畜牧与饲料科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (2): 117-122.doi: 10.12160/j.issn.1672-5190.2025.02.014

• 动物疾病防控 • 上一篇    下一篇

2023年新疆某规模奶牛养殖场疾病调研分析

卫丁一1,2, 朱琳1,2, 韩俊成1,2, 彭斌1,2, 胡世雄1,2, 尼鲁帕尔1,2, 王利敏1,2, 王彦斌1,2, 戴小华1,2, 王夕虎3   

  1. 1.新疆农业大学动物医学学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052;
    2.新疆草食动物新药研究与创制重点实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052;
    3.新疆呼图壁种牛场有限公司,新疆 昌吉回族自治州 831203
  • 收稿日期:2024-12-26 发布日期:2025-07-09
  • 通讯作者: 戴小华(1976—),女,副教授,博士,博士生导师,主要研究方向为天然产物功能。王夕虎(1986—),男,高级畜牧师,主要研究方向为奶牛营养代谢。
  • 作者简介:卫丁一(2003—),男,所学专业为动物药学。朱琳(1993—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为兽医药理学与毒理学。
  • 基金资助:
    新疆维吾尔自治区“三农”骨干人才培养项目(2024SNGGNT064); 新疆维吾尔自治区区域协同创新专项(科技援疆计划)(2022E02014); 新疆现代农业技术体系——奶产业技术体系专项经费资助(XJARS-11)

Epidemiological Investigation and Analysis of Diseases in a Large-Scale Dairy Farm in Xinjiang in 2023

WEI Dingyi1,2, ZHU Lin1,2, HAN Juncheng1,2, PENG Bin1,2, HU Shixiong1,2, Nilupaer1,2, WANG Limin1,2, WANG Yanbin1,2, DAI Xiaohua1,2, WANG Xihu3   

  1. 1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052;
    2. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Study and Creation for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi 830052;
    3. Xinjiang Hutubi Breeding Cattle Farm Co., Ltd., Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture 831203
  • Received:2024-12-26 Published:2025-07-09

摘要: [目的]分析2023年新疆维吾尔自治区昌吉回族自治州某规模化奶牛养殖场主要疾病的发病规律,为制定针对性的防控措施提供依据。[方法]利用阿菲金牧场管理系统提取该规模化奶牛养殖场3 747头中国荷斯坦奶牛2023年1—12月乳腺疾病、肢蹄病、繁殖类疾病、消化道疾病和代谢类疾病的诊疗记录,结合实地考察与访谈,对各类疾病在总病例中的占比、月度发病规律以及具体疾病类型的分布特征进行描述性统计分析。[结果]2023年共出现2 895例病例,其中消化道疾病占比最高,达到40.45%,为最常见的健康问题;其次为乳腺疾病(23.63%)、肢蹄病(19.03%)、繁殖类疾病(15.72%);代谢类疾病占比最低(1.17%)。5—6月为发病高峰期,消化道疾病的单月峰值达到220例。在乳腺疾病中,临床乳房炎占52.63%,隐性乳房炎占26.75%;在消化道疾病中,前胃弛缓占38.00%,肠炎与腹泻分别占29.04%和22.89%;在肢蹄病中,72.96%为蹄病,且春季发病率明显升高;繁殖类疾病主要表现为流产(29.01%)和胎衣不下(25.05%);代谢类疾病中,酸中毒(47.06%)和酮病(35.29%)占比较高。[结论]消化道疾病和乳腺疾病是影响该养殖场奶牛健康的主要问题,且消化道疾病具有明显的季节性发病特征。建议该规模化奶牛养殖场建立以环境改善和营养调控为核心的综合防控体系,重点加强卧床管理、蹄部护理和繁殖监测,并通过数字化管理系统实现疾病预警。

关键词: 奶牛, 疾病调研, 发病规律, 疾病防治, 新疆

Abstract: [Objective] This study aimed to analyze the incidence patterns of major diseases in a large-scale dairy farm located in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, during 2023, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of targeted prevention and control strategies. [Methods] Diagnostic and treatment records of 3 747 Chinese Holstein dairy cows, covering mammary diseases, hoof and limb diseases, reproductive diseases, digestive diseases, and metabolic diseases, were extracted from January to December 2023 using the Afimilk farm management system. Combining on-site field surveys and interviews, descriptive statistical analyses were conducted to assess the proportion of each disease category, monthly incidence trends, and distributions of specific disease types. [Results] A total of 2 895 disease cases were recorded in 2023. Digestive diseases were the most prevalent, accounting for 40.45% of total cases, followed by mammary diseases (23.63%), hoof and limb diseases (19.03%), and reproductive diseases (15.72%). Metabolic diseases had the lowest incidence (1.17%). The peak disease period occurred between May and June, with digestive diseases reaching a monthly maximum of 220 cases. Among mammary diseases, clinical mastitis accounted for 52.63%, and subclinical mastitis for 26.75%. In digestive diseases, forestomach atony represented 38.00%, followed by enteritis (29.04%) and diarrhea (22.89%). Among hoof and limb diseases, 72.96% were hoof-related conditions, with a notable increase during the spring. Reproductive diseases were mainly due to abortion (29.01%) and retained placenta (25.05%). Within metabolic diseases, acidosis (47.06%) and ketosis (35.29%) were predominant. [Conclusion] Digestive and mammary diseases were the primary health challenges in the dairy farm, with digestive diseases exhibiting distinct seasonal incidence patterns. It is recommended that the farm establish a comprehensive prevention and control system centered on environmental improvements and nutritional management, with a focus on enhancing bedding management, hoof care and reproductive monitoring, and leveraging digital management systems for early disease warning.

Key words: dairy cow, disease investigation, incidence patterns, disease prevention and control, Xinjiang

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