Abstract: In order to explore the effects of rotation and fallow on soil volumetric moisture content and crop yield in the West of the Great Khingan, the experiment on the different rotation model with wheat and rape was carried out in the Tenihe experiment station in 2017. The results showed thai the soil volumelric moisture and water use efficiency of comfield and rape field under rotation in fallow mode at difterent growth stages were much greater than that of continuous cropping, and the number of spike and number of kernels of wheat and effective pod number per plant and seed number per pod of rapeseed also showed fallow〉rotation〉continnous cropping. The yield of wheat and rape in the following year after fallow, and the yield reached 4 670.17 kg/hm^2 and 3 296.20 kg/hm^2, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of the control continuous cropping wheat and rape and rape-wheat and wheat-rape rotation patterns.