This study aimed to assess the prevalence of infections caused by main gastrointestinal parasites in Yili horses with different ages in varied seasons. A total of 332 healthy Yili horses (half male and half female) aged 1-year-old （n=106）, 2-year-old （n=116） and 3-year-old （n=110） with similar weight were chosen from Zhaosu County of Xinjiang, respectively. A total of 664 fecal samples were collected from the Yili horses with different ages in spring （April） and autumn （October）, respectively. Dual samples were collected from each horse in the morning and the other in the evening, and the parasite eggs were recovered, identified and counted. The results showed that six types of parasite eggs were observed in the fecal samples collected from Yili horses with different ages in spring and autumn, including Strongylus equinus （S. equinus）, Trichostrongylus orientalis （T. orientalis）, Triodontophorus tenuicollis （T. tenuicollis）, Parascaris equorum （P. equorum）, Oxyuris equi （O. equi） and Eimeria uniungulati （E. uniungulati）. Among them, high perveance was found in S. equinus, T. orientalis, T. tenuicollis and P. equorum. For the Yili horses one year of age, two years of age and three years of age observed in spring, the infection rate of S. equinus was 98.11%, 90.52% and 88.18%, respectively; the infection rate of T. orientalis was 95.28%, 89.66% and 97.27%, respectively; the infection rate of T. tenuicollis was 85.85%, 78.45% and 87.27%, respectively; the infection rate of P. equorum was 46.23%, 35.34% and 29.09%, respectively. For the Yili horses one year of age, two years of age and three years of age observed in autumn, the infection rate of S. equinus was 87.74%, 69.83% and 78.18%, respectively; the infection rate of T. orientalis was 74.53%, 79.31% and 86.36%, respectively; the infection rate of T. tenuicollis was 65.09%, 68.10% and 76.36%, respectively; the infection rate of P. equorum was 46.23%, 35.34% and 24.55%, respectively. Our results demonstrated that the dominant gastrointestinal parasites prevailing in Yili horses in Zhaosu County of Xinjiang were S. equinus, T. orientalis, T. tenuicollis and P. equorum; Yili horses one year of age were more sensitive to the gastrointestinal parasites infection compared to those two and three years of age; generally, higher gastrointestinal parasites infection rate in Yili horses was observed in spring than autumn.

The objectives of this study were to screen a serum-free medium suitable for suspension culture of BHK21 cells in bioreactor, and to achieve pseudorabies virus proliferation by using this this technique. BHK21 cells were serum-freely acclimated by screening the commercially available serum-free medium using cell morphology, viability and multiplication ratio as evaluating indicators. The parameters of serum-free suspension culture of BHK21 cells were determined in 10 L and 40 L bioreactors. Furthermore, a pseudorabies virus proliferation test was carried out by using the screened serum-free culture medium and suspending cultured BHK21 cells. The results showed that the commercially available mediumⅠwas consistent with the screening requirements, and the cultured cells were uniform in morphology and less in clusters. The proliferation ratio of the cells cultured for 2 days was 3.5 times, and the cell viability was above 95%. The optimum parameters of suspension culture of BHK21 cells in bioreactor were as follows the rotation speed was 80 r/min, pH value was 7.2, and DO was 60%. Under this condition, when the inoculated BHK21 cell density was 6×10⁶ cells/mL and the inoculated pseudorabies virus dose was 0.3%, the titer of the harvested viruses at 48 h reached up to 10^9.5 TCID₅₀/mL. The serum-free suspension proliferation technique of pseudorabies virus was achieved in this study, providing the possibility of optimizing its production process.

The aims of this study were to screen the key genes associated with growth and loss of cashmere in skin follicle in Hanshan white cashmere goats, and to reveal the effects of exogenous melatonin （MT） on the expression of genes related to cashmere growth in Hanshan white cashmere goats. A total of 10 Hanshan white cashmere goats aged 20 months with average body weight of 33.3 kg were selected as experimental animals and were divided into two groups. The goats in the experimental group received a subcutaneous implantation of MT in skin behind ear at a dose of 2 mg/（kg·BW） every 1 month from December 2014 to December 2015. The skin tissues of the goats in the two groups were collected in September 2015 for RNA-Seq sequencing, and the screened differential expressed genes were subjected to function annotation and enrichment analysis. A total of 475 differentially expressed genes were screened between experimental group and control group, of which 392 were up-regulated and 83 were down-regulated. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in leukocyte endothelial migration, chemokine signaling pathway, fcγ-R-mediated phagocytosis, phage, hematopoietic lineage, complement and coagulation cascades, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, etc. PI3K-Akt signaling pathway may play an important role in MT-regulated skin follicle development. Our results provide a basis for further study on the molecular regulative mechanism of MT in skin follicle growth.

[Objective]To validate the serotype of 4 strains of fowl adenovirus （FAdV-1 AV208, FAdV-4 AV211, FAdV-8 AV215 and FAdV-11 AV218） purchased from China Veterinary Culture Collection Center （CVCC）. [Method] The hexon gene fragments of the four strains of FAdV were specifically amplified by using PCR assay and were subsequently cloned and sequenced. The obtained nucleotide sequences and their corresponding amino acid sequences of the 4 strains were phylogenetically analyzed by comparing with those of FAdV strains of different serotypes published in GenBank. [Result] The phylogenetical analysis of nucleotide sequences of hexon gene fragments and their corresponding amino acid sequences demonstrated that the strains of FAdV-1 AV208, FAdV-4 AV211, FAdV-8 AV215 and FAdV-11 AV218 belonged to FAdV-A serotype-1, FAdV-C serotype-4, FAdV-E serotype-8b and FAdV-C serotype-10, respectively. [Conclusion] The serotypes of FAdV-1 AV208 and FAdV-4 AV211 were consistent with the label of CVCC; FAdV-8 AV215 was identified as FAdV-8b in this study, which further refined its serotype compared with the label of CVCC; FAdV-11 AV218 was determined as FAdV-10 in this study, which was inconsistent with the serotype labeled by CVCC. This study provided a reference for the correct use of CVCC standard strains of FAdV-8 AV215 and FAdV-11 AV218 in further study.

In order to understand the genetic variation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus（PEDV） in Anhui Province, the fecal samples from pigs with suspected epidemic diarrhea in Anhui province were collected from 2013 to 2017 and were screened for the presence of PEDV antigen by using colloidal gold strip; the PEDV antigen positive samples were subjected to amplification of N gene of PEDV with RT-PCR assay; the obtained sequences were subsequently bioinformatically analyzed. The results showed that the prevalence of porcine epidemic diarrhea was identified in 6 pig farms by colloidal gold strip. RT-PCR amplification and sequencing of the clinical samples or virus passages from the 6 pig farms were carried out, and the N gene sequences of 6 epidemic strains of PEDV were obtained. All of the sequences had a length of 1 326 bp and were designated as N12, N22, N32, N42, N52 and N62, respectively. Nucleotide homology analysis showed that the sequence homology of the N genes among the 6 PEDV isolates ranged from 94.8% to 99.8%. Among them, 5 PEDV isolates （N12, N22, N32, N52 and N62） had low （94.1%~96.3%) homology and non-close genetic relationship with the PEDV vaccine strains, classical strains and Chinese isolates （LZC and CHS） before 2011, whereas had high （96.9%~99.2%） sequence homology and close genetic relationship with the domestic and foreign PEDV strains isolated after 2011. The opposite results were observed in N42. It was indicated that the new variant strains of PEDV were prevalent in pig farms in Anhui province in recent years.

[Objective] To assess the effect of different dietary fat contents on biochemical indices of liver function in local Liuyang black goats. [Method] Fifteen healthy Liuyang black goats were selected and divided into control group, high-fat groupⅠand high-fat groupⅡ. The fat content in feed was determined according to the international standard method. Feed with different fat contents was prepared, and the control group, high-fat groupⅠand high-fat groupⅡ fed the diet with fat content of 3.8%, 15.2% and 7.6%, respectively. Blood samples of the experimental goats were collected at the 0, 15^th and 30^th day after receiving the diet, and the serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, TP, TG and TC were determined. [Result] At the 30^th day after receiving the diet with different fat contents, the body weight of both high-fat groupⅠand high-fat groupⅡ was significantly （P<0.05） increased comparing to that before the experiment, but no significant （P>0.05） difference in body weight was observed in control group before and after the experiment. Serum biochemical tests showed that compared with the control group, the serum levels of AST, ALP and TP in high-fat groupⅠwere significantly （P<0.05） increased, but there was no significant （P>0.05） differences in levels of ALT, TC and TG; the serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP and TC in high-fat groupⅡ were significantly increased （P<0.05）, serum level of TG was significantly （P<0.05） decreased, but there was no significant （P>0.05） difference in level of TP. [Conclusion] Dietary supplementation of fat with proper ratio can improve the weight gain of goats, but excessive addition results in abnormal biochemical indicators associated with liver function. Our results may provide a reference for determination of a reasonable supplementation ratio of fat in feed.

The aims of the present study were to assess the effects of ultra-stable copper sulfate and copper chloride hydroxide as copper sources on the stability of VA in piglet compound premix feed, and to evaluate the impacts of different storage temperatures on the stability of VA. This experiment was carried out with single factor test design method, and two treatment groups including ultra-stable copper sulfate group and copper chloride hydroxide group were set. The prepared samples in both groups were averagely divided into 9 parts and were placed at room temperature （n=3）, high temperature （n=3） and low temperature （n=3） environment, respectively. The VA content of all samples was detected every 8 days in a 32-day-long period from the start of the experiment （0 day）, and the loss rate of VA in compound premix feed of piglet at different storage time was calculated. The results showed that the loss rate of VA in ultra-stable copper sulfate group and copper chloride hydroxide group was increased with the extension of storage duration in normal temperature, high temperature and low temperature environment, and the loss rate of VA in ultra-stable copper sulfate group was significantly （P<0.01） lower than that in copper chloride hydroxide group at each detection time point; the loss rate of VA was elevated as the increase of storage environment temperature in both of the groups; the storage temperature had greater impacts on the loss rate of VA in piglet compound premix feed than copper sources did. In conclusion, ultra-stable copper sulfate had the effect of reducing the loss rate of VA in piglet compound premix feed, and it performed better than copper chloride hydroxide. Furthermore, the effect of temperature on the stability of VA was far greater than that of copper sources.

China′s beer production produces a large number of by-products every year, such as spent grains and waste yeast. Furthermore, the slaughtering industry also produces a great number of livestock blood by-products. Both of them have high nutritional value and are suitable for use as raw materials for production of fermented feed. This study developed a production process for fermented protein feed using spent grains and dried blood as main and auxiliary materials, respectively, in combination with inoculating different probiotics. To determine the optimal production conditions, the protein content, sugar content and total acid content of the fermentation products were assessed, and the impacts of different ratios of main and auxiliary ingredients, fermentation time, and inoculation methods and inoculum size of yeast and lactic acid bacteria on the quality of mixed fermented feed were evaluated. The results showed that fermentation products with good quality were obtained under the following conditions the addition amount of dried blood （auxiliary material） was 15.00%, fermentation temperature was 30 ℃, inoculating strain was yeast with amount of 2.00%, and fermentation time was 5 days. The protein content of the fermentation products reached up to 50.36% which was elevated by 75.53% compared to that of the initial samples. When yeast and lactic acid bacteria were used to produce mixed fermentation feed, the 1.00% of lactic acid bacteria were inoculated first and fermented for 2 days, and then the 1.00% of yeast was added to continue fermentation until 7^th day.Under this condition, the protein content of the mixed fermentation products reached up to 59.27% which was elevated by 106.59% compared to that of the initial samples. It can be concluded that the fermentation products obtained by the above two methods can serve as good protein feed.

[Objective] To screen the composite lactic acid bacteria strains for preparation of corn straw storage. [Method] The homofermentative lactic acid bacteria AS06 strain and the heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria BS26 strain obtained in previous study were used as experimental materials to perform corn straw silage fermentation test. Four different treatments of lactic acid bacteria addition were set, including the control treatment group （CK group）, the AS06 strain fermentation treatment group （LP group）, BS26 strain fermentation treatment group （LB group） and mixed fermentation treatment group （LBP group） with AS06 strain and BS26 strain. The pH value, microbial flora, contents of lactic acid, organic acid and soluble carbohydrates （WSC）, and aerobic stability duration of the fermented corn straw silage in different groups after oxygen exposure were determined and assessed. [Result] The corn straw fermented with BS26 strain （LB group） or composite lactic acid bacteria of AS06 strain and BS26 strain （LBP group） had slowly increased pH value and slowly reduced lactic acid content after oxygen exposure. Furthermore, in both of the above fermentation products, the nutritional loss of WSC was effectively reduced, the growth of yeast and mold was significantly inhibited, and the aerobic stability duration reached up to 208 h （LB group） and 147 h （LBP group）, respectively. [Conclusion] Addition of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria alone or in combination with homofermentative lactic acid can effectively suppress the aerobic corruption during fermentation of corn straw silage, and the former performed better in aerobic stability.

In order to assess the effects of different concentrations of gibberellic acid on the growth of bacteria added in feed additives, two different concentrations （10 mg/L and 20 mg/L） of gibberellic acid solutions were added to the culture medium of lactic acid bacteria strains of A4+A7 and cellulose-decomposing bacteria strains of Nf+Y6 separately for a 52-hour-long cultivation. The OD_{600 nm} value was determined every 4 hours and the growth curve was drawn. The results showed that when the adding concentration of gibberellic acid was 10 mg/L, the OD_{600 nm} values of the different groups were 0.64, 0.70, 0.84, 0.78 and 0.72, respectively. The OD_{600 nm} value of the experimental group 2 were obviously higher than that of the control group and the other experimental groups. The total viable count of bacteria in experimental group 2 was 11.6×10⁸ CFU/mL, which was 7 times higher than that of the control group （1.63×10⁸ CFU/mL）. When the concentration of gibberellic acid increased to 20 mg/L, the OD_{600 nm} values of the different groups were 0.64, 0.60, 0.59, 0.59 and 0.63, respectively. There was no significant （P>0.05） difference in OD_{600 nm} values between the experimental groups and control group, and there was no significant （P>0.05） difference in total viable count of bacteria between the experimental group （1.60×10⁸ CFU/mL） and control group （1.63×10⁸ CFU/mL）. The experimental data and growth curve showed that the growth of lactic acid bacteria and cellulose-decomposing bacteria could be promoted when the concentration of gibberellic acid was 10 mg/L, while the growth rate of lactic acid bacteria and cellulose-decomposing bacteria was decreased significantly when the concentration of gibberellic acid was 20 mg/L. The combined data suggested that proper addition of gibberellic acid could obviously promote the growth of the bacteria added in feed additives, but the growth of bacteria was inhibited when the concentration of gibberellic acid was exorbitant.

Probiotics can be used as a green feed additive in ruminant feed and is considered as a potential substitution of antibiotics, hormones and agricultural chemicals. A large number of studies have shown that firstly, beneficial microbial agents play essential role in regulating the normal bacterial populations in animal intestinal tract and can improve the metabolic level and the utilization of nutrients in animals; secondly, they can enhance the immunological function of animals and then improve immunity and disease resistance; thirdly, the application of them contributes to the control of environmental pollution and purification of environment. The main function and associated acting mechanisms of beneficial microorganisms as well as their application in ruminant nutrition and feed in recent years were reviewed.

In this study, a total of 200 Duroc × Landrace × Large White three-way crossbred piglets aged 28 days were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups. There were 10 replicates for each group and 10 piglets for each replicate. The piglets in the control group were fed with the basal diet, and the piglets in the experimental group were fed with 10 kg of high-acid-type ′Suanmeijiaosu′ （a commercially available biological product） per ton of compound diet. The feeding experiment lasted for 43 days. The results showed that the daily gain of piglets in the experimental group was 0.057 kg/（head·d） higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.05）. Compared to the control group, the feed-gain ratio and diarrhea incidence of the experimental group was decreased by 20% and 13%, respectively, and the differences were both statistically significant （P<0.05）. It was concluded that the ′Suanmeijiaosu′ could improve the productive performance of piglets. Keywords′Suanmeijiaosu′;piglets;productive performance

According to the development idea of ′stabilizing sheep and increasing cattle, grass and livestock balance, planting and breeding combination, farming and animal husbandry coordination, brand strengthening and continuous income increase′, Hulunbeier City of Inner Mongolia adheres to the development goal of ′building a production, processing and output base for green and organic agricultural, livestock and forestry products′ to continuously promote the high-quality development of the beef cattle industry. Starting from the analysis of the developmental status of beef cattle industry in Hulun Buir City, the problems found by investigation and survey, such as financing difficulties for beef cattle breeding enterprises （professional households）, short extension of industrial chain, low brand awareness and deficient resource utilization of manures were expounded. Suggestions and countermeasures for promoting the high-quality development of the beef cattle industry were put forward, in hoping to provide ideas for further consolidating the whole chain development of beef industry in Hulun Buir City.

This paper introduces the present situation of a high-efficient and balanced sheep breeding mode of ′grain-grass-sheep′ in the mountainous areas of northern Henan Province from the aspects of cultivation of grain crops, economic crops and forage grasses, processing, utilization and preparation of forage grasses, the rearing and crossbreeding of confined mutton sheep, and resource utilization of sheep manures, in hoping to provide ideas for promoting the sustainable use of resources, the virtuous circle of mountain ecological environment and the sustainable development of social economy in the mountainous areas of northern Henan Province.

Alfalfa quality is a comprehensive trait composed of alfalfa chemical composition, feeding intake, digestibility, energy value and feeding effect in livestock. To explore the quality difference between varied alfalfa varieties, a total of 10 domestic and foreign varieties of alfalfa were selected as experimental materials in this study. The first stubble of alfalfa was mowed and collected at the initial blooming stage in 2017 and 2018. After drying at 65 ℃, the stem to leaf ratio and contents of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, ADL, ASH and EE of different varieties of alfalfa were determined and compared. The lowest stem to leaf ratio was observed in the variety of WL319HQ; the higher DM content was observed in the varieties of Zhongmu No.1 and Kangsai; the varieties of Kangsai and WL319HQ had higher CP content and lower ADF; the variety of Kangsai had the highest RFV and EE content and the lowest content of NDF; the lowest contents of ADL and ASH were observed in the varieties of Qishi No.2 and Zhongmu No.1, respectively. The cluster analysis of the above indexes showed that the variety of WL319HQ had the best quality followed by Kangsai. The correlation analysis demonstrated that CP content had extremely significantly （P<0.01） negative correlation with stem to leaf ratio and ADF content, had significantly （P<0.05） negative correlation with NDF content, and had extremely significantly （P<0.01） positive correlation with EE content; the content of NDF was extremely significantly （P<0.01） positively correlated with the content of ADF and ADL. Except for the contents of DM and ASH, there was a certain correlation between the other indicators.

Amaranthus hypochondriacus is a dual-purpose crop and has strong resistance. In recent years, it has been introduced to cultivate in Wuyuan County of Inner Mongolia. In order to select the suitable fertilizers for cultivation of Amaranthus hypochondriacus, a comparative study was conducted to evaluate the application of different fertilizers on growth period, plant height and fresh grass yield of Amaranthus hypochondriacus. The results showed that the growth period of Amaranthus hypochondriacus ranged from 95 to 101 days; the growth period of Amaranthus hypochondriacus fertilized with ′Hangtian Hengfeng′ （F2） was 6 days longer than that fertilized with ′Wohaoyuan′ organic and inorganic compound fertilizer （F5） and ′Zhushang′ compound fertilizer （F7）; there was significant difference in plant height among different fertilizer treatments, and the highest plant height was observed in Amaranthus hypochondriacus fertilized with ′Jinzhengda Wofute′ （F4）; the treatment of ′Hangtian Hengfeng′ （F2） had the highest fresh grass yield which reached up to 116.13 t/hm². When higher yield of fresh grass is given priority, ′Hangtian Hengfeng′ fertilizer is recommended

This paper reviewed the developmental history of medicated feed additives in China, summarized the impacts of medicated feed additive residues on soil ecology and environmental water, and prospected the main research directions of medicated feed additives in the future.

Isoorientin is a compound containing flavonoid active ingredients extracted from plants. Studies have shown that isoorientin has a variety of pharmacological effects, not only has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activities, but also has good anti-tumor activity. Isoorientin exerts anti-tumor role by interfering with the proliferation of cancer cells, inducing apoptosis of cancer cells, regulating the level of reactive oxygen species, inducing autophagy of cancer cells, and hindering the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. This article reviewed the research progress of anti-tumor effect and mechanism of isoorientin.

According to the developmental demands of animal husbandry industry in Xinjiang, the training goal of applied talents for undergraduates in veterinary medicine specialty of Xinjiang Agricultural University was established. In order to achieve this goal, we explored from the aspects of discipline construction concept, curriculum system construction and practice system construction, sorted out the problems existing in the cultivation process, and put forward the direction of future efforts.

Based on the specialty teaching quality standards of higher education, the teaching mode of undergraduates′ ability training of Medicinal Microbiology was explored. According to the actual situation of the university, the practical activities of teaching reform in Medicinal Microbiology was actively carried out under the premise of implementing the new curriculum reform. By defining the course orientation, determining the course objectives, optimizing the curriculum design, organizing the curriculum implementation, strictly controlling the curriculum assessment, and conscientiously teaching reflection, the undergraduats′ participation in the classroom and their abilities in thinking, linguistic expression, initiative learning and problem solving were improved.The application of this teaching mode facilitated the implementation of ′high-efficient classroom′ and promoted the transformation of undergraduates′ learning approach and teachers′ teaching style, which was conductive to achieving the goal of cultivating high-quality skilled talents.

Animal feeding experiment is one of the important methods of animal nutrition and feed science research. It is commonly used to evaluate the nutritional value of feed, screen the best diet formula, and research nutrient metabolism and nutritional needs. It is also the practical teaching content of animal nutrition and feed science courses in most agricultural colleges and universities, and involves a number of key links, including evaluating factors, levels, experimental animals, experimental diets, trial design, assessment indicators, data collection and collation, data statistics, etc. Correctly grasping these links is the key to achieve satisfied results in animal feeding experiment and is also an element need to be assessed in this course. In this paper, a series of key links of animal feeding experiment are discussed and summarized, in hoping to provide references for practical courses teaching, improve teaching effects and promote practical teaching reform.

Veterinary Clinical Case Training is a new set practical course in veterinary medicine specialty of Anhui Agricultural University in recent years. Using the veterinary teaching hospital as the practical platform, this curriculum aimed to improve undergraduates′ practical skills, enhance their clinical practice ability, train their clinical thinking ability and cultivate their preliminary occupational quality. A set of reasonable and advanced teaching and assessment model were explored through continuous practice and improvement in the teaching process. The model has achieved remarkable teaching effect and provides new thinking and methods for the reform of veterinary clinical practice teaching.

The application of Sakai and other network teaching and collaborative learning platforms in higher education provides new insight into the reform of professional courses in colleges and universities. Taking the Livestock Environmental Hygiene as an example, we introduce some practical experiences during the implementation of mixed teaching based on Sakai network teaching platform, and analyze the problems existing in Sakai-based collaborative mixed teaching model, such as environmental design, teaching design, effect evaluation and model promotion. The collaborative mixed teaching model based on Sakai has an important role in ameliorating teacher-undergraduate interaction as well as improving undergraduates′ self-learning ability and studying interest and enthusiasm. A series of countermeasures, such as improving education and teaching concepts, strengthening hardware investment and establishing effective mechanisms, are conductive to effectively solve various problems in application of this model.

Four strains of lactic acid bacteria, designated as L1, L2, L3 and L4 respectively, were isolated and preliminarily identified from six types of traditional Xinjiang yoghurt by Gram′s staining, contact enzyme test and rennet test. The 16S rDNA sequence analysis results demonstrated that the strains of L1 and L2 were Lactobacillus casei, and the strains of L3 and L4 were Lactobacillus plantarum; the content of exopolysaccharides produced by the lactic acid bacteria strains of L1, L2, L3 and L4 was 176 mg/L, 248 mg/L, 205 mg/L and 294 mg/L respectively, indicating that the highest and lowest exopolysaccharides was obtained in the strains of L4 and L1, respectively. Our study enriched the available types of exopolysaccharides producing fermentation starter of lactic acid bacteria.