditional Chinese herbal compound formulations （e.g., Huanglian Jiedu Powder and Qinzhu Xianling Powder） on heat stress in livestock and poultry. Particular emphasis is placed on the specific applications and mechanisms of action of plant extracts such as Scutellaria baicalensis extract, Mentha haplocalyx extract, and resveratrol, with the aim of providing a valuable reference for the effective management of heat stress in modern animal husbandry.