Fibrobacter succinogenes endoglucanase encoded by end-1 is one of the cellulose compound enzymes with capability to degrade cellulose. The codon usage bias of end-1 gene in Fibrobacter succinogenes was characterized by using online software Codon W, CUSP and CHIPS and subsequently compared with that of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtillis and Lactococcus lactis. The results showed that end-1 gene preferred to use codons ending with G/C; a total of 25 biased codons were found（RSCU1）; the codons with stronger bias were GCT, TGC, GAA, GGT, CAC, ATC, CTC, CCG, CGT, TCC and TAC（RSCU ≥2）; there were differences in codon usage bias of end-1 gene between Fibrobacter succinogenes and the 4 hosts genome, and the most obvious differences were found in Lactococcus lactis. The combined data suggest that the codons are required to be optimized when it is heterologously expressed in the 4 hosts at a high level.

Aflatoxin M1（AFM1）is the secondary metabolite of Aflatoxin B1（AFB1）in animals. AFM1 is highly toxic and has carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In most cases, the presence of AFM1 often indicates the contamination of Aspergillus flavus in milk. In the present study, firstly, the content of AFM1 in different batches of milk produced in a dairy farm in 2016 were determined by ELISA assay; the result showed that all of the samples were positive for AFM1, indicating that the detection rate was100%; the content of the AFM1 of the samples were all under the maximum residue limit allowed by national standard, indicating that the qualified rate was 100%; the AFM1 content in raw milk samples collected in the middle and end of March was higher than the other batches. Secondly, the allowed maximum residue limit in milk and dairy products at home and abroad was compared.Finally, the main factors associated with AFM1 contamination in raw milk and the corresponding controlling measures were proposed. This study laid a foundation for the effect control of AFM1 contamination in raw milk and guarantee of raw milk quality safety.

A total of 100 one-day-old healthy AA broilers and 120 one-day-old healthy Nongchang Ⅱ layers were selected and reared under the same feeding and management conditions. Ten AA broilers were weighed and anatomized at the age of 1, 3, 5, 7,14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 days, and the thymus samples were collected and weighed. The thymus index was calculated and paraffin sections of thymus tissues were prepared. The histological structure of thymus tissues were observed under light microscope. Ten Nongchang Ⅱ layers were also weighed and anatomized at the age of 1, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 days, and the subsequent treatment was the same with AA broilers. The results showed that for AA broilers, the higher thymus index was observed at the age of 5（4.62） days and 42（5.09） days, and the highest thickness of thymic cortex and the biggest size of thymic corpuscle was observed at the age of 42 days and 5 days respectively. For Nongchang Ⅱ layers, higher thymus index and the highest thickness of thymic cortex was observed at the age of 56 days. Combined the analysis results of thymus index, thymic corpuscle thickness and thymic cortex size, the AA broilers has higher immunity level at the age of 5 days and 42 days, the Nongchang Ⅱ layers has higher immunity level at the age of 56 days. The presence of immunity peak period of the layers was obviously later than the broilers, which was associated with the fact that the growth cycle of layers was longer than broilers.

The aim of the present study was to characterize the expression of lipid coated protein gene（perilipin） in different muscular tissues in sheep and to provide scientific basis for elucidating the regulative effect of perilipin on fat deposition. Realtime fluorescence quantitative PCR（RT-q PCR） assay was used to determine the relative expression of perilipin gene in longissimus muscle, intercostal muscle, biceps muscle and quadriceps muscle of Sunite Sheep and Small-tail Han Sheep. The results showed that the perilipin gene was expressed in all four muscular tissues; there were no significant differences in the overall expression level of perilipin gene between Sunite Sheep and Small-tail Han Sheep; besides intercostal muscle, the relative expression level of perilipin gene in longissimus muscle and biceps muscle of Sunite Sheep was higher than that of Small-tail Han Sheep, and basically the same relative expression level of perilipin gene in quadriceps muscle of Sunite Sheep and Small-tail Han Sheep was observed; for Sunite Sheep, the highest expression level of perilipin gene was found in longissimus muscle followed by quadriceps muscle, the lowest expression level was observed in intercostal muscle, and the expression level between longissimus muscle and intercostal muscle was significantly different（P〈0.05）; for Small-tail Han Sheep, the highest expression level of perilipin gene was found in intercostal muscle, the expression level in longissimus muscle and quadriceps muscle was basically the same, the lowest expression level was observed in biceps muscle, and the expression level between intercostal muscle and biceps muscle was significantly different（P〈0.05）. This study laid a foundation for clarifying the important role of perilipin gene in fat deposition and decomposition and the regulation mechanism of intramuscular fat in sheep.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Rhodiola rosea polysaccharide on semen preservation at 4℃ of F3 hybrids of Jersey Cattle and Tibet Yellow Cattle under high-altitude environment. The fresh semen samples were collected from F3 hybrids by artificial vagina method. The basic solution of improved cryoprotective extenders for dairy cow semen was supplemented with 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 mg/mL of Rhodiola rosea polysaccharide. After 48 h preservation at 4 ℃, the sperm quality of F3 hybrids semen samples added with different concentrations of Rhodiola rosea polysaccharide were compared.The sperm motility and acrosome integrity rate were used as assessment indexes for semen quality, and the glutathione reductase（GR） activity and catalase（CAT） activity were used as indexes for antioxidative effect evaluation of Rhodiola rosea polysaccharide. The results showed that the 0.08 mg/mL supplementation group has the highest sperm motility（P〈0.01）, and its sperm acrosome integrity rate was significantly higher than that of 0.08 mg/mL and 0.10 mg/mL supplementation groups（P〈0.05）and was extremely and significantly higher than that of the other groups（P〈0.01）; The activity value of GR and CAT in 0.08 mg/mL supplementation group reached 72.39 U/L and 5.79 U/mL respectively and was extremely and significantly higher than that of the other groups（P〈0.01）. The combined data showed that supplementation of 0.08 mg/mL Rhodiola rosea polysaccharide in cryoprotective extenders for dairy cow semen significantly improved the semen quality of F3 hybrids of Jersey Cattle and Tibet Yellow Cattle and enhanced the antioxidative effect of cryoprotective extenders. This research laid a foundation for the production and application of frozen semen for hybrids of Jersey Cattle and Tibet Yellow Cattle, Jersey Cattle and Holstein cows in the future.

In the present study,the single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment were used to optimize the cultivation conditions for feed yeast strain YS-01 with sugarcane molasses. The results revealed that the feed yeast strain showed good growth in the treated molasses; the optimal culture conditions were： molasses concentration was 10^0 Bx, inoculation amount was 8.0%,fermentation duration was 12 h; the optimum concentrations of various nutrients were：（NH4）2SO4 was 0.10%, CO（NH2）2 was 0.10%, KH2PO4 was 0.16%, MgSO4·7H2O was 0.05%. Under this condition, the OD value reached 14.670 and the cell density reached 2.55×10^-8CFU/m L.

This study aimed to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of Curcuma longa on production performance, egg quality and serum biochemical indexes of laying hens. A total of 48 healthy Roman brown shell laying hens were chosen and averagely and randomly assigned to one of the two groups： an experimental group fed a special diet of feed supplemented with 1%Curcuma longa powder, and a control group fed basal diet. The experimental period lasted for 48 days. The indexes associated with production performance, egg quality and serum biochemistry of the laying hens from experimental group and control group were determined and statistically evaluated. The results showed that compared with the control group, experimental group had higher feed intake and laying rate（P〈0.05） and lower feed-egg ratio（P〉0.05）; the egg protein content of experimental group was significantly higher than control group（P〈0.05）, and the cholesterol content per 1 g of egg yolk and egg cholesterol content of experimental group was very significantly lower than control group（P〈0.01）; the experimental group had very significantly higher content of HDL-C than control group（P〈0.01） and had very significantly or significantly lower content of LDL-C, TG and TC than control group（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. The results obtained in this study indicated that the dietary supplementation of Curcuma longa showed the ability to reduce egg cholesterol content and to improve lipid metabolism function of laying hens.

Chitosan has extensive and particular biological activity. When used as a feed additive, it is safe and non-toxic for livestock and poultry. Additionally, chitosan is considered as an alternative to antibiotics. Effects of chitosan on lipid metabolism in poultry and the underlying mechanism are reviewed in this article, so as to provide references for the development and application of chitosan feed additive.

Chinese herbal medicine is a kind of ideal feed additive whose application is beneficial to produce safe animal food and to guarantee human health. Due to its pure nature, no drug resistance, no drug residue and other characteristics, Chinese herbal medicine has been paid more and more attention. Herein, we review the action mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine and its application in livestock and poultry production, so as to provide scientific basis for the development and rational use of Chinese herbal medicine feed additive.

[Objective]To assess the effect of dietary supplementation of fumaric acid on slaughter performance of yellow-feathered broiler and to make a comparison with that of feed additive antibiotic. [Method]A total of 90 one-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were included in this study and were randomly assigned to one of three groups with 3 repeats for each group such that negative control group fed basal diet with no antibiotic, positive control group fed basal diet with antibiotic, experimental group fed basal diet containing 2 g/kg fumaric acid. The broilers were reared under the same breeding and management condition.At 79 days of age, one broiler was selected from each repeat. The chosen broilers were weighted and slaughtered, and the dressing percentage, half eviscerated rate and total eviscerated rate was determined. [Results]The experimental group had higher dressing percentage and half eviscerated rate（P〉0.05） as well as significantly higher total eviscerated rate（P〈0.05） than the two control groups. [Conclusion]Dietary supplementation of 2 g/kg fumaric acid improved the slaughter performance of yellow-feathered broiler and exhibited better performance than feed additive antibiotic.

It is of urgent and realistic significance to assess the wind-break and sand-fixing function value of grassland. Based on the actual situation of grassland ecosystem in West Ujimqin Banner of Inner Mongolia, the wind-break and sand-fixing function and value counting method of grassland in this region was studied. The results showed that in the years of 2000, 2005 and 2010,the reduction of soil erosion loss of grassland in West Ujimqin Banner was 7.12 ×10^-7, 7.12 ×10^-7, 7.13 ×10^-7t, respectively; the reduction of soil erosion degradation area of grassland this region was 10 549.05, 10 540.98, 10 558.44 hm^2, respectively; the value of wind-break and sand-fixing function of grassland this region was 273.83 million RMB Yuan, 277.22 million RMB Yuan and 283.51 million RMB Yuan. From 2000 to 2005, the total value of wind-break and sand-fixing function in West Ujimqin Banner was increased by 1.24%, and from 2005 to 2010, the total value of increased wind-break and sand-fixing function in this region was increased by 3.53%.

In the present study, the energy value, digestible energy, metabolizable energy and nutritional components of 8 forage varieties, including Roegneria hirsuta, Elymus nutans, Roegneria turczaninovii, Elymus breviaristatus, Elymus canadensis, Poa pratensis, Puccinellia tenuiflora, Bromus inermis（Jinong） cultivated in Qinghai were analyzed. The results showed that the all of the 8 forage varieties had higher content of crude protein, crude fat, and nitrogen-free extract and had low content of crude fiber.No obvious differences were observed in energy value between the 8 forage varieties. The digestibility of Roegneria hirsute,Elymus nutans, Roegneria turczaninovii and Elymus breviaristatus was higher than the other 4 varieties. The highest and lowest digestible energy was observed in Elymus breviaristatus [（8.91 ±0.20）MJ/kg] and Roegneria hirsuta [（6.37 ±0.20）MJ/kg],respectively. The combined data showed that the features of nutrient components structure and energy value of the 8 forage varieties in accordance with the actual production.

In the present study, the population spatial distribution pattern of Meriones meridianus under varied interference conditions（reclamation region, rotational grazing region, over grazing region and banning grazing region） in Alxa desert area was assessed. In April, July and October 2016, the population size of Meriones meridianus was investigated by trap-day method, and the population spatial distribution pattern of Meriones meridianus under varied interference conditions was assessed by nearest neighbor analysis method. The results showed that the average density of Meriones meridianus was 0.53 per hm^2; the highest population density of Meriones meridianus was observed in banning grazing region（0.60 per hm^2） followed by over grazing region（0.56 per hm^2） and rotational grazing region（0.55 per hm^2）, and the lowest density was observed in reclamation region（0.39 per hm^2）; the Meriones meridianus population exhibited an aggregated distribution pattern in reclamation region, rotational grazing region, over grazing region and banning grazing region in all seasons.

The Scutellaria baicalensis polysaccharide is a by-product in extraction of Scutellaria baicalensis flavonoids. The extraction technology, processing method and growing environment are associated with the extraction efficiency of Scutellaria baicalensis polysaccharide. The influencing factors for extraction efficiency and bio-function of Scutellaria baicalensis polysaccharide are reviewed, so as to provide theoretical basis for its further development and utilization.

Taraxacum mongolicum polysaccharide is an important substance with extensive biological activity. In order to determine its optimal extraction process, we herein introduce the most commonly used extraction methods, including hot water extraction method, enzymatic hydrolysis method, ultrasonic method, microwave method and ultrafiltration method. The extraction process can be improved by parameters optimization and experimental operation perfection. This review provides theoretical basis for the expansion of extraction scale and realization of industrial production of Taraxacum mongolicum polysaccharide.

Based on the field survey, document consultation and status of animal waste process at home and abroad, the existing waste processing mode in dairy cows breeding in Guizhou is introduced and the corresponding countermeasures are put forward.

In the present study, a weather process characterized by strong wind and heavy rain occurring from August 30 to September 5 2016 in Tongliao area of Inner Mongolia caused by the typhoon ″Shizishan″ was assessed by using the date collected in local automatic weather station and real time data in Micaps. The results showed that this weather process emerged during the formation of meridional-type high pressure barrier which was the combinative production of continuous ascending northward subtropical high and Okhotsk blocking high ridge. Affected by the typhoon ″Shizishan″ and northeast cold vortex, both southeast upper-level jet and northward low-level jet were observed in Tongliao area. The formation and maintenance of the jets not only provided abundant water vapor for precipitation area but also promoted the development of vertical ascending motion.Nevertheless, the cold and moist air transported by low-level jet went against the accumulation of atmospherical instability energy and establishment of instable stratification, and was the causative factor of strong wind in Tongliao area.

Industry requirements are the motive power for talents cultivation in colleges and universities. The animal husbandry industry requirements lead the direction of talents cultivation in animal science major. Based on the international situation,development trend of modern education and features of animal science major, a creative cultivation mode of applied innovative talents in animal science major orientated by industry requirements is designed in which the undergraduates′ ability of innovation and pioneering is emphasized. Under this background, the training mode of creative and practical ability of undergraduates majoring in animal science in Shenyang Agricultural University is explored with the goal of establishing the scientific and rational innovation practice training mode of animal science major.

Based on the status of mechanized medicated bath of livestock in pastoral area of Inner Mongolia and comparison of medicated bath technology at home and abroad, a new type of livestock medicated bath equipment 9YY-B-X was designed.Compared with the other equipment, this newly developed equipment had advantages in animals inputting during the medicated bath operation. Meanwhile, the medical solution could be filtered and reused with this equipment. The 9YY-B-X medicated bath equipment could be driven by dual power, which is applicable for the mechanized medicated bath of livestock in pastoral area with or without electric network coverage. In the present study, we introduced the basic structure, working principle, primary mechanical design and technology parameters of this equipment, and subsequently tested and examined its working performance.The results showed that the uniformity coefficient, operation duration for single medicated bath, surface air permeability,production efficiency and the other main indicators all in accordance with the design requirement, and the medicated bath effect met the livestock production demand.

The application of mechanical shearing technology reduces the labor intensity and improves the labor efficiency, wool quality grade and wool production. According to the existing problems in demonstration, extension and application of mechanical shearing machine in pastoral area in Xilin Gol League of Inner Mongolia, the related influencing factors was analyzed, and the problems existing in natural conditions, population knowledge structure, shearing machines operating techniques, and shearing key techniques and method were investigated. Finally, the suggestions that promoting the extension and application of mechanical shearing technology in pastoral area in Xilin Gol League of Inner Mongolia by formulation of agricultural machinery purchase subsidy policy and construction of social service were proposed.

The historical survey, clinical examination, pathological examination and laboratory examination were conducted in 21 sheep with suspected eperythrozoonosis. The confirmed diagnosis of eperythrozoonosis was made according to the combined examination results. The diseased sheep were administered with diminazene by intramuscular injection, and traditional Chinese medicine Artemisia annua was supplemented in sheep feed. Meanwhile, treatment measures such as anti-bacteria, stomach strengthening, energy supplement and nutrition enhancement were also made. The cure rate was 90.47% by adoption of the combined therapy measures.

[Objective]To characterize the blood biochemistry in peripartum dairy cows with subclinical hypocalcaemia and to provide scientific basis for the early-warning of this disease.[Method]Twenty-eight antepartum dairy cows from a large-scale and intensive dairy farm in Heilongjiang were randomly selected, and the plasma sample of each dairy cow was collected on antepartum week 2 and week 1, and 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after calving and was used to assess the variation characteristics of the blood biochemistry indexes. [Results]The incidence of subclinical hypocalcaemia was 42.9%, and significant lower plasma calcium concentrations was detected in hypocalcaemia group dairy cows from antepartum week 2 to 3 days after calving. There was significant higher level of plasma phosphor on antepartum week 1 and plasma AST on 3 days after calving in hypocalcaemia group dairy cows, and significant lower plasma HDL-C on 7 days after calving. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was very significant positive correlation of plasma calcium with plasma phosphor, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C in hypocalcaemia group cows, and very significant negative correlation with plasma NEFA and AST. [Conclusion]Antepartum high plasma phosphor was considered as an important factor for occurrence of subclinical hypocalcaemia in this dairy farm, and antepartum lower phosphor feeding should be useful for prevention of this disease.

Mastitis is one of the most serious diseases that bring huge economic losses to dairy production industry worldwide. The pathogenesis, etiological factors and commonly used treatment methods of dairy cows mastitis are introduced; the mechanisms underlined the prevention and treatment of dairy cows mastitis with Mongolian veterinary medicine are reviewed from the aspect of antibacterium, immunoregulation and anti-inflammation, so as to provide references for the development and application of Mongolian veterinary medicine and other traditional medicine.

Postpartum placental retention is one of the most commonly observed obstetrical diseases in dairy cow which is considered as one of the risk factors associated with endometritis. This disease always results in infertility, repeat breeding and abortion in dairy cow and brings huge economic losses for dairy industry. Based on the veterinary clinical experiences for years,we herein introduce the principle of prevention and treatment for placental retention in dairy cows.

The incidence of zoonotic fungal diseases has significantly increased in recent years in China. Rapid and accurate laboratory examination is an important basis for the diagnosis of fungal infection. Microscopic examination, fungal culture and serologic test are the most commonly used methods in laboratory examination of fungi. Meanwhile, molecular biology detection technology is also developed. The most recent advances in fungal laboratory examination methods are review herein.