To explore sustainable sowing practices for corn in arid areas,corn was sown using four cultivation modes:(1)double ridge/mulching with plastic film/furrow sowing(DRMF),(2)double ridge/no mulching/furrow sowing(DRNF),(3)double ridge/mulching with plastic film/furrow sowing/intercropping with soybean(DRMFI),and (4)the ecological organic double ridge/no mulching/furrow sowing(EODRNF).The yield and agronomic traits of corn were compared under the different sowing modes.It was found that the growth period was shorter in the DRMF mode than in the DRNF mode.The yield of DRMF was significantly higher than the other modes.The yield of corn was in the order DRMF>EODRNF>DRNF>DRMFI.There was a significant difference between the row number and kernels per row between the DRWF and the DRNF.Soil sampling and analysis in spring and autumn showed that the content of alkali extractable and N in autumn was lower than in spring.The content of total P was higher in autumn than spring,while available P was lower in autumn.Significant differences in total P and available P occurred between treatments.Available K was lower in autumn than spring and there were significant differences between the treatments.

Seedling quality plays an important role in rice growth and quality at maturity.The effects of different concentrations of rice seedling conditioner on the growth of rice seedlings (cultivar Kenjing 7) were studied in a pot experiment.The results showed that application of rice seedling conditioner can reduce plant height,increase stem width,number of roots,root length and root volume,and improve physiological metabolism (chlorophyll content,soluble protein content,soluble sugar content and peroxidase activity).A seedling conditioner concentration of 5 g/L was found to be optimal.

To explore the growth,physiological and biochemical characteristics of Quercus acutissima under water stress,one-year-old seedlings of Quercus acutissima were subjected to four levels of soil water stress.Results indicated that the relative growth,relative ground diameter growth,relative crown width and biomass increment of Quercus acutissima seedlings decreased with increase in water stress.However,the biomass increment did not change significantly between W2,W3 and W4 treatments.The content of free proline,soluble sugar,malondialdehyde(MDA),soluble protein and relative lipid membrane permeability in leaves increased with the decrease in soil moisture content.The activities of the protective enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD),peroxidase (POD)and catalase (CAT) increased at first,but their activities decreased when soil moisture content reached 25% of field capacity.With increase in water stress,seedlings of Quercus acutissima can reduce the damage caused by increasing root-shoot ratio and protective enzyme activity.

The salt gland is a unique structure of recretohalophytes.Recretohalophytes adapt to the salt environment through secreting salt ions in salt glands.Based on differences in morphology and function,the salt gland can be divided into salt gland and salt vesicle.In this paper,the types,morphological structure,and mode and mechanism of salt secretion glands are reviewed in order to provide a basis for understanding and improving salt secretion characteristics and salt tolerance mechanisms of recretohalophytes.

In order to investigate variation in soil temperature in alfalfa growing in the Ordos Plateau region of northern China,field microclimate data were monitored using an HOBO U30 small meteorological station in alfalfa at the first stage of re-greening,and the first and second stages of flowering.At the first stage of re-greening,on sunny days the soil temperature under alfalfa showed a sinusoidal curve with soil depth;At the first flowering period,on rainy days the soil temperature showed a steady decline with soil depth;The slope of the soil temperature at 5 cm after the rainstorm in the second alfalfa flowering period is close to the temperature,but the time lag is about 2 h;the slope of soil temperature drop at 15 cm and 25 cm is relatively low.

This study examined the effects of applying different soil amendments on the growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis of saline-alkali soil alfalfa in the Hailiutu science park-area of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University.Soil amendments effectively promoted the growth of alfalfa and the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis,but the effects of different amendments on alfalfa growth and mycorrhizal indices were different.Among them,the greatest plant height,plant yield,and leaf SPAD were observed in the organic fertilizer+amendment T treatment,and were 27.1%,126.2% and 4.0% higher than the control,respectively.The amendment E produced the largest leaf weight,the largest leaf/stem ratio,and the largest mycorrhizal infection rate,and were 64.5%,42.1%,and 59.9% higher than that of the control,respectively.The stem weight of alfalfa was greatest in the compound fertilizer+organic fertilizer+amendment E treatment,and was 19.2% higher than that of the control.The C content of alfalfa in the compound fertilizer+organic fertilizer+amendment T+amendment E treatment was the highest,being 87.4% greater than the control.The content of N in alfalfa in the amendment T treatment was the largest,while the C/N ratio was the smallest,being 291.4% higher and 67.3% lower than the control,respectively.The P content of alfalfa in the amendment T+amendment E was the largest,and was 246.5% higher than the control;the rhizosphere mycorrhizal spore density in the compound fertilizer+organic fertilizer+amendment T treatment was the highest,being 7.8 times that of the control.According to the effect of different amendments on the various indices and the use value of each index,a comprehensive score was calculated for the different treatments:amendment E(10.35)>amendment T(8.61)>organic fertilizer+amendment T(8.12)>compound fertilizer+organic fertilizer+amendment T(7.76)>compound fertilizer+amendment T+amendment E(7.51)>organic fertilizer+amendment T+amendment E(7.49)>compound fertilizer+amendment E(7.43)>organic fertilizer+amendment E(7.34)>compound fertilizer+Organic fertilizer+amendment E(6.99)>compound fertilizer+amendment T(6.50)>compound fertilizer+organic fertilizer+amendment T+amendment E(5.98)>amendment T+amendment E(5.42)>control(1.5).From the effects of the different amendments on the growth of the mycorrhizal mantle,for alfalfa planted on alkaline earth soil with similar characteristics to that of the experiment,the best results will be obtained from using amendment E,amendment T and organic fertilizer+amendment.

To provide a scientific basis for corn potassium (K) fertilization,the abundance-deficiency index(ADI) of soil available K for corn(SAKFC) and the appropriate K fertilizer application rates(APFAR) for corn in the Northeast plain,the Huang-huai-hai plain,the loess plateau,the northwest desert oasis area,and the southwest hilly area were studied.The methods of scattered theoretical data integration,regression equation between relative yield in the absence of K fertilizer and soil available K content,and the new applied formula based on “nutrient balance and projected yield minus soil fertility yield” for determining the appropriate fertilizer application rates were employed.The results showed that the ADI of SAKFC in the Northeast plain for the first to fifth level was≥167,121-167,63-121,33-63 and<33 mg/kg,respectively.The ADI of SAKFC in the Huang-huai-hai plain for the first to the fifth level was≥176,112-176,46-112,19-46 and<19 mg/kg,respectively.The ADI of SAKFC in the southwest hilly area for the first to the fifth level was≥186,124-186,55-124, 24-55 and<24 mg/kg,respectively.The ADI of SAKFC in the loess plateau for the first to the fifth level was≥269,187-269, 91-187,44-91 and <44 mg/kg,respectively.The ADI of SAKFC in the northwest desert oasis area for the first to sixth level was≥205,166-205,110-166,73-110,48-73 and<48 mg/kg,respectively.When the K fertilizer use efficiency in the current season was 50%,the APFAR for grain corn(target yield of 6-15 t/hm^2) for the first to the sixth level was 0,25-63,50-126, 76-189,101-252 and 126-315 kg/hm2,respectively.The APFAR for silage corn(target yield of 30-120 t/hm^2) for the first to the sixth level was 0,21-84,42-168,63-252,84-336 and 105-420 kg/hm^2,respectively.

The effects of five different land use types on physical and chemical properties of the saline-alkali soil in the Tumochuan plain,China,were analyzed by field soil sampling and laboratory experiment.Soluble salt content,composition of salt ions,and pH and alkalinity of soil profile were studied.The results showed that: soil salt ion composition and total salt content have obvious spatial distribution characteristics under different land use types.The total salt in the soil profile of pasture and forest land showed first an increase and then a decrease with increase in soil depth.Total salt in a wasteland and improved land soil profile decreased with increase in soil depth,and in farmland increased with soil depth.The distribution characteristics of soil pH,alkalinity and total alkalinity in the profile were basically the same in the five land use types.The degree of salinization and alkalinization declined in the order saline-alkali waste land > improved land > pastureland > forest land> agricultural land.The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the rational development and utilization in the Tumochuan plain.

Using the spring wheat variety Ningchun 4,the effects of selenium (Se) fertilizer as seed manure on Se absorption and distribution,and the influence of Se amount and fertilization method on the content of Se in grain were investigated in field experiments in Tumochuan plain.The results showed that the Se content in grain was increased from 0.103 to 0.218 mg/kg with increase in Se fertilizer rate from 75 to 300 kg/hm^2 (34.29-136.89 g Se/hm^2).The Se content in grain did not differ between the two fertilization methods.The Se content of the whole plant ranged from 0.093-0.514 mg/kg with application 150 g/hm^2 of Se fertilizer as seeding-fertilizer.The average seedling Se content was 0.219 mg/kg and could be improved by 2.6 times.The Se content in different organs of seedlings declined in the order leaf > seed > husks > stem.At the ripening stage,the order of Se content in different organs was stem > seed > husks > leaf.The quantity of uptake of Se by spring wheat in the whole plant changed as a s curve.it was fitted by the logistic equation to Se fertilizer treatment.The fastest absorption velocity was 0.017 μg/(d·plant) and was increased by 325% compared with the check treatment.The content of Se in leaves gradually decreased with spring wheat growth,however,the content in grain gradually increased.The Se harvest index when Se was applied as Se seed manure was 42.0% at the mature stage,which was increased by 0.43 % above the control.

In order to understand the effects of different nutrient additions on the grassland community,simulated experiments of artificial addition of nitrogen,phosphate and potassium fertilizers were conducted to study the changes in element contents of carbon (C),nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in plant leaves and the stoichiometric ratios of plant C∶N,C∶P,N∶P and C∶N∶P under different fertilization levels.The results showed that the dicotyledonous plants Artemisia laciniata and Thalictrum squarrosum could better absorb the nutrients in fertilizer than monocotyledonous Leymus chinensis,Stipa baicalensis and Carex pediformis,and the dicotyledonous plants had higher storage.

The study used field investigation and chemical analysis to explore soil nutrient contents under grassland,woodland and cultivated land in the farming-pastoral ecotone in Siziwang banner,Inner Mongolia.Principal component analysis was used to evaluate the soil nutrient contents,and the results were compared with soil nutrient contents determined in the Second Soil Survey in 1982.Average of soil organic matter content in grassland and woodland was 21.22 g/kg and 23.14 g/kg,respectively,which was significantly higher than that of cultivated land.Furthermore,the average values of total nitrogen,available nitrogen and available potassium were also higher than for cultivated land.Overall,the soil nutrient content level of cultivated land was lower than that of grassland and woodland.Principal component analysis showed that soil nutrients under the different land use types followed a ranking of woodland>grassland>cultivated land.Compared with 1982,the organic matter content of grassland and cultivated land had increased by 104.0% and 21.6% respectively in 2017.Thus,although soil nutrient content was restored under each type of land use,the degree of restoration in grassland was better than that of cultivated land.According to the above results,increasing the protection of woodland and grassland,and the management of cultivated land are better choices for maintaining the soil sustainable development in the Farming-pastoral ecotone which in Siziwang banner,Inner Mongolia.

In this paper plate isolation method,combined with 16S rDNA sequence analysis,were used to investigate the diversity and community structure of rhizosphere nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from Larix gmelinii in Arxan National Forest Park.A total of 28 isolates were obtained from L.gmelinii rhizosphere soil and their 16s rDNAs were sequenced and analyzed.The isolates were classified into 10 genera and 18 species.The genera isolated included Pseudomonas,Serratia,Burkholderia,Rhizobium,Phyllobacterium,Paenibacillus,Bacillus,Rhodococcus,Curtobacterium and Arthrobacter,with Pseu- domonas,Phyllobacterium,Arthrobacter are dominant groups.The results showed the community structure and diversity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of L.gmelinii in Arxan National Forest Park.

This study examined the effect of irrigation amount on potato growth at the two key stages of tuber formation and tuber growth.The relationship between potato moisture absorption and yield was theoretically verified,and the optimal irrigation system to achieve water saving and high yield was determined.Main results were that during the two key periods of growth potato plant height and stem diameter were positively correlated with the amount of irrigation water applied,and potato yield also increased as the amount of irrigation water increased.When the soil water content reached more than 60% of the soil water holding capacity,the potato yield was significantly increased.In the tuber growth period,the correlation between potato yield and plant height was small,however potato yield was related to stem diameter.

Apple ring rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is one of the main apple diseases.In order to find biocontrol bacteria for apple ring rot,70 strains of bacteria were obtained using the plate confrontation method.Preliminary screening showed that 18 strains had different degrees of inhibition of apple ring rot.I It was found that the bacteriostasis rate of four strains (BS-1,B16,B169 and 1301) exceeded 50.0%,with strain B16 having the highest rate of 59.30%.Strains BS-1,B16,B169 and 1301 were identified as Bacillus cereus,Bacillus mojavensis,Bacillus mojavensis and Paenibacillus polymyxa,respectively.The results showed that these four strains had certain application prospects in the control of Botryosphaeria dothidea.

To mitigate the harm of Cydia pomonella L.(codling moth) in apples,the mating disruption method of hanging silk in trees was studied.Results of the study showed that mating disruption can provide effective control of C.pomonella L.A control efficiency of 86.71% was obtained when silk was hung once.This decreased fruit damage and gave a significant economic benefit of 11 353 yuan per hm2.Hanging mating disruption silk twice further significantly reduced pests trapped and gave a mating disruption rate of up to 94.86%,and control efficiency of 95.83%.When silk was hung twice only 0.60% of fruit was damaged.Therefore,it is recommended that mating disruption silk be hung twice to improve the effectiveness of prevention.

In a case study of two townships at the China-Mongolia border,the chi-squared test,Jaccard correlation index,Spearman rank correlation analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to determine the dominant interspecific associations of plant communities to explore the response of species associations in Stipa krylovii steppe to different grazing patterns.It was found that,compared with Nalan townships in Mongolia,the inter-species relationships between the plant communities of Narenbaolage townships in China were relatively few close,moreover,competition and mutual exclusion among species were observed to be greater in the Narenbaolage townships.The proportion of annual plants in the Narenbaolage townships was greater than in the Nalan townships,and the area of the perennial dominant species was reduced.Different grazing methods have an important impact on the inter-species associations of grassland plant communities,unreasonable grazing may lead to the loss of grassland species and imbalance of the grassland ecosystem.

Based on daily minimum ground temperature data of 94 national meteorological stations in Inner Mongolia from 1971 to 2018,the last spring frost (ground temperature ≤0 ℃) dates of each station were calculated,and the spatiotemporal variations of the last frost were analyzed.It was found that the mean date of the last frost had a significant correlation with latitude and altitude,the lower the latitude and altitude,the earlier the last frost date.Interannual variation of the last frost date had a significant correlation with altitude,the higher the altitude,the larger the Interannual variation.Last frost dates of most stations had early trends that were related to altitude to some extent,the higher the altitude the more obvious the early trends.Last frost dates of most stations obvious abrupt changes of climate,abrupt changes of climate were related to latitude to some extent,the higher the latitude,the later the abrupt changes.On average,the last frost was non-damaging,light-damaging,medium-damaging and heavy damaging to crops at 49%,18%,16% and 17% of stations respectively.The number of non-damage level stations had a distinct increasing trend,the number of light-damage level stations had no obvious,the number of middle-damage level stations had a slight declining trend,and the number of heavy-damage level stations had adistinct declining trend.Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of last frost dates showed there were two main modes (of variation in last frost date)? The first EOF mode showed a whole anomaly structure type,with time coefficients that had a distinct declining trend and reflected climatic effects. The second EOF mode showed a north-south opposite structuretype with load values that were consistent with the latitudes and altitudes of the meteorological stations,and with time coefficients that had no obvious variation and reflected geographic effects.

This experiment explored the preferred method for the extraction of Suxiaohong grape pigment and the factors affecting pigment stability.The rape pigment was extracted with varying concentrations of ethanol,extraction period and temperature,and an orthogonal test was carried out to optimize the extraction process.The best extraction conditions were found to be: ethanol concentration,70%;extraction temperature,70℃;extraction time,60 minutes;and material to liquid ratio,1∶15.The factors influencing the stability of Suxiaohong grape pigment studied were light tolerance,redox resistance and acid and alkali resistance.The study showed that the pigment from Suxiaohong grape is stable in a strong acid environment of pH 1.0-4.0;the pigment is sensitive to light and will rapidly degrade under long-term exposure. Pigment stability can be maintained by adding a low concentration of Na2SO3,sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate preservative which has a certain color protection effect on pigments with high a concentration of citric acid and zinc ions.A better secondary color effect was achieved by adding Ca^2+ at a concentration of<1.0 mol/L and sucrose at a concentration of<20% to the pigment.

The shoot tip of daylily Da Wu Zui was used to establish techniques and a system for its tissue culture.Different hormone types and concentrations were examined in the study and it was found that these had significant effects on primary culture,starting culture,subculture and rooting culture of Da Wu Zui.The most suitable hormone concentration for callus Induction was MS supplemented with 3 mg/L 6-BA and 0.4 mg/L NAA.The most suitable hormone concentration for induction of adventitious buds was MS supplemented with 3 mg/L 6-BA and 0.2 mg/L NAA.The most suitable hormone concentration for root formation was 1/2MS with 0.2 mg/L NAA or 0.2 mg/L IBA.This study provides a scientific basis for the large-scale production of daylily Da Wu Zui.

Grafting is an efficient technology that can be used to create disease resistance and increase yield,and can help solve problems associated with continuous cropping in agriculture.Grafted seedlings can not only overcome soil-borne disease problems,but also improve stress resistance of seedlings.This paper introduces three kinds of grafting rootstocks,describes five grafting methods and operation practices,discusses the role and application of hormones in raising grafted seedlings,and describes the development and present situation of mechanized grafted seedling raising technology.The application and popularization of cucumber grafting technology in China is reviewed.

Chickpeas have high nutritional value and are the third most important bean crop in the world.Chickpea distribution range,nutritional value and medicinal value are reviewed in this paper.Previous research undertaken on chickpeas is introduced,current problems and the development of countermeasures are described,and the future development of chickpeas in China is considered.The review provides a reference for research chickpeas.

The agricultural producer services are an important engine to promote rural rejuvenation and will be important for agricultural development in the future. This paper analyzes the present situation of the agricultural producer service in Inner Mongolia. Some problems exist in the agricultural producer service in the region although there has been some progress. The main problems are:lack of professional talent,insufficient government attention,low degree of marketization and specialization,low overall level and slow development. To improve services it will be necessary to promote the introduction and cultivation of talent,increase the attention of the government,cultivate the main body of modern agricultural management,and improve the development speed and the overall level of the agricultural producer service industry.

Brand development is a key way to enhance the competitiveness of specialty agricultural products.Shanxi province is rich in miscellaneous grains and is known as the“small grain kingdom”.Xiaomi is the most important grain crop in Shanxi province.Local characteristics have been used to create the well-known public brand of Shanxi xiaomi,enhance its brand awareness,expand its market share,and increase farmers’income. In this paper,the conditions for ensuring the realization of the brand value of Shanxi Xiaomi were analyzed,and the path to the realization of the brand value of Shanxi Xiaomi are described.