影响好氧堆肥效果主要因素的研究进展

doi:10.12160/j.issn.1672-5190.2025.05.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着农牧业的快速发展,畜禽粪便和农作物秸秆等有机废弃物的处理和利用成为重要的环境和资源问题。堆肥作为一种高效、经济的处理方法,不仅能减少环境污染,还能将有机废弃物转化为有价值的有机肥料。好氧堆肥是堆肥的主要方式,其通过好氧菌的代谢活动促使有机物生物降解,发酵过程中产生的高温可以杀灭堆肥中的虫卵、病害生物和杂草种子等,推动堆肥实现腐殖化、无害化,最终形成绿色的有机肥料。综述了影响好氧堆肥效果的关键因素,包括碳氮比、含水率、氧气含量、pH值、温度和发酵微生物等有关参数,旨在明确各因素对堆肥效果的调控机制,为相关领域的研究与实践提供参考。

关键词: 有机废弃物, 好氧堆肥, 发酵腐熟, 影响因素

Abstract: With the rapid development of agriculture and animal husbandry, the treatment and utilization of organic wastes, such as livestock and poultry manure and crop straw, have become significant environmental and resource challenges. Composting, as an efficient and economic treatment method, not only reduces environmental pollution but also converts organic wastes into valuable organic fertilizer. Aerobic composting is the primary method of composting, which promotes the biodegradation of organic matter through the metabolic activities of aerobic microorganisms, with the high temperatures generated during fermentation process eliminating insect eggs, pathogenic organisms, and weed seeds, thereby facilitating the humification and harmlessness of the compost, and ultimately producing a green organic fertilizer. This review summarizes the key factors affecting the efficiency of aerobic composting, including parameters such as carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, moisture content, oxygen content, pH value, temperature, and fermentation microorganisms, with the aim of clarifying the regulatory mechanisms of these factors on composting efficiency and providing a reference for relevant research and practice in this field.

Key words: organic waste, aerobic composting, fermentation and maturation, affecting factors

中图分类号:

S141.4

岳林芳, 李蕴华, 李胤豪, 凤英, 于朝晖, 成立新. 影响好氧堆肥效果主要因素的研究进展[J]. 畜牧与饲料科学, 2025, 46(5): 100-109.

YUE Linfang, LI Yunhua, LI Yinhao, FENG Ying, YU Zhaohui, CHENG Lixin. Research Progress on the Main Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Aerobic Composting[J]. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science, 2025, 46(5): 100-109.

参考文献 115

[1]	中华人民共和国农业农村部.农业农村部关于贯彻实施《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》的意见(农科教发〔2021〕8号)[EB/OL].(2021-08-30).https://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/KJJYS/202108/t20210830_6375173.htm.
[2]	李晓晴.秸秆还田生态效益逐步显现:全国秸秆综合利用率超88%[N].人民日报(海外版),2022-10-13(004).
[3]	FU Q,CUI C,MENG L,et al.Emerging cellulose-derived materials:a promising platform for the design of flexible wearable sensors toward health and environment monitoring[J].Materials Chemistry Frontiers,2021,5(5):2051-2091.
[4]	张子纯. 牛粪堆肥复合菌剂的制备及有机质转化过程研究[D].贵阳:贵州大学,2024.
[5]	HE X S,XI B D,ZHANG Z Y,et al.Composition,removal,redox,and metal complexation properties of dissolved organic nitrogen in composting leachates[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2015,283:227-233.
[6]	JIANG J S,LIU X L,HUANG Y M,et al.Inoculation with nitrogen turnover bacterial agent appropriately increasing nitrogen and promoting maturity in pig manure composting[J].Waste Management,2015,39:78-85.
[7]	GIES G.Developing compost standards in Europe[J].Biocycle,1997,38(10):82-83.
[8]	VAVERKOVÁ M D,ADAMCOVÁ D,WINKLER J,et al.Alternative method of composting on a reclaimed municipal waste landfill in accordance with the circular economy:benefits and risks[J].Science of The Total Environment,2020,723:137971.
[9]	耿晓洒,汤庆丰,邢美燕,等.城市污泥好氧堆肥研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2016,44(18):107-110.
[10]	周俊,王梦瑶,王改红,等.餐厨垃圾资源化利用技术研究现状及展望[J].生物资源,2020,42(1):87-96.
[11]	张喆. 牛粪堆肥低温启动复合菌剂研制及其效果评价[D].大连:大连理工大学,2019.
[12]	常远,李若琪,李珺,等.好氧堆肥腐殖酸形成机制及促腐调控技术概述[J].中国环境科学,2023,43(10):5291-5302.
[13]	中华人民共和国农业农村部. 2021 年绿色种养循环农业试点技术指导意见[EB/OL].(2021-07-01). http://m.toutiao.com/group/6979872854485500453/?upstream_biz=doubao.
[14]	吴庆珊. 纤维素降解菌筛选及其在羊粪堆肥发酵中的应用[D].贵阳:贵州师范大学,2018.
[15]	沈玉君,孟海波,张朋月,等.猪粪堆肥挥发性有机物的产生规律与影响因素[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(5):211-216.
[16]	韩相龙,吴薇,赵鹏博,等.不同碳氮比对烟梗与牛粪堆肥过程的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2019,47(16):303-307.
[17]	王晓莉. 不同碳氮比处理对餐厨废弃物堆肥及其对小白菜生长影响的研究[D].银川:宁夏大学,2020.
[18]	HUANG G F,WONG J W C,WU Q T,et al. Effect of C/N on composting of pig manure with sawdust[J].Waste Management,2004,24(8):805-813.
[19]	董存明,张曼,邓小垦,等.不同碳氮比条件下鸡粪和椰糠高温堆肥腐熟过程研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(3):420-424.
[20]	张鹤,李孟婵,杨慧珍,等.不同碳氮比对牛粪好氧堆肥腐熟过程的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2019,54(1):60-67.
[21]	张苗,谢昶琰,李青,等.不同氮源及碳氮比对芡实壳好氧堆肥的影响[J].浙江农业科学,2024,65(10):2304-2310.
[22]	陈辉,王巨媛,田晓飞,等.含水率与C/N耦合对驴粪堆肥过程中温室气体排放的影响[J].生态环境学报,2019,28(2):341-347.
[23]	李帆,王静,武际,等.尿素硝酸铵调节碳氮比促进小麦秸秆堆肥腐熟[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2019,25(5):832-840.
[24]	周新伟,吕志伟,金梅娟,等.不同碳氮比牛粪对基质化堆肥中温室气体排放和理化性质的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2024,52(13):260-266.
[25]	王震,胡强,朱计谋,等.不同调控措施对葡萄冬剪枝条堆肥效果的影响[J].土壤通报,2021,52(3):629-634.
[26]	陆晓林,杨玉欣,洪春来,等.猪粪辅料促进茄果类蔬菜废弃物堆肥品质的微生物机理[J].农业环境科学学报,2022,41(5):1097-1107.
[27]	李化山,于光辉,李诗刚,等.餐厨垃圾与园林植物废弃物混合堆肥工艺研究[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(28):9745-9748.
[28]	李红霞,蔡禄,季祥,等.羊粪好氧堆肥最佳工艺参数的优化研究[J].中国农机化学报,2019,40(6):215-220.
[29]	GUO R,LI G X,JIANG T,et al.Effect of aeration rate,C/N ratio and moisture content on the stability and maturity of compost[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,112:171-178.
[30]	李洪涛,王涵,臧翔云,等.堆肥过程中纤维素酶活与纤维素降解相关研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2016,47(6):33-40.
[31]	LIU N,ZHOU J L,HAN L J,et al.Role and multi-scale characterization of bamboo biochar during poultry manure aerobic composting[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,241:190-199.
[32]	尚秀华,谢耀坚,彭彦.育苗基质用的有机废弃物腐熟堆沤技术研究进展[J].桉树科技,2009,26(1):64-70.
[33]	TALLUR P N,MEGADI V B,NINNEKAR H Z.Biodegradation of cypermethrin by Micrococcus sp. strain CPN 1[J].Biodegradation,2008,19(1):77-82.
[34]	TAKAHASHI S,IHARA H,KARASAWA T.Compost in pellet form and compost moisture content affect phosphorus fractions of soil and compost[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2016,62(4):399-404.
[35]	蔡海森. 鸡粪与稻壳堆肥影响因素的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2015.
[36]	李丹阳,马若男,亓传仁,等.含水率对羊粪堆肥腐熟度及污染气体排放的影响[J].农业工程学报,2020,36(20):254-262.
[37]	PETRIC I,ŠESTAN A,ŠESTAN I.Influence of initial moisture content on the composting of poultry manure with wheat straw[J].Biosystems Engineering,2009,104(1):125-134.
[38]	赵旭,王文丽,李娟.玉米秸秆调节牛粪含水率对其腐熟进程及氨气释放量的影响[J].生态科学,2020,39(5):179-186.
[39]	张亚宁. 堆肥腐熟度快速测定指标和方法的建立[D].北京:中国农业大学,2004.
[40]	焦洪超,张洪芳,栾炳志,等.不同通风量对猪粪好氧堆肥效果的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(12):173-177.
[41]	王国兴,董桂军,艾士奇,等.通风量对堆肥化过程中氮素转化及nirK基因多样性和数量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(3):565-572.
[42]	杜龙龙,袁京,李国学,等.通风速率对厨余垃圾堆肥NH3和H2S排放及腐熟度影响[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(12):3714-3720.
[43]	周海瑛. 不同C/N比对好氧堆肥过程中NH3挥发损失及含氮有机化合物转化的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2019.
[44]	CHAN M T,SELVAM A,WONG J W C. Reducing nitrogen loss and salinity during ′struvite′ food waste composting by zeolite amendment[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,200:838-844.
[45]	卢秉林,王文丽,李娟,等.添加小麦秸秆对猪粪高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响[J].环境工程学报,2010,4(4):926-930.
[46]	王亚飞. 不同畜禽粪便堆肥过程中可培养微生物数量及腐殖质含量和酶活性的变化[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.
[47]	李云蓓,刘婷婷,姜继韶,等.原位固氮剂在污泥堆肥过程中保氮机制[J].化工进展,2020,39(7):2876-2883.
[48]	翁洵,王炎,郑孟菲,等.堆肥过程中氮素转化及保氮措施研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(27):26-32.
[49]	PAGANS E,BARRENA R,FONT X,et al.Ammonia emissions from the composting of different organic wastes. Dependency on process temperature[J].Chemosphere,2006,62(9):1534-1542.
[50]	PERCIVAL ZHANG Y H,HIMMEL M E,MIELENZ J R. Outlook for cellulase improvement:screening and selection strategies[J].Biotechnology Advances,2006,24(5):452-481.
[51]	DUAN H Y,JI M H,CHEN A,et al.Evaluating the impact of rice husk on successions of bacterial and fungal communities during cow manure composting[J].Environmental Technology and Innovation,2021,24:102084.
[52]	史向远,王秀红,周静,等.牛粪联合玉米秸秆好氧堆肥理化性状分析[J].山西农业科学,2019,47(7):1217-1221.
[53]	李忠徽,王旭东.不同发酵辅料下牛粪腐解过程温度和养分的变化规律[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(3):471-477.
[54]	王怀中,李开荣,朱荣生,等.畜禽粪污好氧堆肥发酵参数探讨[J].山东畜牧兽医,2020,41(3):37-39.
[55]	HUHE,JIANG C,WU Y P,et al.Bacterial and fungal communities and contribution of physicochemical factors during cattle farm waste composting[J].MicrobiologyOpen,2017,6(6):e00518.
[56]	MA C,HU B,WEI M B,et al.Influence of matured compost inoculation on sewage sludge composting:enzyme activity,bacterial and fungal community succession[J].Bioresource Technology,2019,294:122165.
[57]	STENTIFORD E I.Composting Control:Principles and Practice[M]//BERTOLDI M,SEQUI P,LEMMES B,et al. The Science of Composting. Dordrecht:Springer Netherlands,1996.
[58]	CÁRDENAS-GONZÁLEZ B,ERGAS S J,SWITZENBAUM M S. Characterization of compost biofiltration media[J].Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association,1999,49(7):784-793.
[59]	NIGUSSIE A,BRUUN S,KUYPER T W,et al.Delayed addition of nitrogen-rich substrates during composting of municipal waste:effects on nitrogen loss,greenhouse gas emissions and compost stability[J].Chemosphere,2017,166:352-362.
[60]	XU J,XU X H,HAN Y,et al.Evaluation of a novel thermophilic nitrifying Bacillaceae species Aliibacillus thermotolerans BM62T promoting nitrogen retention in livestock manure compost[J].Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy,2020,39(3):e13357.
[61]	ORTHODOXOU D,PETTITT T R,FULLER M,et al.An investigation of some critical physico-chemical parameters influencing the operational rotary in-vessel composting of food waste by a small-to-medium sized enterprise[J].Waste and Biomass Valorization,2015,6(3):293-302.
[62]	LIU Z L,WANG X,WANG F H,et al.The progress of composting technologies from static heap to intelligent reactor:benefits and limitations[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,270:122328.
[63]	HAUG R.The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering[M].New York:Routledge,2018.
[64]	杨林丽. 纤维素降解菌筛选及混合菌种纤维素降解能力测定[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2013.
[65]	侯会利. 牛粪固体物堆肥制作卧床垫料的效果及其低温纤维素降解菌的筛选[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2015.
[66]	RICH N,BHARTI A,KUMAR S.Effect of bulking agents and cow dung as inoculant on vegetable waste compost quality[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,252:83-90.
[67]	梁文涓,牛明芬,武肖媛,等.复合微生物菌剂和纤维素酶制剂在牛粪堆肥中的应用效果[J].江苏农业科学,2016,44(1):362-365.
[68]	CHEN J,SINSABAUGH R L.Linking microbial functional gene abundance and soil extracellular enzyme activity:implications for soil carbon dynamics[J].Global Change Biology,2021,27(7):1322-1325.
[69]	黄勤楼,钟珍梅,黄秀声,等.纤维素降解菌的筛选及在狼尾草青贮中使用效果评价[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):197-203.
[70]	杨腾腾,周宏,王霞,等.微生物降解纤维素的新机制[J].微生物学通报,2015,42(5):928-935.
[71]	张佐忠,萨仁高娃,要利仙,等.基于堆肥温度条件下的粪污发酵剂成分及堆肥效果分析[J/OL].畜牧兽医科学(电子版),2021(2):1-4.
[72]	LUO C B,LI Y Q,LIAO H,et al.De novo transcriptome assembly of the bamboo snout beetle Cyrtotrachelus buqueti reveals ability to degrade lignocellulose of bamboo feedstock[J].Biotechnology for Biofuels,2018,11(1):292.
[73]	KAMODA S,SABURI Y.Structural and enzymatical comparison of lignostilbene-alpha,beta-dioxygenase isozymes,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ,from Pseudomonas paucimobilis TMY1009[J].Bioscience,Biotechnology,and Biochemistry,1993,57(6):931-934.
[74]	REID I D.Biodegradation of lignin[J].Canadian Journal of Botany,1995,73(S1):1011-1018.
[75]	李慧蓉. 白腐真菌生物学和生物技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005:25-40.
[76]	POLLEGIONI L,TONIN F,ROSINI E.Lignin-degrading enzymes[J].The FEBS Journal,2015,282(7):1190-1213.
[77]	LEVASSEUR A,DRULA E,LOMBARD V,et al.Expansion of the enzymatic repertoire of the CAZy database to integrate auxiliary redox enzymes[J].Biotechnol Biofuels,2013,6(1):41.
[78]	ALONSO-PERNAS P,BARTRAM S,ARIAS-CORDERO E M,et al. In vivo isotopic labeling of symbiotic bacteria involved in cellulose degradation and nitrogen recycling within the gut of the forest cockchafer (Melolontha hippocastani)[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2017,8:1970.
[79]	WANG Z Y,WANG R X,ZHOU J S,et al.An assessment of the genomics,comparative genomics and cellulose degradation potential of Mucilaginibacter polytrichastri strain RG4-7[J].Bioresource Technology,2020,297:122389.
[80]	SHEN L J,ZANG X L,SUN K,et al.Complete genome sequencing of Bacillus sp. TK-2,analysis of its cold evolution adaptability[J].Scientific Reports,2021,11(1):4836.
[81]	AN X J,CHEN X,WANG Y,et al.Cellulolytic bacterium characterization and genome functional analysis:an attempt to lay the foundation for waste management[J].Bioresource Technology,2021,321:124462.
[82]	ZHANG T J,WEI S L,LIU Y J,et al.Screening and genome-wide analysis of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria from humic soil[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2023,14:1167293.
[83]	贺鹏亮. 高温木质素降解菌系驯化筛选及在羊粪-菌渣堆肥中的应用[D].贵阳:贵州师范大学,2021.
[84]	戴芸芸,钟卫鸿.细菌降解木质纤维素的研究进展[J].化学与生物工程,2016,33(6):11-16.
[85]	DE GANNES V,EUDOXIE G,HICKEY W J.Prokaryotic successions and diversity in composts as revealed by 454-pyrosequencing[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,133:573-580.
[86]	WANG C,GUO X H,DENG H,et al.New insights into the structure and dynamics of actinomycetal community during manure composting[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2014,98(7):3327-3337.
[87]	XU J Q,JIANG Z W,LI M Q,et al.A compost-derived thermophilic microbial consortium enhances the humification process and alters the microbial diversity during composting[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2019,243:240-249.
[88]	RYCKEBOER J,MERGAERT J,VAES K,et al.A survey of bacteria and fungi occurring during composting and self-heating processes[J].Annals of Microbiology,2003,53(4):349-410.
[89]	NIU J,LI X.Effects of microbial inoculation with different indigenous Bacillus species on physicochemical characteristics and bacterial succession during short-term composting[J].Fermentation,2022,8(4):152.
[90]	SUN X W,LI Z,LI J Q,et al.Dynamic composting actuated by a Caldibacillus thermoamylovorans isolate enables biodecomposability and reusability of Cinnamomum camphora garden wastes[J].Bioresource Technology,2023,376:128852.
[91]	单建荣,全鑫,朱用哲,等.一株低温纤维素降解菌的筛选与产酶条件优化[J].生态学杂志,2021,40(4):1128-1136.
[92]	HERNÁNDEZ M,HERNÁNDEZ-CORONADO M J,MONTIEL M D,et al. Pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as a useful technique to evaluate the ligninolytic action of streptomycetes on wheat straw[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2001,58:539-551.
[93]	SANCHEZ-MONEDERO M A,CAYUELA M L,ROIG A,et al. Role of biochar as an additive in organic waste composting[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,247:1155-1164.
[94]	YI H N,SCHUMANN P,CHUN J.Demequina aestuarii gen. nov.,sp. nov.,a novel actinomycete of the suborder Micrococcineae,and reclassification of Cellulomonas fermentans Bagnara et al. 1985 as Actinotalea fermentans gen. nov.,comb. nov[J].International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,2007,57(Pt 1):151-156.
[95]	ZHAO K N,XU R,ZHANG Y,et al.Development of a novel compound microbial agent for degradation of kitchen waste[J].Brazilian Journal of Microbiology,2017,48(3):442-450.
[96]	TIAN W,SUN Q,XU D B,et al.Succession of bacterial communities during composting process as detected by 16S rRNA clone libraries analysis[J].International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation,2013,78:58-66.
[97]	KAMESHWAR A K S,QIN W S. Recent developments in using advanced sequencing technologies for the genomic studies of lignin and cellulose degrading microorganisms[J].International Journal of Biological Sciences,2016,12(2):156-171.
[98]	杨茜,李维尊,鞠美庭,等.微生物降解木质纤维素类生物质固废的研究进展[J].微生物学通报,2015,42(8):1569-1583.
[99]	ANTONOV E,SCHLEMBACH I,REGESTEIN L,et al.Process relevant screening of cellulolytic organisms for consolidated bioprocessing[J].Biotechnology for Biofuels,2017,10:106.
[100]	覃俊达. 微生物特性对农业废物堆肥腐殖化的影响研究[J].农业科技与信息,2016(35):106-108,111.
[101]	WRIGHT C,GRYGANSKYI A P,BONITO G.Fungi in Composting[M]//PURCHASE D.Fungal Applications in Sustainable Environmental Biotechnology. Cham:Springer International Publishing,2016:3-28.
[102]	ZHU L,MARUYAMA J I,KITAMOTO K.Further enhanced production of heterologous proteins by double-gene disruption (ΔAosedD ΔAovps10) in a hyper-producing mutant of Aspergillus oryzae[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2013,97(14):6347-6357.
[103]	WEI H W,WANG L H,HASSAN M,et al.Succession of the functional microbial communities and the metabolic functions in maize straw composting process[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,256:333-341.
[104]	孙谱. 高效纤维素降解菌群构建及其对园林废弃物堆肥理化性质的影响[D].苏州:苏州大学,2021.
[105]	LI Y Z,CHEN Z,PENG Y Y,et al.Changes in aerobic fermentation and microbial community structure in food waste derived from different dietary regimes[J].Bioresource Technology,2020,317:123948.
[106]	刘东明,孟繁华,郝艳,等.微生物菌剂对堆肥功能微生物重构的影响[J].环境科学研究,2020,33(9):2011-2019.
[107]	GAIND S,PANDEY A K,LATA. Biodegradation study of crop residues as affected by exogenous inorganic nitrogen and fungal inoculants[J].Journal of Basic Microbiology,2005,45(4):301-311.
[108]	刘晓佩,李鸣晓,戴昕,等.不同菌剂制备餐厨垃圾液态有机肥过程物质转化规律研究[J].环境工程技术学报,2021,11(4):750-755.
[109]	袁芳. EM(有效微生物)组成的分类鉴定及在垃圾堆肥处理技术中的应用[D].长沙:湖南大学,2005.
[110]	FATHALLH EIDA M,NAGAOKA T,WASAKI J,et al.Isolation and characterization of cellulose-decomposing bacteria inhabiting sawdust and coffee residue composts[J].Microbes and Environments,2012,27(3):226-233.
[111]	李瑜,王琦,陈五岭.牛粪堆肥高效降解菌的筛选及复合微生物菌剂的制备[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(35):15653-15655.
[112]	XU J,XU X H,LIU Y,et al.Effect of microbiological inoculants DN-1 on lignocellulose degradation during co-composting of cattle manure with rice straw monitored by FTIR and SEM[J].Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy,2016,35(2):345-351.
[113]	ZHOU C,LIU Z,HUANG Z L,et al.A new strategy for co-composting dairy manure with rice straw:Addition of different inocula at three stages of composting[J].Waste Management,2015,40:38-43.
[114]	路强强,赵叶子,陈智坤,等.城市园林废弃物中纤维素高效降解微生物菌系的构建[J].江苏农业科学,2020,48(6):272-277.
[115]	江高飞,杨天杰,郑海平,等.降解玉米秸秆真菌复合菌系的构建及其降解效果评价[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2021,27(2):284-292.