Two-day-old SPF chickens were orally challenged with fowl adenovirus-VIII （FAV-VIII）.Then their livers were collected at different days post inoculation （dpi） and fixed in formalin.After paraffin embedding,paraffin section was stained by in situ hybridization.The results showed that staining mainly appeared in cytoplasm of sporadic or conglobate lymphocytes around necrotic foci or blood vessels.IFN-gamma mRNA became more at 5 dpi and was high at 20 dpi.It then decreased and disappeared at 30 dpi.This indicated that the mass ascent of IFN-gamma mRNA during the course of avian inclusion body hepatitis may be related to the increase of T lymphocytes.This also indicated that IFN-gamma,an immunopotentiator,was related to antivirus and recovery.

[Objective]To construct a eukaryotic expression vector to express chicken beta-defensin-2 （gal-2）.[Methods]With total RNA extracted from chicken lung tissues as a template,full-length gal-2 cDNA was obtained by RT-PCR.The gene of mature peptide obtained by PCR was cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pPIC3.5K to yield recombinant plasmid pPIC3.5K-gal-2 which was identified by DNA sequencing.The pPIC3.5K-gal-2 was then transformed into the competent Pichia pastoris GS115 and induced by methanol.The recombinant gal-2 protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE.[Results]The lined recombinant plasmid DNA was successfully transformed into the competent Pichia pastoris GS115 and integrated into GS115 chromosome through electroporation and it expressed target protein with methanol induction.[Conclusion]The eukaryotic expression vector pPIC3.5K-gal-2 was constructed,and the 4.1 kDa chicken gal-2 protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris.The research provided a basis for further large-scale production of gal-2 protein by genetic engineering and protein engineering techniques.

BHK21 cells at logarithmic phase were frozen at four densities,0.5 × 10^7～4.0 × 10^7 cells/mL.After two weeks,the cells at each density in three tubes were recovered.Their vitality was calculated,and its relationship with cell density was statistically analyzed.The above steps were repeated twice.The results showed that the density of frozen cells was related to the viability after recovery.

Haemophilus parasuis （Hps）,a gram-negative bacterium,belongs to Hemophilus of Pasteurellaceae.Hps is the main causative factor of swine hemophilosis.Multilocus sequence typing （MLST） has simple and rapid operation,repeatability,higher resolution and accurate results.Furthermore,the MLST results can be shared and compared by labs via internet.The experiment was performed to introduce the principles,methods and results of MLST technology,which provided a reference for Haemophilus parasuis typing.

The important role of probiotics in human health has attracted more and more attention.In recent years,Bifidobacterium have been applied in food,medicine,genetic engineering and other fields.This paper summarizes the biological characteristics,isolation techniques,morphological and molecular identification methods of bifidobacterium as well as its application and development prospects.

According to the sequence of neuropeptide Y （NPY） gene published in GenBank,a pair of primers was designed.With cDNA extracted from calf hypothalamus as a template,NPY gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）.The PCR products were cloned,sequenced and analyzed.The results showed that the designed primers could be used to amplify NPY gene of cow,and the amplified NPY gene had 100% nucleic acid homology to that published in GenBank.

The conditions of feeding xylanase were optimized.The results showed that its optimal temperature was 55°C,and its optimal pH value was 5.3.The feeding xylanase had a good heat resistance at relatively low temperatures.And it was stable after drying at 55°C for 10 min.Besides,it just lost little activity after one-year storage under normal conditions.

The aim of this study to investigate the effects of beta-carotene and its compound additives on somatic cell count in milk,milk composition,milk yield,and reproductive performance of dairy cows.A total of 60 Chinese Holstein cows were selected.They were at the same parity and had close milk yield,body weight,and score of body condition.They were assigned randomly into four groups.The cows in the control group were fed with diet not supplemented any feed additive.The cows in the group I were fed with diet supplemented beta-carotene （600 mg/d for each cow）.The cows in the group II were fed with diet supplemented beta-carotene （600 mg/d for each cow） and vitamin E （1 000 IU/d for each cow）.The cows in the group III were fed with diet supplemented beta-carotene （600 mg/d for each cow）,vitamin E （1 000 IU/d for each cow） and zinc methionine （360 mg/d for each kg）.The trial period was 60 d,following a 10 d pre-trial period.The results showed that the diets supplemented beta-carotene and its compound additives increased milk yield,improved milk quality,and enhanced the reproductive performance of dairy cows.The beta-carotene compound additives containing vitamin E and/or zinc methionine greatly enhanced the reproductive performance of dairy cows.Therefore,in addition to nutritional regulation used to improve negative energy balance of dairy cows at perinatal stage or in early lactation period,supplementation of betacarotene and its compound additives that are closely related to reproduction and immunity can effectively enhance the reproductive performance,immunity and production performance of dairy cows.

Nutrient contents in Atyipiex canexcens （Pursh） Nutt feed were detected and analyzed.Its adaptability and growth were also investigated.The results showed that Atyipiex canexcens （Pursh） Nutt grew fast,had strong adaptability and contained rich nutrients,and it was thus an excellent ecological feed shrub.Some proposals were put forward aiming at natural conditions in arid desert areas and status quo of Atyipiex canexcens （Pursh） Nutt introduction.

The experiment was performed according to a 3 ×3 Latin square design.Nine sheep implanted with rumen cannulas were selected.They were fed with diets based on guinea grasses,alfalfa hay and concentrates （concentrate：hay,4：6） supplemented corn oil at a concentration of 0,4% and 8%,respectively.Rumen fluid samples were collected on 0,2,4,6,8,10 and 12 h post morning feeding.The pH value,NH3-N concentration,VFA concentration and BCP concentration were determined.The results showed that supplementation of corn oil at a concentration of 4% or 8% increased the rumen pH value and decreased the VFA concentration,acetic acid concentration and ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid,but it had no effects on the NH3-N concentration and propionic acid concentration.Supplementation of corn oil at a concentration of 4% decreased the BCP concentration,and supplementation at a concentration of 8% decreased butyric acid concentration.

Feed security is the most important and the most direct factor that affects the safety of animal food products.Throughout the world,consensus about feed safety has been achieved that feed products should not have adverse effects on animal health and growth,sustainable development of ecological environment and human health and life.Feed security is the prerequisite for safe animal products in animal husbandry.The paper re-explores feed safety from the viewpoints of feed materials,use of feed additives,feed processing,transportation,storage areas and other aspects of feed industry.

Rape cakes are of high protein content and have high utilization value.However,their utilization is limited by sinigrin,erucic acid,phytic acid,tannin and other toxic substances or anti-nutrients.This paper reviews physical,chemical and biological detoxification methods for utilization of rape cakes.

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of diets containing yam on blood biochemical indicators of weaned piglets.A total of 132 piglets at 28 days old were selected and assigned randomly into four groups,four replicates in each group and eight pigs in each replicate （half male and half female）.The piglets in each group had statistically nonsignificantly different body weight （P〉0.05）.The piglets in control group were fed basal diet.The piglets in group I,group II and group III were fed the basal diet supplemented yam at 5,10 and 20 g/kg·Diet,respectively.The trial period was 28 d.The results showed that serum levels of total protein,albumin and globulin rose with the increasing level of yam in diet,but they were not significantly different between the groups.The diets supplemented yam at 10 and 20 g/kg·Diet enhanced the GSH-Px activity significantly,enhanced SOD activity to some extent,reduced the MDA concentration and significantly decreased urea nitrogen concentration.No significant difference was found between the group II and group III.On the whole,the diets supplemented yam at 10 g/kg·Diet had the best effects on the weaned piglets.It has a broad development prospect to use yam as a Chinese herbal feed additive.

A total of 40 Holstein cows were selected from cow breeding areas in Cangzhou City of Hebei Province.They had similar body weight,milk yield and parity as well as close lactation period.These cows were randomly assigned to four groups.The cows in control group were fed with straw and concentrate.The cows in the other three experimental groups were fed with diets added alfalfa hay at different levels.The production performance and economic benefit of cows were analyzed.The results showed that the milk yield,milk protein content and non-fat milk solid content were significantly higher in the cows of the experimental groups than in those of the control group （P〈 0.01）,but the fat percentage and somatic cell count were lower in the former than in the latter （fat percentage,P〉0.05;somatic cell count,P〈0.05）.Therefore,alfalfa improved milk quality.Economic benefit analysis showed that diets containing alfalfa greatly increased the overall efficiency of cultivation,breeding and processing.

The aim was to study effects of diets containing Chinese herbal feed additives at different levels on blood indexes of broilers.A total of 288 healthy AA broilers at the age of 1 d having close weight were selected.They were assigned into four groups to make each group have close weight,six replicates in each group and 12 chickens in each replicate.The broilers of control group were fed diets not supplemented Chinese herbal feed additives.The broilers of group I,group II and group III were fed with diets containing Chinese herbal feed additives at 5,10 and 20 g/kg·Diet,respectively.Feeding experiment last for 42 d.The levels of total protein （TP）,albumin （ALB）,alkaline phosphatase （ALP）,alanine aminotransferase （GPT）,aspartate aminotransferase （GOT）,urea nitrogen （BUN）,immunoglobulin A （IgA）,immunoglobulin A （IgM）,and immunoglobulin G （IgG） were determined.The results showed that compound Chinese herbal medicine increased the levels of TP,ALB,IgA,IgM and IgG and decreased the level of BUN.It also promoted protein ultilization and enhanced immunity.The best effects were achieved by supplementing Chinese herbal feed additives at 10 g/kg·Diet.

Mould can lower nutritional value of feed,and mycotoxin produced by mould is also harmful to animals.To enhance feed security,ensure feed quality,and prevent feed odor,feed should be prevented form microbial contamination.Advanced detection techniques should be used to guarantee feed security for animals.

The ecological system is the support system of life on earth.However,people do not have comprehensive understanding about the functions of grassland ecosystem.As a result,grassland ecological environment becomes worse,which threatens the safety of grassland ecosystem,reduces or even deprives some functions of grassland ecosystem,and has affected people＇ s life and economic development.This is particularly worse in typical grassland areas of Xilingol.Therefore,profound understanding should be given to the health and service functions of grassland ecosystem,and some countermeasures should be implemented to give full play to grassland ecosystem and thus to realize synchronous increase of environment,economy and social benefits.

Clostridium botulinum type C rodenticide was developed and produced by Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province.The experiment was performed in Guyuan County in Ningxia.The results showed that the average deratization rate was 81.7%,which indicated better efficacy.However,the average deratization rate was not increased with the increasing concentration of poison bait.In addition,wheat bait had better effects on deratization than potato bait.

The aim of this research was to survey acute toxicity,irritation and hypersensitivity of compound traditional Chinese medicine transdermal patch on animal skin through skin acute toxicity and skin irritation test in healthy rabbits and dermal sensitivity test in healthy guinea pigs.The result showed that the compound traditional Chinese medicine transdermal patch had no acute toxicity and no irritation on integrated and worn skin of rabbits,and it had no hypersensitivity on integrated skin of guinea pigs.The experiment indicated that it is safe to administrate the compound traditional Chinese medicine transdermal patch via skin.

The aim of this research was to explore the drug action of the compound traditional Chinese medicine transdermal patch.The results showed that the extracting solution of compound traditional Chinese medicine transdermal patch had good bacteriostasis on Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli.It also had significant resistant effects on dimethylbenzene inducing ear edema model （P〈0.01 or 0.05）.It had a significant inhibitory action on acetic acid inducing mouse abdominal capillary permeability （P〈0.01 or 0.05） and resisted the writhing action caused by acetic acid.The experiment indicated that the compound traditional Chinese medicine transdermal patch had good bacteriostasis,anti-inflammatory and analgesia effect.

The paper describes biological characteristics of freshwater fish and discusses the effects of some factors in water body on large-scale aquiculture of freshwater fish.Measures to regulate water environment for large-scale aquiculture were also proposed.The paper thinks that water environment is important for large-scale aquiculture of freshwater fish.

Susceptible and resistant populations of Pelodiscus sinensis were obtained by artificially challenge with Aeromonas hydrophllao.They were screened by SRAP with 64 pairs of primers.A total of 1 200 fragments were obtained,six of which were greatly different between the susceptible and resistant populations.Among these six SRAP fragments,two had dominant gene frequency in the resistant population.These markers may be candidates for selection of Aeromonas hydrophllao resistant Pelodiscus sinensis.Therefore,a basis was provided for molecular marker-assisted selection and cloning of anti-disease genes of Pelodiscus sinensis.

Culture technology of a large number of parental freshwater fish was comprehensively reviewed from the view of point of selection of parental fish,conditions of culture ponds,stocking density and breeding methods.

According to the characteristics of animal pharmacy and students in this major,reform of teaching content and methods were tried.Good attempt of teaching means stimulated students＇ interest in Veterinary Pharmacology and promoted their initiative and enthusiasm to study Veterinary Pharmacology.

Animal biology is an important specialized core course for biological major.With the deepening of educational and teaching reform,teaching effectiveness should be improved,and the overall inner quality of students should also be raised.Therefore,according to the characteristics of engineering colleges,this article discusses how to improve the teaching of animal biology course from the viewpoints of content,teaching methods and exam standard.

In order to improve experimental teaching of the Meat and Meat Production Technology,teaching content,teaching methods,evaluation system and opening laboratory teaching were reformed,which made students think more actively,independently and energetically during the course of experimental teaching,trained their innovative and practical abilities,and improved teaching quality.

Innovation has been proposed as the theme in the 18th National University Party Building Work Conference.Universities should take this theme as the guidance for students＇ party building work.In accordance with the requirements of innovation,agricultural universities should reform ideas and carrier of students＇ party building work,build a learning party,improve the education,management and evaluation mechanisms,and integrate resources of schools,families,and community.These will promote the students＇ party building work in agricultural universities.

Some methods and measures were undertaken to cultivate applied technicians for drug quality control.These methods included in-depth reform of course,increasing class hour of experimental course,changing course content,applying various teaching means,and encouraging students to participate in experiment management and teachers＇ scientific research.

Animal nutrition subject has such characteristics as rapid development,good application,and interdisciplinary overlapping.This paper suggests a teaching model combining question-answer teaching,elicitation teaching and other teaching methods.Moreover,some ideas about teaching reform on the course of animal nutrition were also put forward.

The paper introduces some practical and novel techniques and methods to improve reproductive performance of Tan sheep.It also presents application effects and subjects of several practical techniques such as estrus controlling,immune prolificacy and nutritional reproduction regulation.These methods were analyzed and compared.This paper proposes that different methods should be applied at different physiological status of ewes,which can shorten reproductive cycle of ewes,increase litter size,and thus increase economic benefits of Tan sheep production.

Cryopreservation can make the use of oocytes not constrained by time and space,and the cryopreserved oocytes can be used as materials for in vitro fertilization,nuclear transfer,transgene and other embryo engineering technology.Porcine oocytes are highly sensitive to lower temperatures due to rich lipid droplets in ooplasm.As a result,researches about cryopreservation of porcine oocytes get less progress.Vitrification is one of the effective methods for cryopreservation of oocytes.This paper discusses the effects of developmental stage of oocytes,cryopreservation carriers and cryoprotectant on cryopreservation of porcine oocytes by vitrification.

According to the principles of ecological agriculture,the paper proposes ecological agriculture models which are designed with consideration of regional differences in Bashang District of Weichang County in Hebei Province.In addition,some countermeasures were also proposed to better develop ecological agriculture.

Rice-duck integrated ecological farming has better effects on weed eradication,deinsectization,disease prevention,fertilization and intertillage muddy water.It can stimulate rice plant growth,save pesticides and duck feed,improve the quality of rice and show obvious social effects and economic effects,especially great eco-environmental effects.This technology has now been widely popularized and applied at home and abroad.With production practice of applying this technology in Anhui Province which was combined with the actual conditions of Anhui Province,standardization of technical operation of rice-duck integrated ecological farming was fully discussed from the viewpoints of environmental conditions,variety selection,rice seedling,duck brooding,field facilities,management measures,late finishing,and transport.

Sichuan Province is famous for its advanced stockbreeding in China.However,with the development of livestock and poultry production towards a large scale,pollution caused by livestock and poultry has been the main reason for pollution.This paper introduces the pollution prevention and control of large-scale livestock and poultry production in Sichuan Province from the viewpoints of government regulation,economical control and technical improvement.

The paper describes current environmental pollution caused by livestock wastes and discusses its relationship with sustainable development of animal husbandry.On this basis,from the point of view of recycling economy,the paper proposes that livestock wastes should be changed into resources,reduced and treated innocently to a maximum extent,and energy environmental protection project should be undertaken positively.Measures for preventing and controlling pollution were also suggested in order to protect and improve ecological environment and achieve coordinated development between animal husbandry and ecological environment.

A pair of primers was designed according to the Salmonella-specific inv A gene sequence （285 bp;AE008832） published in GenBank.Salmonella in frozen meat were detected by PCR.The results showed that the detection limit of food-borne Salmonella was 103 cfu/mL in saline and 1.98 × 10^3 cfu/mL in artificially polluted broth.After the Salmonella were inoculated into broth at a concentration of 100,101 and 102 cfu/mL,respectively,they could be detected after a 7 h culture,6 h culture and 6 h culture,respectively.

Huainan spotted-brown chicken is a good local variety in Anhui Province and mainly distributed in Huaihe River Basin.Huainan spotted-brown chickens have thin skin,tender and delicious meat,tasty meat flavor,fragrant and much egg yolk,and unique flavor.They are thus well received by people.With the improvement of living standard,consumers require Huainan spotted-brown chickens for taste,nutrition and health but not just for food as previous.It has been crucial for industrial development of Huainan spotted-brown chickens to provide high-quality chickens as raw materials for food processing and to develop processing methods.This paper provides breed protection and selection,green food processing methods and industrial development model of Huainan spottedbrown chickens.

Milk was collected from Sanhe cows and Holstein cows in Hulunbuir and Tongliao of Inner Mongolia region.The amino acid content was determined by 835-50 amino acid autoanalyzer （Hitachi）.The results showed that the content of total amino acid and that of essential amino acid in the milk from Hulunbuir and Tongliao were significantly higher than those in the milk from Hohhot and Bayannaoer （P〈0.05）.

To compare healing effect on porcine respiratory diseases,pigs were treated with rifampicin,amikacin and a combination of penicillin and streptomycin,respectively.The period of treatment was 4 d.The pigs of group I treated with rifampicin had a cure rate of 87.1% and effective rate of 100%.The pigs of group II treated with amikacin had a cure rate of 34.4% and effective rate of 87.5%.The pigs of group III treated with the combination of penicillin and streptomycin had a cure rate of 28.1% and effective rate of 84.4%.As checked by χ^2 test,the healing effect was significantly different between the group I and the group II or between the group I and the group III （P〈0.01） but not significantly different between the group II and the group III （P 〉0.05）.The healing effect of the group I was 50% higher than that of the group II and 60% higher than that of the group III.

To investigate the effects of rice-duck integrated farming,a total of 110 Chaohu spot ducks were randomly assigned into four groups and stocked at four densities,0,10,20 and 30 ducks/667m^2,respectively.After a 58 d rice-duck integrated farming,good effects of this technology on deinsectization,weed eradication and disease control of paddy field were observed.Good duck growth and the highest rice yield were achieved when the stocking density was 20 ducks/667m^2.

The surface water of paddy field,river around paddy field and aquatic organisms were detected in the area where rice-duck integrated farming had been implemented widely.The results showed that the EC,COD and T-N of the surface water of paddy field were generally higher than that of water in paddy field with traditional farming.Drainage from paddy field in symbiotic period of rice and ducks easily leads to water pollution.Therefore,water management should be well performed to prevent water pollution in surrounding areas.

Fattening trial of hybrid Dorset lambs and local native lambs was performed.The weight gain of the hybrid Dorset lambs was 11.70 kg,the daily weight gain of the hybrid Dorset lambs was 146.25 g,44.37% higher than that of the local native lambs.The feed conversion ratios of the hybrid Dorset lambs and local native lambs were 7.05：1 and 9.65：1,respectively.The carcass weight of the hybrid Dorset lambs and local native lambs were 14.30 and 10.96 kg,respectively,and their dressing percentages were 47.67% and 44.38%,respectively.Therefore,effect of hybridization was obvious.The economic benefit of the hybrid Dorset lambs was 42.92 Yuan more than that of the local native lambs.

The animal welfare has received very much attention from the international community.It has already been an independent science which has separated from animal behavioristics or animal science.Now,special scientific methods have been established to evaluate animal welfare.The animal welfare will be more considered in the future animal husbandry production,and a series of production models will be established to achieve economic benefits of animal husbandry and to relieve animal＇ s pain as much as possible.The production models with a best balance between animal production and animal welfare are the developing direction of animal husbandry and animal welfare in future.

The paper reviews properties of chlorine dioxide and the effect and methods of its application in livestock breeding in order to promote the popularization and application of chlorine dioxide,to improve the disinfection efficacy in livestock breeding,to enhance production performance of livestock and poultry,and to prevent environmental pollution.

As shown by the fatting experiment,the daily weight gain of Luxi Yellow cattle,Xilu cattle （Simmental × Luxi） and Lilu cattle （Limousin × Luxi） was 1 204,1 117 and 1 058 g,respectively.The feed cost for 1 kg weight gain of the three breeds was 5.98,5.38 and 6.15 Yuan,respectively.Both the daily weight gain and the feed cost for 1 kg weight gain were significantly different between the Luxi Yellow cattle and the Xilu cattle or between the Luxi Yellow cattle and the Lilu cattle,which showed crossbreeding of Luxi Yellow cattle with beef cattle can greatly increase production efficiency.

With 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-beta-galactosidase （X-gal） test paper,a rapid method for detection of beta-galactosidase activity was developed.Its principle is that the chromogen substrate X-gal is catalyzed by beta-galactosidase to produce blue 5-bromo4-chloro-3-indole.X-gal is very expensive,and each plate needs 3～4 mg X-gal for conventional methods.The developed test paper method was used to detect 101 Streptococcus strains isolated form cattle breeding farms around Shihezi City,with E.coli as positive control and Streptococcus agalactiae as negative control.A total of 21 strains produced beta-galactosidase,and the positive rate was 20.79%.The other strains did not produce beta-galactosidase,and the negative rate was 79.21%.The developed test paper method needs much less X-gal and reduces cost.The operation is also rapid,simple and accurate.

Tar,a by-product in gasification process,has a great harm.In this paper,physical methods to remove tar in biomass gasification gas such as cyclone-separation,wet cleaning and dry cleaning are analyzed.Chemical conversion methods such as hightemperature pyrolysis and catalytic cracking are also discussed.Their advantages,disadvantages and application are compared.Treatment of tar in gasification gas is crucial for normal operation of biomass gasification gas engineering.