【Objective】Sugarbeet paired maintainer lines and male sterile lines′ cytoplasmic types were determined in order to provide theoretical basis and technical advice for breeding sugarbeet maintainer lines and male sterile lines.【Methods】40 sugarbeet test materials were identified using the generated VNTR specific primers TR1, TR2, TR3,and TR4, and the cytoplasmic types were separated according to the particular bands, which was combined with the research of fertility features in the field.【Results】Among the 21 materials to be selected for sterility type,the materials conforming to be Owen type were N9849-17-1,N9865-103-C1, N9857-5-1-TH1-400, MS321-C27-1-80, MS331-N70, MS343-80, MS117-3-6-4-2, MS301-500, MS351-80, MS327-70-80, MS333-70-80, MS335-N70, 2068B-2, MS151-1-16-301-400, MS317-1-8-301, MS313-506-600 and MS320-7-605-1-84. MS329-N70 was cytoplasm type N1 and MS323-503-600 was N2. Among the 19 fertile materials to be selected, 960767-201TH-1, 960764-1-11-1-1-400, OT322-C7-70-80, OT332-N70, OT352-80, OT328-70-80, BS301-13-9, OT352-80-1, OT342-80 and OT152-1-6-301-400 were found to be in line with the cytoplasm type N1, and OT302-500 was found to be in line with the cytoplasm type N2. 960766-1077-c1, OT344-80, OT118-4-5-4-4 and OT324-501-600 were Owen type. Six materials with inconsistent molecular identification results were MS351-80-1, MS341-80, OT152-1-1-1-C301, OT330-N70, OT334-70-80, and OT336-N70. The results of field investigation revealed that 960766-1077-c1, OT344-80, OT118-4-5-4-4 and OT324-501-600 were semi-fertile with Owen cytoplasmic types. MS329-N70 and MS323-503-600 were semi-sterile type Ⅱ and were not Owen cytoplasmic type.【Conclusion】The VNTR specific primers developed could be utilized to distinguish the cytoplasmic types of sugarbeet maintainer lines and male sterile lines. The results were consistent with the results of the field fertility feature identification.

【Objective】 To clarify the genetic relationship of the early maturing cotton germplasm resources in the Cotton Research Center of the Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences,in order to provide parental materials for hybrid combination selection and directional breeding.【Methods】 Using SSR molecular markers（microsatellite DNA）,31 pairs of SSR primers were used to investigate and identify the genetic diversity of 44 early maturing cotton germplasm resources.【Results】 31 pairs of primers amplified a total of 72 polymorphic bands,with an average of 2.25 bands per pair of primers. The genetic similarity coefficient among the materials ranged from 0.35 to 0.80,with an average of 0.58,according to the results of cluster analysis. The genetic similarity coefficient between Jiumian No.17 and Zhong 716 was the lowest,at 0.35. The highest genetic similarity coefficient were 0.80 for Xinluzao No.41 and Zhong 361,Zhongxia 05 and Liaomian No.15.【Conclusion】The 31 pairs of SSR primers were effective in amplifying the polymorphisms among the materials studied,and the genetic diversity types of 44 early maturing cotton materials were abundant,revealed the genetic background differences and genetic relationship among early maturing cotton germplasm resources.

【Objective】To investigate the stability and adaptability of potato varieties（lines）in Midwestern Inner Mongolia′s primary production zones,as well as the possibility of using the AMMI model to assess the stability and adaptability of varieties（lines）in this area.【Methods】The AMMI model was used to assess the stability and adaptability of 13 potato varieties（lines）in four trial sites,Chengguan Town in Horinger County of Hohhot,Kezhen Town in Wuchuan County,Jining District in Ulanqab City,and Jinshan Town in Guyang County of Baotou City.【Results】The AMMI model′s principal component values（IPCA1,IPCA2）could explain 86.37% of the entire interaction′s sum of squares. Jin 1021-5 with a yield of 41 954.30 kg/hm² and variety stability parameter of 1.649 3,was a high yield and stable yield line. D860,BF1020.1 and Jin 0905-14 with good yield but higher stability parameter,making them suitable for specific planting regions. The yield stability of BF0743.13 was good,however the yield was poor. The resolution of the four pilot sites were Horinger（E1）>Jining（E3）>Wuchuan（E2）>Guyang（E4）,and the environmental resolution parameters were 5.857 6,5.028 8,4.990 6 and 3.221 4 respectively. Horinger（E1）had the highest variety selectivity,whereas Guyang（E4）had the lowest variety selectivity.【Conclusion】Jin 1021-5 had a high yield and good stability,making it a good candidate for spreading in Midwestern Inner Mongolia. The AMMI model was a good fit for the experimental data. It could accurately analyze and identify the high yield,stable yield,and adaptability of potato varieties（lines）when combined with the double plot and stability parameters.

【Objective】To investigate the changing of soil enzyme activity in central Inner Mongolia when density-sowing date coupling of Cyperus esculentus.【Methods】The experiment was carried out with a split plot group design. With a total of 16 treatments,the primary treatment was sowing date（S1：April 30,S2：May 10,S3：May 20,S4：May 30）,while the secondary treatment was density（D1：60 000 plants/hm²,D2：90 000 plants/hm²,D3：120 000 plants/hm²,D4：150 000 plants/hm²）. The yields of the 16 treatments,as well as the changes of soil urease,catalase,alkaline phosphatase and sucrase activity were all analyzed.【Results】Soil enzyme activities increased gradually with increasing density under S1,S2,S3 sowing date. Under the same density,other soil enzyme activities,except urease activity,increased first and then decreased with the delay of sowing date,and the distribution trend of different enzyme activities was slightly different. Under the density-sowing date coupling,soil urease activity peaked at 9.81 mg/（g·24 h）in S4D4. S3D4 had the highest soil catalase activity of 38.20 mg/（g·24 h）and the highest soil sucrase activity of 52.02 mg/（g·24 h）. S3D4 had significantly higher（P<0.05）soil alkaline phosphatase activity than the other treatments,which was 0.45 mg/（g·24 h）. The yield of Cyperus esculentus increased as density grew at the same sowing date,and increased first,then reduced if the sowing date was delayed at the same density. The yield of S3D4 was 16 333.42 kg/hm²,which was significantly higher（P<0.05）than the yield of the other treatments.【Conclusion】When Cyperus esculentus was sown on May 20 in central Inner Mongolia at a density of 150 000 plants/hm²,the soil enzyme activity was at its peak,and the yield increased dramatically.

【Objective】To determine the effect of turning measure on physicochemical parameters and microbial community of traditional composting.【Methods】The experiment was carried out by windrow composting with different turning frequencies. The dairy manure and wheat straw were raw materials. The parameters analyzed during composting process were temperature,moisture,pH value,EC value,organic matter,total nitrogen,C/N ratio,germination index,weed seed inactivation rate,and microbial community.【Results】Compared with the control group（T1 and T2）,the treatment group（T3 and T4）with different turning frequencies could effectively increase the permeability of the pile and achieve thermophilic fermentation period（≥55 ℃）. The peak temperature rose by 20.00-38.33 ℃ and thermophilic fermentation period was increased 3-9 days. The water,total nitrogen,organic matter,and C/N ratio of composting product were decreased 15.38%-35.38%,12.42%-37.71%,22.81%-35.64% and 12.24%-31.67% respectively. Furthermore,the germination index（GI index）increased 10.77%-13.03%.The inactivation rate of weed seeds achieved 100%. The EC value and pH value of the treatment group（T3 and T4） were similar to the control group（T1 and T2）. The higher relative abundance of Methanomicrobia was existed in the control group（T1 and T2）. Furthermore,the turning measure could increase the relative abundance of Deinococcus-Thermous and Chloroflexi as the core bacteria,and the alpha-diversity was decreased by turning measure.【Conclusion】Adding turning measure during traditional composting process could increase the pile temperature,maturity and the degree of harmlessness for composting products. It also could increase the relative abundance of thermophilic microorganism and decrease the microbial community diversity.

【Objective】 To investigate the effects of different nutrient solution concentration on Astragalus mongholicus Bunge seedling growth and its medicinal components in order to provide reference for nutrient solution seedling raising of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge.【Methods】 Astragalus mongholicus Bunge were grown on four nutrient solutions,garden soil（CK）,standard concentration Hoagland and Aron general nutrient solution（Y1）,half of the standard concentration Hoagland and Aron general nutrient solution（Y2）,and 1/3 of standard concentration Hoagland and Aron general nutrient solution（Y3）. The growth morphological indicators,physiological indexes,and medicinal components of the plants were analyzed.【Results】Y1 treatment improved the plant height,main root length,branch number,stem diameter,basal part of stem diameter,and main root diameter of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge seedlings when compared to other treatments. Compare with the CK,Y1 treatment significantly（P<0.05）increased the chlorophyll content and root activity in Astragalus mongholicus Bunge seedlings, significantly （P<0.05） decreased the content of free amino acids in roots,and significantly （P<0.05） increased the content of total flavonoids in seedling roots 70 to 77 days after emergence,as well as the total polysaccharides in seedling roots 49 to 77 days after emergence.【Conclusion】Raising Astragalus mongholicus Bunge seedlings in Hoagland and Aron general nutrient solution at a standard concentration boosted seedling growth as well as total flavonoids and polysaccharide accumulation.

【Objective】To determine the effect of various storage methods on the quality of Jerusalem artichoke tubers in order to provide a reference for the advancement of Jerusalem artichoke tubers storage and preservation technologies.【Methods】The tubers of Tumet Jerusalem artichoke were preserved in cellars,warehouses,and the soil once they were harvested and dried. Every 30 days,the dry matter,reducing sugar,and inulin contents were tested,and variations in tuber appearance were noticed,as well as the rotting rate and germination rate were calculated.【Results】Under three storage methods,the quantities of dry matter,reducing sugar,and inulin of Jerusalem artichoke tubers varied significantly（P<0.05）. After 120 d of storage,the dry matter content of the cellar,warehouse,and soil storage decreased by 10.40%,16.77%,and 27.83%,whereas the inulin content decreased by 11.60%,4.45%,and 33.47%,respectively. The reducing sugar content decreased by 44.54%,12.82% for cellar and warehouse storage,and increased by 51.13% for the soil storage. The rotting rate and germination rate of Jerusalem artichoke tubers were both zero after cellaring. Some tubers rotted in warehouse storage,with a 7% rotting rate after 120 d. For soil storage,Jerusalem artichoke tubers germination appeared,with a 97% germination rate after 120 d.【Conclusion】Cellaring successfully extended Jerusalem artichoke tubers storage and preservation duration,reduced nutrient consumption,and preserved good appearance and quality. Within 90 d of soil storage,the appearance of Jerusalem artichoke tubers remained unchanged,yet the inulin content reduced dramatically. The Jerusalem artichoke tubers could be stored in the soil,the cellar,or a combination of the two to ensure tuber quality and extend storage period.

One of the most important organs in plants is the root system. To maximize crop output potential,cultivating a healthy root system is critical. The growth,development,and configuration of maize root system have been studied extensively by researchers in China and overseas. This paper summarized the research results of maize root system characteristics,important factors affecting root system growth,root system configuration research methods,and main factors affecting root system configuration,based on the research progress of maize root system and its configuration,in order to provide a reference for future maize root system research.

Cyperus esculentus is a multi-purpose commercial crop that incorporates grain and oil,feed,food,medicine,and greening,as well as an ecological crop that prevents windstorms and fastens sand,enhances soil fertility,and improves marginal land use efficiency. As a result of its favorable environmental and economic effects,it has been well developed. This paper discussed the characteristics,planting and yield,main nutrient composition,development and utilization of Cyperus esculentus,as well as the challenges that have afflicted its development and the prospects for its industrial development.

【Objective】To determine the optimal temperature and time for dry-heat treatment to destroy fungi and bacteria mixed in cucumber seed without affecting seed germination.【Methods】Cucumber seeds were dried at 60,70,80,90,and 100 ℃ for 2,4,6,8,10,and 12 h,with seeds without dry-heat treatment used as control（CK）. The germination energy and germination rate were assessed. The inactivation rates of fungal and bacterial on cucumber seed were tested in PDA and LB medium.【Results】The germination rate of cucumber seeds decreased significantly（P<0.05）when the dry-heat treatment was over 80 ℃. In PDA medium,the inactivation rate of fungi was significantly higher than that of CK（P<0.05）after treatment at 70 ℃ and 80 ℃ for 2,4,6,8,10,and 12 h,with the inactivation rate of 70 ℃ for 4 h being the highest,at 97.33%. In LB medium,after treatment at 70 ℃ and 80 ℃ for 2,4,6,8,10,and 12 h,the inactivation rate of bacteria was significantly higher than that of CK（P<0.05）,with the inactivation rate of 70 ℃ for 4 h being the highest,at 96.67%.【Conclusion】Under dry-heat treatment,cucumber seeds germinated normally and the optimal treatment of best inactivation efficacy of fungi and bacteria was 70 ℃ for 4 h.

【Objective】To investigate the dwarfing effect of plant growth retardants on Hemerocallis hence improve its ornamental value.【Methods】Different concentrations of Paclobutrazol（PP₃₃₃）,Uniconazole（S₃₃₀₇）,Chlormequat Chloride（CCC）,and B₉ were applied to Hemerocallis variety‘little Anna Rosa’ by pot soil application or leaf spraying with water as control. The effects of plant growth retardants on plant morphology,leaf characteristics,and flowering of Hemerocallis were investigated.【Results】All of the treatments had an inhibitory effect on‘little Anna Rosa’ plant morphology,with the treatment of spraying 60 mg/L S₃₃₀₇ on the leaf having the most evident inhibitory effect. In comparison to the control,the plant height and crown width both decreased by 52.32% and 36.68%,respectively;the stem diameter increased by 97.61%. In terms of application methods,leaf spraying PP₃₃₃ and S₃₃₀₇ had a better dwarfing effect on‘little Anna Rosa’ than pot soil application,whereas pot soil application CCC and B₉ had a better dwarfing effect on‘little Anna Rosa’ than leaf spraying. Various treatments inhibited the leaves of the‘little Anna Rosa’,and the effect was positively related to the concentration. The leaf length,leaf width（excluding 40 mg/L S₃₃₀₇）,and leaf area of the 60 mg/L S₃₃₀₇ treatment were significantly smaller than the control and other treatments（P<0.05）,with reductions of 29.47%,35.44%,and 54.46% respectively,as compare to the control. In terms of application methods,leaf spraying S₃₃₀₇（excluding 20 mg/L）had significantly higher inhibitory effect on leaf length and leaf area than pot soil treatment（P<0.05）. While pot soil treatment of CCC and B₉ had a higher inhibitory effect on leaf length,leaf width,and leaf area of than leaf spraying. Various treatments increased the flower diameter of ‘little Anna Rosa’. The flower diameter of 60 mg/L S₃₃₀₇ was significantly higher than that of the control and other treatments（P<0.05）,which was 65.00% higher than control. In terms of retardants toxicity,high concentrations of PP₃₃₃,CCC and B₉ caused the plants to stop blooming. The S₃₃₀₇,on the other hand,had no toxicity and allowed the plant to bloom normally. 【Conclusion】Leaf spraying with 60 mg/L S₃₃₀₇ boosted the ornamental value of potted Hemerocallis,resulting in a dwarf and compact plant,smaller leaves,dense green foliage,and larger flower diameter.

【Objective】Select the optimal seed surface sterilization method to improve Lilium pumilum′s aseptic seeding procedure.【Methods】Lilium pumilum seeds were cultured using aseptic sowing method. Seeds were disinfected with 1.0% NaClO or 0.1% HgCl₂ with gradient treatment duration（0-30 min）. Seeds were then cultured on MS medium mixed with 6-BA 1.0 mg/L and NAA 0.1 mg/L. The germination and growth were monitored regularly.【Results】The contamination rate of 0.1% HgCl₂ treatment was lower than that of 1.0% NaClO treatment at the same treatment time. Lilium pumilum seeds germination and growth were better with 0.1% HgCl₂ treatment than with 1.0% NaClO treatment. Seed germination and growth increased initially then declined as treatment duration was extended. The best treatment was 15 min of 0.1% HgCl₂,which had a 97.78% germination rate and superior seedling growth than the other treatments.【Conclusion】Lilium pumilum seeds had higher germination rate and better seedling growth after being treated with 0.1% HgCl₂ for 15 min.

【Objective】To find the optimal Sorghum-Sudan hybrid grass SRAP-PCR reaction system.【Methods】The five components（dNTP,template DNA concentration,primers,Taq DNA polymerase,and Mg²⁺）were optimized using single-factor and orthogonal-design approaches. The optimized SRAP-PCR reaction system was verified.【Results】The best SRAP-PCR system for Sorghum-Sudan hybrid grass contained 275 μmol/L dNTP,3.0 ng/μL template DNA,1.1 μmol/L for each primer,1.00 U Taq DNA polymerase,and 2.25 mmol/L Mg²⁺,making up to 20 μL with ddH₂O. 【Conclusion】The optimized SRAP-PCR reaction system amplified many bands,with abundant polymorphism and good repeatability.

【Objective】To study the antimicrobial activity of BGF bio-organic fertilizer on Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium solani.【Methods】BGF bio-organic fertilizer was diluted in a gradient of 1,10,100,1 000,and 10 000 mg/L in potato sucrose agar（PDA）plates,with water as control. The bacteriostatic rate of BGF bio-organic fertilizer on Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium solani was determined using the mycelial growth rate inhibition method,and the EC₅₀ was calculated using the virulence regression equation.【Results】The 10 000 mg/L BGF bio-organic fertilizer had the highest Phytophthora capsici inhibition rate,at 74.93%,followed by 1 000 mg/L,at 56.27%. The 10 000 mg/L BGF bio-organic fertilizer had the highest inhibition rate against Fusarium solani,at 78.54%. At 63.52%,the rate of 1 000 mg/L was the second highest. To Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium solani,the EC₅₀ of BGF bio-organic fertilizer was 401.038 mg/L and 390.077 mg/L,respectively.【Conclusion】Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium solani were both inhibited by BGF bio-organic fertilizer at concentrations of 1 000-10 000 mg/L.

【Objective】To investigate the pesticide residues in intensively planted spinach,as well as the risk associated with dietary exposure of pesticide residues in spinach.【Methods】Pesticide residues were measured in 80 spinach samples intensively planted in Ulanqab,Inner Mongolia. The chronic and acute dietary exposure risk assessment model was used to assess the dietary exposure risk of pesticide residues in the spinach. The pesticide risk ranking was done using the British Veterinary Drug Residue Committee′s veterinary drug residue risk ranking matrix to assess the health risk caused by pesticide residues.【Results】Pesticide residues from 16 different pesticides were found in spinach samples,mostly insecticides and low hazardous pesticides. The content was 0.002 0 to 1.280 0 mg/kg,the detection rate was 2.5% to 30.0%,and the over standard rate was 2.5%. The likelihood of chronic and acute dietary exposure to the insecticide Fluoronitrile exceeding the standard was less than 100%,posing neither long-term or short-term damage to human health. Pesticide residues with a risk value of less than 30 were classified as low-risk pesticide residues.【Conclusion】Pesticide residues were safe in spinach intensive production,and the danger of dietary exposure to pesticide residues was low. However Fluoronitrile was a potential risk factor,oversight of banned pesticides should be strengthened.

【Objective】To clarify the variation characteristics of aquaculture output structure in Hunan Province,as well as the important variables impacting output growth. Continue to encourage the transformation of fishery production mode and structure in order to achieve high-quality development.【Methods】The variation characteristics of aquaculture output structure in Hunan Province from 2006 to 2020 were analyzed using Excel 2007 and Matlab 7.0 software from the aspects of production waters and species. The correlation between aquaculture yield and impact factors in Hunan Province was studied using the grey correlation analysis method.【Results】In various production waters,ponds and paddy fields were the province′s principal source of aquaculture output. In various species,fish and crustaceans dominated were the province′s aquaculture output from 2016 to 2020. Grey correlation analysis showed that the correlation between aquaculture yield and various impact factors was high,and the correlation coefficient of various impact factors was also high in most years. Aquaculture area and fisheries employees had a greater influence than other impact factors.【Conclusion】To ensure the improvement of aquaculture output and quality in Hunan Province,comprehensive measures should be taken to expand the area and increase efficiency,prevent disaster risks,increase the proportion of well-known,unique,and high-quality aquatic products,and promote and train new aquaculture technologies.

【Objective】To identify the influencing factors and obstacle elements to land ecological security in the Heilongjiang reclamation region,in order to provide guidance on how to preserve land ecological security and food security in the area.【Methods】Social,economic,demographic,and other statistical data were collected from 9 sub bureaus in the Heilongjiang reclamation area in 2003,2008,2013,and 2018. 15 indicators were selected using the PSR model to build the land ecological security evaluation system,and evaluate the land ecological security of the Heilongjiang reclamation area on a time and space scale with grey correlation degree,multiplication model,and factor obstacle degree model.【Results】From 2003 to 2018,the land ecological security level in the Heilongjiang reclamation area generally increased. Among the 9 bureaus in the reclamation area,the land ecological security level of Jiansanjiang Bureau continued to rise,the Nine-three Bureau continued to decline,and the other 7 bureaus showed an alternating increase and decrease wave pattern. Grey correlation analysis revealed that the per capita disposable income of farm workers,the level of agricultural mechanization,per capita GDP,population density,and the effective irrigation area of cultivated land were the primary influencing variables of land ecological security in the reclamation area from 2003 to 2018. Factors obstacle degree model analysis demonstrated that the application amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticide,per capita GDP,population density,and per capita disposable income of farm workers were the primary obstacle elements to land ecological security in the reclamation area from 2003 to 2018.【Conclusion】The general land ecological security condition in the Heilongjiang reclamation area has improved,however the land strain has not been lifted completely. To ensure land ecological security,measures such as minimizing pesticide and chemical fertilizer use and managing population density should be taken.