【Objective】To explore the composition and expression pattern of Ricinus communis LBD transcription factor gene family.【Methods】Bioinformatics was used to screen and identify members of Ricinus communis LBD gene family at the whole genome level,and their gene structure,physical and chemical characteristics,protein conserved motifs,evolutionary selection pressure,phylogenetic tree,and gene expression quantity were analyzed.【Results】There were 30 members of Ricinus communis LBD gene family found,all of which were well conserved throughout evolution. The genes were split into two categories：Class1 and Class2,with 24 and 6 LBD genes,respectively,based on LBD domain and phylogenetic tree analyses. Ricinus communis LBD gene family members′ gene structure and protein conserved motifs were found to be quite simple.Subcellular localization revealed that all members of Ricinus communis LBD gene family were located in the nucleus,with RcLBD12 being in the cell membrane as well. LBD genes are widely involved in the development and regulation of leaves,stems,roots,embryos,and other tissues in Ricinus communis,and had a key role in the resistance to abiotic stress according to expression quantity data.【Conclusion】In the evolutionary process,the LBD gene family members had undergone large-scale fragment replication,selection,and participated in the regulation of the growth and development of many tissues of Ricinus communis. Where the RcLBD6 and RcLBD27 may play an important role in the process of Ricinus communis resistance to abiotic stress.

【Objective】To determine the optimal ethyl methane sulfonate（EMS）mutagensis concentration and treatment time frame in sunflower seeds.【Methods】Using oil-seed sunflower JK103,S18 and edible sunflower Bakui 138 and Keyang No.7 as test materials,the germination potential,germination rate,and relative germination rate of sunflower seeds were analyzed under EMS treatment with gradient concentration（0,0.1%,0.5%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%）and three treatment time span（6,12,24 h）to determine the optimal conditions.【Results】The germination potential and germination rate of sunflower seeds were affected by the EMS solution concentration and mutagenic time. Sunflower seeds,especially oil-seed was quite tolerant to EMS. In the later stages of mutagensis,edible seeds became more sensitive to EMS as the treatment duration increases. The optimal mutagenic conditions of sunflower EMS treatment varied depending on the variety.【Conclusion】According to the principle of semi-lethal condition,the optimal concentration and treatment time are,for oil-seed,48 h after germination treated with 1.0%-1.5% EMS solution for 12-24 h,for edible-seed,48-72 h after germination treated with 1.0%-1.5% EMS solution for 6-12 h.

【Objective】The differences in quality traits among sweet potato varieties（lines）were investigated. Sweet potato varieties（lines）with high quality traits were selected for subsequent breeding and processing.【Methods】The freeze-drying rate,starch,soluble sugar and protein content,as well as other quality indexes of 16 sweet potato varieties（lines）were assessed. The main strach quality traits were compared. The taste of baked sweet potato was evaluated.【Results】ZH1042 had the highest freeze-drying rate and starch content. ZZ1-358 had the highest soluble sugar content and protein content. Zheshu 20 had the highest total amylase activity and α-amylase activity. QZ2-2 had the highest β-amylase activity. The purity of starch extracted from Quzi No.9,Jinshu 67,ZH1042 and Z329 was higher than the other varieties（lines）. The starch extracted from F2-93 and Z329 had high proportion of the small particles,while ZH1042 had high proportion of the large particles. Jinshu 67 had the highest viscosity and starch disintegration value. In the correlation analysis,the starch content in sweet potato was extremely significantly negatively correlated with soluble sugar content and protein content（P<0.01）. The highest viscosity was extremely significantly positively correlated with hot paste viscosity,disintegration value,and final viscosity（P<0.01）. The hot paste viscosity was extremely significantly positively correlated with final viscosity（P<0.01）. The disintegration value was extremely significantly negatively correlated with gelatinization temperature（P<0.01）. The starch content of 16 sweet potato varieties（lines）was divided into four categories：more than 74%,69%-73%,60%-68% and less than 60%,respectively,according to cluster analysis.【Conclusion】Among the 16 sweet potato varieties（lines）,Jinshu 67,ZZ1-358 and ZH1042 had excellent quality traits,and had a certain comprehensive utilization value.

【Objective】 To better understand the changing trend of grain quality for grain maize varieties,and clarify the direction of maize quality breeding.【Methods】The quality changing trend and distribution of 1 115 grain maize varieties from 2002 to 2021 were studied using information from 1 352 maize varieties approved in Inner Mongolia between 1980 and 2021. The correlation analysis was used to examine the quality features of 973 varieties with complete information.【Results】416 out of 1 115 grain maize varieties met the requirements for high-quality or special-purpose maize varieties,accounting for 37.31%. The proportion of high starch maize varieties rose year after year,peaking at 74.44% in 2021. The bulk density and crude starch content of grain maize varieties increased significantly or extremely significantly（P<0.05 or P<0.01）over time,with an average annual increase of 0.733 g/L and 0.176 percentage points,respectively. While crude protein,crude fat,and lysine content decreased extremely significantly by 0.040,0.029,and 0.002 percentage points,respectively（P<0.01）. High starch maize varieties accounted for 35.09% of total grain maize varieties,and showed a rapid increase trend year by year. The year of approve or quality determination,as well as the ecological area had a significant impact on the bulk density and quality traits. There was no link between the increase of bulk density and the enhancing of grain quality traits.【Conclusion】The carbon dilution impact was linked to an increase in crude starch content and a decrease in crude protein,crude fat,and lysine content. The environment had a significant impact on the quality traits and their relationships. To gradually improve the commercial quality of maize varieties in China,enhancing yield,disease resistance,lodging resistance,increasing bulk density,and reducing grain moisture content should be considered as breeding objectives and essential indicators for variety approval.

【Objective】To provide technical support for the large-scale,industrialized development of cultivated Puionium dolabratum.【Methods】Under artificial cultivation conditions,the growth law of Puionium dolabratum was studied by evaluating the growth,biomass,and distribution of the leaves and roots.【Results】The growth of the leaves and horizontal roots of Puionium dolabratum corresponded with exponential function,while the vertical roots was polynomially. The rapid growth of vertical roots in the early stage was beneficial to seedling preservation and stress resistance. The horizontal roots adapted to the dry and arid climate by expanding the soil water absorption area. Leaf biomass,total root biomass,horizontal root biomass,and vertical root biomass all increased exponentially,but the growth mechanism was different. Leaf biomass mostly increased when the number of leaves increases. Vertical root biomass was underdeveloped,and mostly increased by lateral root diameter expansion. The horizontal roots was highly developed,and the biomass of horizontal roots increased by horizontal root development. The difference in biomass growth was statistically significant（P<0.05）,with leaves and horizontal roots having the highest biomass growth,followed by total roots and vertical roots. In the growth process of Puionium dolabratum,leaf biomass had an absolute advantage（70%-90%）and exhibited a gradually growing trend,while the distribution of total root biomass showed a gradually decreasing trend. Both vertical and horizontal roots showed a declining trend in root biomass distribution,and the biomass distribution difference between them gradually narrowed.【Conclusion】The leaf,horizontal root,and biomass of cultivated Puionium dolabratum corresponded with exponential function. It was ideal for propagating in arid desert areas because of its fast growth rate,high yield,and strong stress resistance.

【Objective】To investigate the photosynthetic characteristics changes in leaves at different growth stages of Cyperus esculentus and to elucidate the photosynthetic physiological mechanisms as well.【Methods】At the five leaf stage（L₅）,ten leaf stage（L₁₀）,and fifteen leaf stage（L₁₅） of Cyperus esculentus,the diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate（Pn）,intercellular CO₂ concentration（Ci）,stomatal conductance（Gs）,transpiration rate（Tr）,and light response curves of leaves were measured. A non-rectangular hyperbolic model was used to mimic the measured light response curves.【Results】The net photosynthetic rate of L₅ and L₁₀ leaves had a double peak trend,while L₁₅ leaves had a single peak. The daily mean of net photosynthetic rate comparison in the three growth stages was L₁₀>L₁₅>L₅,with values of 11.858,10.750,and 8.654 μmol/（m²·s）respectively. L₅,L₁₀,and L₁₅ had almost identical variation trends in intercellular CO₂ concentrations,with a “V” trend of decreasing first and then increasing. The minimum value appeared between 11：00 and 13：00. The stomatal conductance of L₅ showed a single peak trend with peak at 11：00 and a value of 0.478 mol/（m²·s）. L₁₀ and L₁₅ showed a double peak trend. The diurnal change of L₅,L₁₀,and L₁₅ transpiration rates had a single peak trend. The highest daily average value was L₁₀,and the minimum was L₅,with values of 3.218 and 2.048 mmol/（m²·s）,respectively. In terms of simulation parameters,the maximum net photosynthetic rate of L₁₀ was the highest[21.616 μmol/（m²·s）],which was 5.03% and 6.96% higher than that of L₅ and L₁₅ respectively. The maximum light saturation point of L₁₀ was 534.121 μmol/（m²·s）,and the maximum light compensation point of L₅ was 60.359 μmol /（m²·s）.【Conclusion】The overall photosynthetic performance of L₁₀ was stronger than that of L₅ and L₁₅,and L₁₀ had the highest utilization efficiency of strong light,while L₅ had better utilization efficiency of light energy than L₁₀ and L₁₅ under low light conditions.

【Objective】Select japonica rice varieties that are suited for rice and shrimp co-cropping in Northern Jiangsu. Promote healthy and sustainable development of the green rice industry in rice and shrimp co-cropping model in this area.【Methods】From 2018 to 2020,a variety comparison experiment was conducted in the rice and shrimp co-cropping field in Suyu District,Suqian City in Jiangsu Province,using 16 japonica conventional rice varieties（lines）as experimental materials. During the whole growing season,deep-water management was carried out to compare the growth period,lodging resistance,yield,and quality of each variety（line）.【Results】Nanjing 5718,Xudao No.9,and Sidao No.16 had compact plants,strong lodging resistance,and average rice quality. Huaidao No.20 and Sidao No.17 had strong tillering ability and fast grain filling,with yields of 9 985.39 and 9 805.43 kg/hm²,respectively,which were significantly higher than most varieties. Sidao 301 had higher yield of 9 614.49 kg/hm²,with large,gleaming and great quality rice grains but longer growth period.【Conclusion】Nanjing 5718,Xudao No.9,and Sidao No.16 had high promotion value in rice and shrimp co-cropping in Northern Jiangsu,and could be used as suitable japonica rice varieties with good quality. Huaidao No.20 and Sidao No.17 could be promoted as high-yield varieties. Sidao 301 could be planted in advance and promoted as a superior quality rice variety.

Green manure crops are biological fertilizer sources that also fertilize the soil. It contributes to agricultural production by enhancing quality,boosting yield,fertilizing fields,and improving soil. Starting with the necessity and urgency of developing green manure production,this paper describes the development of main green manure crops in Inner Mongolia,including their varieties,planting area,yield and current state of green manure production,the cultivation and utilization methods,research progress of the main green manure crops,as well as the development potential of green manure industry in Inner Mongolia. Proposed green manure crops development direction and suggestion,providing a reference for relevant green manure crop research and green manure industry development in Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】To combine the high-efficient compound microbes that degrade corn straw at low temperature,and to provide candidate microbial strains for corn straw returned into field in situ under promoting decay condition.【Methods】Based on the combination of corn straw degradation bacteria A3（Achromobacter deleyi strain LMG 3458）and A4（Pseudomonas plecoglossica strain NBRC）,three sets of compound microbes were prepared by supplementing functional fungi A（Aspergillus terreus）and P（Phanerochaete chrysosporium）,which were A3+A4+A,A3+A4+P,and A3+A4+A+P,respectively. The enzyme activities of the compound microbes as well as their effects on degradation rate of corn straw and relative microbial contents of single strain were studied at a low temperature of 15 ℃.【Results】 When fungi A and P were added,the relative microbial content of the bacterial combination of A3+A4 increased,and the corn straw degradation rate increased significantly（P<0.05）. The compound microbes A3+A4+A+P had the highest corn straw degradation rate of 38.79%,which was 13.04 percentage points higher than that of the bacterial combination of A3+A4. The highest FPase activity,xylanase activity,and laccase activity of the compound microbes A3+A4+A+P was observed on 30,15,and 20 day of incubation,respectively,which were 4.44 U/mL,4.00 U/mL and 60.04 U/L higher than those of the bacterial combination of A3+A4,respectively. Furthermore,the degradation rates of cellulose,hemicellulose,and lignin of the compound microbes A3+A4+A+P were higher than those of the A3+A4 by 10.77,4.15,and 21.10 percentage points,respectively.【Conclusion】The compound microbes A3+A4+A+P had higher corn straw degradation efficiency and could be used as candidate strain resources for the study and application of microbial agents for corn straw degradation.

【Objective】To investigate the optimal NPK fertilizer utilization rates for industrial cannabis（Cannabis sativa L.） on the Tumechuan plain in Inner Mongolia, aiming to increase seed yield.【Methods】The effects of fertilizer treatments on the yield of industrial cannabis were conducted with a randomized block design,with CK（control without any fertilizer）,N₁PK,N₂PK,N₃PK,NP,PK and NK seven treatments. The NPK fertilizer utilization rates were calculated. A univariate quadratic regression linear model was used to fit the amount of nitrogen fertilizer utilized and the yield of industrial cannabis.【Results】The maximum yield of industrial cannabis was 5 676.95 kg/hm² in the N₃PK treatment（nitrogen application rate 337.5 kg/hm²）. Followed by the N₂PK treatment（nitrogen application rate 225.0 kg/hm²） with a yield of 5 533.61 kg/hm². These were 29.51% and 26.24% higher than CK, respectively. The yield responses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were 700.35-733.70, 33.35-100.05 and 266.80-300.15 kg/hm² respectively. The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were 9.34-9.78, 0.44-1.33 and 3.56-4.00 kg/kg respectively. Fertilizers had the following effect on yield：nitrogen fertilizer>potassium fertilizer>phosphorus fertilizer. The univariate quadratic regression linear fitting results showed that the yield was 5 574.38-5 800.76 kg/hm² when the amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 274.84-320.88 kg/hm².【Conclusion】The yield was 5 574.38-5 800.76 kg/hm² when the nitrogen application rate was 274.84-320.88 kg/hm² on industrial cannabis in the Tumechuan plain in Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】To explore the application effect of organic and inorganic compound fertilizer on dryland millet.【Methods】Millet′s agronomic traits,yield,quality,and economic benefits were assessed using four fertilization treatments：no fertilization（CK）,organic and inorganic compound fertilizer（YW）,chemical fertilizer with same amount of nutrient（HF）,and compound fertilizer with the same price（DJ）.【Results】Fertilization made millet grow faster,and the YW treatment had the best result. The agronomic parameters of millet were significantly different in the YW treatment compared to the HF treatment（P<0.05）,with plant height,stem diameter,and panicle length increasing by 4.97%,4.58%,and 3.91%,respectively. Compared with HF treatment and DJ treatment,YW treatment increased yield and economic benefits by 202.9,178.5 kg/hm² and 750.9,1 035.3 yuan/hm². Crude protein,crude starch,and crude fat in grains increased by 6.36%,1.50%,6.99% and 2.39%,1.04% and 3.38%,respectively（P<0.05）.【Conclusion】The use of organic and inorganic compound fertilizer could improve the millet yield,quality,and increase income.

【Objective】Drought-tolerance regulators are being tested for seed germination in order to improve maize seed drought resistance.【Methods】Drought conditions were simulated in the experiment using polyethylene glycol 6000 at a concentration of 25%. 14 different regulators were chosen with three concentrations each. Control 1（CK1）was distilled water,and control 2（CK2）was non-initiation. Drought tolerance agents were selected by primary and secondary screening on seed germination of both Xianyu 335 and Kehe No.8.【Results】The seed germination rate,germination index,vigor index,and germination drought resistance index of two maize varieties induced by 100 mg/L Ethephon and 100 mg/L Uniconazole were significantly higher than those induced by other regulators under drought stress（P<0.05）. The germination rate of 100 mg/L Ethephon increased by 6.67 percentage points（Kehe No.8）and 18.00 percentage points（Xianyu 335） compared with that of distilled water initiator（CK1）,and 28.00 percentage points（Kehe No.8）and 70.67 percentage points（Xianyu 335） compared with that of non-initiation（CK2）. The germination rate of 100 mg/L Uniconazole increased by 4.00 percentage points（Kehe No.8）and 16.00 percentage points（Xianyu 335）compared with that of distilled water initiator（CK1）,and increased by 16.00 percentage points（Kehe No.8）and 68.67 percentage points（Xianyu 335）compared with that of non-initiation（CK2）. The effect of both regulators on Xianyu 335 was stronger than on Kehe No.8.【Conclusion】Under drought stress,100 mg/L Ethephon and 100 mg/L Uniconazole had significant effects on Xianyu 335 and Kehe No.8 seed germination. This would be useful in future drought-tolerance regulator research.

【Objective】To determine the control effect of 41.7% Lufuda SC different application methods on root-knot nematode of tomatoes.【Methods】41.7% Lufuda SC at a dosage of 0.030 mL/plant was used to irrigate the root,spray on ridge surface,and broadcast on strip surface. 20% fosthiazate FW for root irrigation,10% fosthiazate GR at 30 kg/hm² soil spraying and water were used as controls. The effect of different treatments on root-knot nematode control was recorded.【Results】The population declining rates of root-knot nematode by 41.7% Lufuda SC treatments to irrigate the root,spraying on ridge surface and broadcasting on strip surface were 46.39%,23.21%,and 22.95% respectively. The control effects were 64.19%,59.74% and 50.22% respectively. The population declining rates for 20% fosthiazate FW and 10% fosthiazate GR were 42.67% and 29.89%,the control effects were 62.21% and 48.46% respectively. 41.7% Lufuda SC on root irrigation enhanced yield by 27.07% compared to water treatment.【Conclusion】For 41.7% Lufada SC,irrigation on roots method had much better effect in tomato root-knot nematode control than spraying on ridge surface,broadcasting on strip suface and all controls,increased yield significantly as well.

【Objective】To better understand the cross-compatibility of double-petaled Hemerocallis and provide a reference and basis for breeding of more double-petaled Hemerocallis middendorfii varieties.【Methods】 The pollen germination rate was measured for the Hemerocallis varieties Burgundy 341,Baby′s Eyes and Lacy Doily grown in liquid culture. The benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method was used to determine the stigma acceptability. Using Burgundy 341 and Baby′s Eyes as the female parents,Lacy Doily as the male parent,and Lacy Doily as the female parent,Burgundy 341 and Baby′s Eyes as the male parent,four sets of cross combinations were prepared. F₁ generation′s morphological traits were noted,and cluster analysis was performed.【Results】Burgundy 341,with an average germination rate of 39.2%,had the highest pollen activity,while Lacy Doily had the lowest,with an average germination rate of 11.3%. All the three varieties had the highest stigma acceptability at 9：00 on the flowering day,the longest duration is Baby′s Eyes,according to the stigma acceptability test. For the crossing sets,Baby′s Eyes×Lacy Doily had the highest fruit setting rate. When Lacy Doily is used as female parent,the fruit setting rate was 0. The F₁ generation population was divided into two groups using cluster analysis. Seven materials in class Ⅰ with cup-shaped flowers with green eyes that were spotless on the outer perianth segments and ribbed white on the side. Ten materials in class Ⅱ that resembled the female parent Baby′s Eyes,which had long leaves,horn-shaped flowers,wrinkled perianth segment edges,and yellow on the side.【Conclusion】The phenotypic traits of the F₁ generation population exhibited good diversity and high ornamental value,making them suitable for garden landscaping and planting in Suqian of Jiangsu Province. Burgundy 341,Baby′s Eyes and Lacy Doily are all ideal parent materials.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of combined application of organic fertilizer and corn straw on the growth,yield,and quality of continuous cropping pepper in tunnel in the mountainous region of Southern Ningxia.【Methods】The effects of several treatments（with no organic fertilizer as control）on the growth indexes,quality traits,and yield of pepper during flowering,fruiting,and harvest stages were studied using a randomized block design.【Results】Plant height and stem diameter of pepper in treatment 6（base fertilizer supplemented with decomposed chicken manure 22 488.8 kg/hm²+corn straw 29 985.0 kg/hm²）were higher than all the other treatments in all three growth stages of pepper. Treatment 1（base fertilizer supplemented with 59 970.0 kg/hm² of rotten sheep manure）and treatment 3（base fertilizer supplemented with 22 488.8 kg/hm² of rotten chicken manure）had significantly higher net photosynthetic rates than the other treatments（P<0.05）. Treatment 1 and treatment 5（base fertilizer supplemented with rotten cow manure 74 962.5 kg/hm²+corn straw 29 985.0 kg/hm²）had significantly more fruit per plant than treatment 4（base fertilizer supplement with rotten sheep manure 59 970.0 kg/hm²+corn straw 29 985.0 kg/hm²）and the control（P<0.05）. Treatment 1,treatment 3,and treatment 6 had significantly higher single fruit weights than the other treatments（P<0.05）. Treatment 6 had the highest yield and economic value,with 101 503.5 kg/hm² and 111 654.0 yuan/hm² respectively,higher than that of treatment 1,treatment 2（base fertilizer supplemented with 74 962.5 kg/hm² of rotten cow dung）,treatment 3,treatment 4,treatment 5,and the control by 5.56%,19.00%,2.15%,4.35%,14.12%,and 26.75%. Treatment 1 had the highest VC（105.00 mg/g）and soluble sugar conten（11.20 mg/g）,followed by treatment 6,at 101.00 and 10.59 mg/g,respectively. Treatment 5 had the highest soluble protein content at 1.49 mg/g.【Conclusion】 Continuous cropping obstacle of pepper in tunnel could be mitigated by using base organic fertilizers. The use of base fertilizer supplemented with 22 488.8 kg/hm² rotting chicken manure and 29 985.0 kg/hm² corn straw significantly improved the growth index,yield,and quality of pepper,suitable for the Southern Ningxia′s mountainous region.

In the genetic breeding of edible mushroom,protoplast fusion technology offers a lot of potential. It breaks through barriers across species,genera,and even families,allowing for the fusion and creation of new strains. It′s crucial for improving current edible mushrooms strains,developing new strains,and domesticating rare wild edible mushrooms. This paper reviewed current research progress in the influencing factors of protoplast preparation and regeneration,fusion methods,fusant identification methods and breeding of edible mushroom,in order to provide ideas and method basis for the genetic breeding of edible mushroom.

【Objective】Assess the changes in grassland ecosystem quality in Inner Mongolia and understand the effect of grassland protection measures.【Methods】The grassland acreage and distribution,ecosystem quality,and ecosystem service capacity in Inner Mongolia were investigated using geographic information system and model calculation methods based on remote sensing data from 2000,2010 and 2015.【Results】Grassland distributed from the east to the west in Inner Mongolia. The grassland area decreased by 1 181.99 km² from 2000 to 2015,the grassland vegetation coverage increased from 42.52% to 46.50%. Grassland vegetation net primary productivity（NPP）increased from 147.45 g C/m² to 169.73 g C/m². Grassland stocking capacity increased significantly,and the area with stocking capacity greater than 100 sheep unit/km² increased by 52 507.75 km².【Conclusion】From 2000 to 2015,the quality of Inner Mongolia′s grassland ecosystem improved to some extent,which promoted the improvement of grassland ecosystem service capacity,indicating that the grassland protection policies and projects had played an effective role in the protection of grassland ecology in Inner Mongolia.