[Objective]To identify the key genes and signaling pathways associated with the occurrence and development of acetaminophen （APAP）-induced acute liver injury. [Method] An APAP-induced acute liver injury model was established in C57BL/6J mice. Two cDNA libraries from liver tissues of the healthy mice and the APAP-induced acute liver injury model mice on 2^nd day of modeling were constructed and used to perform RNA-seq, respectively. The obtained transcriptome sequencing data were de novo assembled and functionally annotated. DESeq R package （1.10.0） was used for identification of differentially expressed genes （DEGs）. KOBAS software was employed to conduct bioinformatics analysis on KEGG to determine the signaling pathways of DEGs enrichment associated with APAP-induced acute liver injury. [Result]Compared with the liver tissues of the healthy mice, a total of 7 270 DEGs were found in those of the modeling mice on 2^nd day of APAP-induced acute liver injury, of which 3 707 DEGs were significantly （P<0.05） up-regulated and 3 563 DEGs were significantly （P<0.05） down-regulated. Among the significantly up-regulated DEGs, Col1a1 was the most differentially expressed gene followed by Gsta1 and S100a6, and for the significantly down-regulated DEGs, the most differential expressions were observed in Slc1a2 followed by Glul and Acaa1b. Furthermore, a total of 2 515 DEGs were enriched in 316 different KEGG pathways. The significantly up-regulated DEGs were enriched in the signaling pathways of chemokine, B lymphocytes receptor, NOD-like receptor, ECM receptor interaction and some immune and inflammatory signaling pathways, while the significantly down-regulated DEGs were enriched in those of oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acids degradation and metabolism, carbon metabolism and some synthetic and metabolic signaling pathways. [Conclusion] Multiple signaling pathways are involved in the process of APAP-induced acute liver injury, among which chemokine signaling pathway and ECM receptor interaction signaling pathway may exert leading roles in acute injury phase.

[Objective]To characterize the expressions of GLUD1 gene in different tissues of animals, to compare the structural differences of GDH protein in different species, and to clarify the expression mode of GLUD1 gene and biological function of GDH protein. [Method] Five tissue samples, including liver, kidney, skin, fat and muscle, were collected respectively from rat, sheep and sika deer for detecting the relative expression of GLUD1 gene by qRT-PCR using β-actin as reference gene. The differential expression of GLUD1 gene in various tissues was characterized by non-repetitive two-factor analysis. The amino acid sequences of GDH proteins from 7 species including human, mouse, rat, goat, sheep, cattle and pig were compared, and the three-dimensional structure of GDH proteins from different species was simulated. [Result] The expression of GLUD1 gene was observed in the five tested tissues of rat, sheep and sika deer, and higher expression level was found in liver for all of the three kinds of animals. The expression level of GLUD1 gene in liver of rat and sika deer was extremely significantly （P<0.01） higher than that of sheep, and the expression level of GLUD1 gene in kidney of rat was extremely significantly （P<0.01） higher than that of sika deer. The amino acid sequence of human GDH protein had high similarities to that of pig, cattle, goat and sheep, while the amino acid sequence similarity of GDH protein between rat and mouse reached up to 99.10 %. Rat, human and pig had 2 （position 8 and 40 from Ala to Val）, 1 （position 23 from Ala to Ser）, and 2 （position 33 and 39 from Ala to Thr） species-specific mutations in amino acid sequence of GDH protein, respectively. The GDH proteins of mouse, rat and human were predicted as trimer structure, and those of goat, sheep, cattle and pig were predicted as homologous hexamer structure. [Conclusion] The GLUD1 gene has differential expression in various tissues of rat, sheep and sika deer, and exhibits a higher level of expression in liver. While the amino acid sequence similarity of GDH proteins among different species is high, there are still sequence differences, especially the corresponding species-specific amino acid mutation sites.

[Objective]To characterize the scar-free healing of skin wounds in Hystrix brachyura hodgsoni. [Method]Penetrating and lacerating wounds in the ear skin of Hystrix brachyura hodgsoni were prepared. The healing processes of the skin wounds were observed and photographically recorded once every 7 days, and were histologically characterized by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining of paraffin sections. [Result]The lacerating wounds in the ear skin of Hystrix brachyura hodgsoni healed in a scar-free manner within 63 days, and regenerated adipose tissue, dermis, epidermis and abundant hair follicle were histologically observed. [Conclusion]The results of this study are helpful to explore the mechanism of scar-free healing of skin wounds in Hystrix brachyura hodgsoni and to understand the mechanism of animal skin repair, which may provide references for curing large-area skin wounds in human.

[Objective]To assess the effects of dietary supplementation of high-efficient coated zinc oxide on growth performance, blood biochemical indexes and trace elements （copper, iron, zinc and manganese） excretion in weaned piglets. [Method]A total of 60 healthy Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire ternary hybrid weaned piglets aged 28 days and averagely weighed （7.26±0.46） kg were selected and randomly assigned into an ordinary zinc oxide group fed with a basal diet adding 1 966 mg/kg ordinary zinc oxide （zinc content was 1 500 mg/kg）, a high-efficient coated zinc oxide group fed with a basal diet adding 1 000 mg/kg high-efficient coated zinc oxide （zinc content was 500 mg/kg）, and a control group fed with a basal diet without supplementation of zinc oxide in any forms. There were 10 replicates in each group and 2 piglets in each replicate. The experiment lasted for 35 days, including a 7-day pre-experiment period and a 28-day formal experiment period. At the end of the experiment, the average daily feed intake, average daily gain, feed/gain ratio （FGR） and diarrhea rate of the experimental piglets were calculated; the whole blood hemoglobin content, Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase （Cu, Zn-SOD） activity, and blood contents of copper, iron and zinc were determined; the fecal contents of copper, iron, zinc and manganese were tested. [Result]Compared with control group, ordinary zinc oxide group and high-efficient coated zinc oxide group had significantly （P<0.05） increased average daily feed intake and average daily gain, and had significantly （P<0.05） decreased FGR and diarrhea rate; no significant （P>0.05） differences in average daily feed intake, average daily gain, FGR and diarrhea rate between high-efficient coated zinc oxide group and ordinary zinc oxide group were observed. There were no significant （P>0.05） differences in whole blood hemoglobin contents among the three groups; Cu, Zn-SOD activity in high-efficient coated zinc oxide group was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in control group and ordinary zinc oxide group; no significant （P>0.05） differences in blood contents of copper and iron among the three groups were found; ordinary zinc oxide group had significantly （P<0.05） higher blood content of zinc compared with control group and high-efficient coated zinc oxide group. The coat index in high-efficient coated zinc oxide group was superior to that in ordinary zinc oxide group. The fecal content of zinc in high-efficient coated zinc oxide group was extremely significantly （P<0.01） lower than that in ordinary zinc oxide group; there were no significant （P>0.05） differences in fecal contents of copper, iron and manganese among the three groups. [Conclusion]Dietary supplementation of high-efficient coated zinc oxide containing 500 mg/kg zinc decreases the diarrhea rate and improves the growth performance, coat index and antioxidant ability of piglets. In addition, it reduces the fecal excretion of zinc, which is conductive to control the environmental pollution.

[Objective] To assess the effects of dietary supplementation of Spirulina platensis powder and yam powder on weight gain, apparent nutrient digestibility and fecal quality of puppies. [Method]A total of 14 seven-month-old poodle puppies were randomly assigned into a control group and an experimental group. The control group （n=7） was fed with a basal diet, and the experimental group （n=7） was fed with the basal diet supplemented with 0.5% Spirulina platensis powder and 1.0% yam powder. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The indicators of weight gain, apparent nutrient digestibility and fecal quality of the puppies in the two groups were determined and statistically analyzed. [Result]Comparing with the beginning of the experiment, the weights of the puppies in control group and experimental group were increased by 15% and 18.34% at the end of the experiment, respectively; the puppies in experimental group had significantly （P<0.05） higher weights at the end of the experiment compared with control group; the average daily gain of the puppies in experimental group was 26.67% higher than those in control group （P>0.05）. While the apparent nutrient digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and crude fat of the puppies in experimental group were elevated by 1.60%, 1.02%, 1.00% and 0.24% compared with control group, respectively, no significant differences （P>0.05） were observed. There were no significant differences （P>0.05） in fecal score and original moisture content between control group and experimental group. [Conclusion] Dietary supplementation of 0.5% Spirulina platensis powder and 1.0% yam powder promotes the growth of puppies, but has no significant effects on apparent nutrient digestibility and fecal quality.

Oxidative stress that occurs in modern livestock and poultry production brings damages to the health and reduces the performance of livestock and poultry. Modern systematic animal nutrition believes that the imbalance of free radical homeostasis in livestock and poultry is the root cause leading to the oxidative stress-inflammatory response-immune function imbalance, which threatens the health and reduces the performance of livestock and poultry. A regulatory network composed of multiple signaling pathways in livestock and poultry maintains the free radical homeostasis together. In this paper, research advances on regulatory mechanisms of p38MAPK, Nrf2-ARE, NF-κB and other oxidative stress related signaling pathways in livestock and poultry production and corresponding nutritional strategies are reviewed, in hoping to provide references for alleviating oxidative stress damages, ensuring animal welfare, and improving production performance in livestock and poultry production.

[Objective] To transcriptomically identify the differentially expressed genes （DEGs） in maternal ovary with the development of fetus in sheep. [Method] F₁ hybrids of Scottish black-faced sheep and Texel sheep were used as experimental animals, and the transcriptomic analysis profiles were collected on 23^th day, 35^th day and 100^th day of gestation, respectively. A total of 18 transcriptomic data samples of sheep ovaries in the above three periods of gestation were downloaded from SRA in NCBI, a high-throughput sequencing data storing database. The transcriptomic data were standardized using Z-Score method. Comparative transcriptomic analysis was carried out between 23^th day and 35^th day of gestation as well as between 35^th day and 100^th day of gestation. The limma package of R language was used for analysis of differential gene expression to screen DEGs, and P-Value < 0.05 and |logFC| ≥ 2 were used as screening conditions for DEGs. DAVID online software was used to annotate DEGs and analyze their functional enrichment, and P-Value < 0.05 was used as a significant enrichment marker of signaling pathway. [Result]A total of 54 DEGs in sheep ovaries were screened between 23^th day and 35^th day of gestation, and a total of 68 DEGs were screened between 35^th day and 100^th day of gestation. The genes of HSP90AA1,HSP90AB1,MMP2 and HSP90B1 were observed in both groups of the DEGs. The 54 DEGs identified between 23^th day and 35^th day of gestation were found to be significantly enriched in six signaling pathways, including protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, estrogen, proteoglycans in cancer, dilated cardiomyopathy, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The 68 DEGs identified between 35^th day and 100^th day of gestation were found to be significantly enriched in eleven signaling pathways, including cancer, focal adhesion, antigen processing and presentation, extracellular matrix （ECM）-receptor interaction, bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, estrogen, PI3K-Akt, proteoglycans in cancer, and prostate cancer. [Conclusion] The gene expressions of HSP90AA1、HSP90AB1、MMP2 and HSP90B1 in estrogen signaling pathway during gestation have significant changes, indicating that these genes may play important roles in sheep gestation maintenance.

[Objective]To assess the correlation between slaughter performance and body size traits of white feather king pigeon, and to provide referential data for scientific and systemic rearing of white feather king pigeon in Guizhou area. [Method]The indicators of body size and slaughter performance of 30-day-old white feather king pigeons were determined, and significance test and correlation analysis of the tested indicators were carried out. [Result] At the age of 30 days, the white feather king pigeons had a relatively higher dressing rate （87.200%）, and their average live weight, eviscerated weight and eviscerated rate were （429.960±51.781） g, (319.253±40.342) g and 74.610%, respectively, indicating a good meat performance. The correlation analysis demonstrated that shank length, live weight and slaughter weight had significant （P<0.05） correlation with body oblique length, and wing weight had extremely significant （P<0.01） correlation with body oblique length; keel length was extremely significantly （P<0.01） positively correlated with chest depth, chest width, eviscerated weight and chest muscle weight; chest depth was extremely significantly （P<0.01） positively correlated with chest width, extremely significantly （P<0.01） negatively correlated with shank girth, and significantly （P<0.05） positively correlated with live weight, slaughter weight, chest muscle weight and leg muscle weight; slaughter weight, eviscerated weight, chest muscle weight, leg muscle weight, head weight and wing weight were extremely significantly （P<0.01） positively correlated with live weight; eviscerated weight, chest muscle weight, leg muscle weight, head weight and wing weight were extremely significantly （P<0.01） positively correlated with slaughter weight. A multivariate regression equation between slaughter performance and body size traits of white feather king pigeon was established. In addition, the regression models for live weight, slaughter weight, eviscerated weight ,chest muscle weight and leg muscle weight with body oblique length, keel length, shank length and shank girth were established, respectively, and the model fitting degree reached significant or extremely significant levels by F test. [Conclusion] The results obtained in this study provides scientific data for the future researches of white feather king pigeon.

[Objective] To determine the optimum time of laparoscopically assisted artificial insemination in sheep treated with estrus synchronization. [Method]The ewes with normal reproductive performance and good nutritional status were selected. The progesterone sponges were placed in vaginas of the ewes for 10-14 days, and 250-330 IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin （PMSG） were intramuscularly injected for each ewe when the sponge was removed. For each ewe, estrus detections were conducted twice 12-24 h after sponge removal, once in the morning and another in the evening. Four experimental groups were set according to the time after sponge removal or estrus time: group 1 （n=138） was laparoscopically inseminated 46-50 h after sponge removal, group 2 （n=156） was laparoscopically inseminated 50-54 h after sponge removal, group 3 （n=275） was laparoscopically inseminated 54-58 h after sponge removal, and group 4 （n=226） was laparoscopically inseminated 30-36 h after estrus. B-ultrosonic examination was conducted 40-45 days after insemination, and the conception rate of each group was calculated. [Result] The highest conception rate （97.79%） was observed in the ewes laparoscopically inseminated 30-36 h after estrus （group 4）, followed by those laparoscopically inseminated 50-54 h after sponge removal （group 2）, which had a conception rate of 97.44%. The conception rate of the ewes laparoscopically inseminated 46-50 h after sponge removal （group 1） was 91.30%. The ewes laparoscopically inseminated 54-58 h after sponge removal （group 3） had the lowest conception rate （89.82%）. [Conclusion]For laparoscopically assisted insemination of ewes in combination with estrus synchronization, the optimum insemination time is 50-54 h after progesterone sponge removal or 30-36 h after estrus.

Platelet-derived growth factor A （PDGFA） is a kind of polypeptides in the PDGF family, which has the functions of promoting cell growth, stimulating the interactions between cells and intercellular substances, and influencing wool follicle growth. This paper reviews the protein structure of PDGFA, the main expression pathways of Wnt, SHH and BMP of PDGFA, and the roles of PDGFA in skin, lung and wool growth. Furthermore, the important roles of PDGFA in wool follicle growth and cycle maintenance are elaborated, in hoping to provide a basis for further researches on mechanisms of wool growth.

[Objective] To characterize the laying performance of commercial Lohmann pink-shell laying hens in large-scale poultry farm. [Method] The data of laying rate and accumulative egg production of a total of 90 thousand Lohmann pink-shell laying hens aged 18-85 weeks were collected. Laying rate was analyzed using the fitting models of McMillan, Yang-Ning and Wood, respectively. Accumulative egg production was analyzed using the fitting models of Bertalanffy, Gompertz and Logistic, respectively. In addition, both the fitted values of laying rate and accumulative egg production were compared with the actually observed values. [Result] The fitting degrees of laying rate curves for McMillan model, Yang-Ning model and Wood model were 0.935, 0.997 and 0.450, respectively, and the predicted value of Yang-Ning model was the closest to the actually observed value. Gompertz model showed the best fitting effect on accumulative egg production curve with a fitting degree of 0.996, and the predicted inflection point of laying week and corresponding egg production were 47.38 and 166.36, respectively. Furthermore, the fitted maximum egg production was 365.12, which was 11.64 less than the actually observed value. [Conclusion] Yang-Ning model and Gompertz model have the best fitting effects on laying rate and accumulative egg production of commercial Lohmann pink-shell laying hens, which can be applicable to estimate and predict the laying performance of commercial Lohmann pink-shell laying hens in large-scale poultry farm.

The horse intestinal microbiota plays important roles in its nutrient digestion and maintenance of body health. The microbes in each segment of the horse intestinal tract have different functions and are susceptible to various factors. The destruction of the normal microbial community structure in horse intestinal tract leads to the imbalance of intestinal microbiota and the dysfunction of horse, which is considered associated with various diseases. This paper mainly characterizes the composition of the microbial community structure in each segment of the horse intestinal tract, and expounds the various factors that affect the variations of intestinal microbiota, in hoping to provide scientific references for improving the nutrition and intestinal health of horses and developing related tools for horse health monitoring and disease prevention. This paper may also give a new insight into the researches on horse intestinal microbiota.

The circadian clock is ubiquitous in the biological world and can synchronize the rhythm of the organism itself with that of the environment, which regulates the body′s life activities and physiological functions. The action mechanisms, physiological functions and influencing factors of the circadian clock are reviewed, in hoping to provide references for further study of circadian rhythms.

[Objective] To assess the contents of trace elements in an ecosystem of soil-forage-grazing sheep in the desert steppe of Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia, to analyze the surplus or deficiency status of trace elements in sheep among different seasons, and to clarify the nutritional limiting factors of trace elements. [Method]Six healthy young Mongolian ewes weighing （39.65±2.25） kg were chosen as experimental animals from the grazing sheep herd. The weight, feed intake as well as fecal and urinary excretion of the experimental ewes in fresh leaves period （June）, growing period （September） and withering period （November） of forage in this region were determined. The contents of trace elements （iron, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, molybdenum and cobalt） in soil, forage and ewe serum in different growing periods of forage were evaluated. Feed intake model was used to predict the trace elements intake of ewes in different growing periods of forage; the contents of trace elements in feces and urine were determined by a metabolic trial, and the deposits of trace elements in ewes were calculated. [Result]Extremely significant （P<0.01） differences in ewe weights and feed intakes were observed among different growing periods of forage, and the fecal excretion in withering period was extremely significantly （P<0.01） higher than that in the remaining growing periods. There were no significant （P>0.05） differences in iron contents of grassland soil, forage and ewe serum among different growing periods of forage, and no iron deficiency was observed. The copper content in forage in withering period was extremely significantly （P<0.01） lower than that in the remaining growing periods, and a minus deposit of copper in ewe was found in withering period, which was extremely significantly （P<0.01） lower compared with growing period. While there were extremely significant （P<0.01） differences in contents of manganese and molybdenum in grassland soil and forage as well as the absorbed and deposited in ewe among different growing periods of forage, no deficiency of these two trace elements was observed. Significantly （P<0.05） higher zinc content in ewe serum was observed in fresh leaves period compared with the remaining growing periods of forage; while there were no significant （P>0.05） differences in zinc contents in grassland soil, forage and deposited in ewe among different growing periods of forage, zinc deficiency was observed. The highest selenium content in grassland soil was observed in growing period with extremely significant （P<0.01) differences compared with the remaining growing periods of forage; the selenium contents in forage in fresh leaves period and growing period were below the lower limit of the normal level, and selenium in forage in withering period was absent; while there were no significant （P>0.05） differences in selenium contents in ewe serum among different growing periods of forage, they were all at the lower limit of the normal level. No significant （P>0.05） differences in cobalt contents in grassland soil among different growing periods of forage were found, but they were all lower than the normal level; the cobalt content deposited in ewe in withering period and fresh leaves period was extremely significantly（P<0.01） lower than that in growing period of forage. [Conclusion]Supplementations of zinc and selenium are recommended in appropriate forms for grazing sheep throughout the year in this area, and appropriate supplementation of copper- and cobalt-containing trace element preparations are necessary in winter or spring.

[Objective] To assess the effects of tourism activities on diversity of plant and soil nematode communities in Huhenuoer scenic spot in Hulun Buir City. [Method] According to the tourists′ aggregation degree and the vegetations′ trampling status of the grassland in the scenic spot, four experimental areas were set, including a severe disturbance area, a moderate disturbance area, a mild disturbance area, and a fenced area. The height, abundance and coverage of the plant community as well as the species, quantity and diversity of the soil nematode community among the four tourism disturbance areas were statistically compared. [Result]There were significant （P<0.05） differences in Margalef richness index and Simpson dominance index among severe disturbance area and the remaining areas, and significant （P<0.05） differences in Shannon-Wiener diversity index among severe disturbance area and moderate disturbance area, mild disturbance area were observed. A total of 6 444 soil nematodes belonging to 56 genera were isolated, with an average density of 437 nematodes per 100 g dried soil; the isolated number of bacterial-feeding nematodes, fungal-feeding nematodes, plant parasitic nematodes and predatory/omnivorous nematodes accounted for 56.24%, 20.79%, 18.72% and 4.25% of the total number of the captured nematodes, respectively; the number of individuals of the dominant nematode′ genera isolated from severe disturbance area, moderate disturbance area, mild disturbance area and fenced area accounted for 70.17 %, 67.47 %, 39.72 % and 48.42 % of the total number of the captured nematodes in the corresponding areas, respectively. For the 0-10 cm soil layer, the number of the isolated nematodes in fenced area was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in the remaining areas, and the number of the captured nematodes′genera in moderate disturbance area and fenced area was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in severe disturbance area and moderate disturbance area; the value of the diversity index H′ in the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers in mild disturbance area was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in the remaining areas; for the 0-10 cm soil layer, fenced area had significantly （P<0.05） higher MI value and significantly （P<0.05） lower NCR value compared with the remaining areas, and had significantly （P<0.05） higher BI value compared with severe disturbance area. [Conclusion] The tourism activities change the composition and diversity of the plant community in grassland of the scenic spot, and have impacts on quantity, diversity and functional structure of the soil nematode community. Moderate human disturbance is conducive to the positive succession of plant and soil nematode communities, and fencing is conducive to the restoration of degraded grassland. The grassland tourism activities with severe disturbance have obvious negative effects on diversity of plant and soil nematode communities, and relevant tourism control and soil restoration measures are necessary.

Grassland ecosystem plays important roles in construction of ecological civilization, provision of ecosystem service, guarantee of food safety, and maintenance of border stability in China. Global climate change and excessive human disturbance have broken the original balance and stability of grassland ecosystem, and resulted in serious grassland degradation, desertification and salinization. The stability of structure, function and process of grassland ecosystem is fundamental to protect its steadiness. The litter decomposition is an important part in the grass material cycle and is of great significance to maintain the stability of grassland ecosystem. The responses of litter decomposition in grassland ecosystem to precipitation pattern change, increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition and grazing interference have been widely reported. By generalizing the related researches in China and abroad, we found that the results of studies on effects of precipitation, nitrogen deposition and grazing on litter decomposition in grassland ecosystem varied due to the geographical location, climate change and heterogeneity of grassland types, and even the same region had different findings. At present, there is limited information regarding the impacts of interactions of the above mentioned two or three interference factors on litter decomposition process of grassland ecosystem. It is of great significance to assess the effects of climate change and human disturbance on grassland ecosystem litter for the correct understanding of the structure and function of grassland ecosystem, as well as the sustainable utilization and protection of grassland ecosystem.

[Objective]To develop a high-efficient dehairing method of donkey hides suitable for industrial production of donkey hide gelatins. [Method]The dried donkey hides were soaked with water and then enzymatically dehaired with 1% alkaline protease and 1% neutral protease at low temperature （4 ℃）, respectively. The dehairing time, dehairing rate and odor during dehairing process of the donkey hides dehaired with different methods were determined, evaluated and compared. The gelatins were prepared with the soaked dry donkey hides enzymatically dehaired with 1% alkaline protease and 1% neutral protease, and with the fresh donkey hides mechanically dehaired. Furthermore, the yield, output rate, appearance and odor of the donkey hide gelatins prepared with different raw materials were compared; the quality associated indicators, including the contents of water, ash, water-insoluble matter and four kinds of amino acids, of the gelatins prepared with the enzymatically dehaired donkey hides were determined and compared with their corresponding quality standards provided in China Pharmacopoeia （2015 edition, first part). [Result]The dehairing effects were observed in donkey hides on 2^nd day after enzymatically dehaired with 1% alkaline protease （pH=10.5） and 1% neutral protease （pH=7.5） at low temperature （4 ℃）, and the dehairing rate of the enzymatically dehaired donkey hides reached up to 90% on 5^th day; the enzymatically dehaired donkey hides had normal odor produced during dehairing, but not the decomposed odor. The yields and output rates of gelatins prepared with 1% alkaline protease enzymatically dehaired donkey hides, 1% neutral protease enzymatically dehaired donkey hides, and mechanically dehaired fresh donkey hides were 113.0 g, 109.4 g, 129.3 g and 13.8%, 13.1%, 13.2%, respectively; the color and flavor of the gelatins prepared with the enzymatically dehaired donkey hides were red and aromatic, and the color was brighter than that of the gelatins prepared with the mechanically dehaired fresh donkey hides. The contents of water, ash and water-insoluble matter in the gelatins prepared with the enzymatically dehaired donkey hides were in accordance with and superior to their corresponding quality standards provided in China Pharmacopoeia （2015 edition, first part）, and the contents of L-hydroxyproline, glycine, alanine and L-proline were much higher than those in the above standards. [Conclusion]At low temperature （4 ℃）, 1% alkaline protease and 1% neutral protease exhibit good enzymatic dehairing effects in the soaked dry donkey hides, and the quality of the gelatins prepared with the enzymatically dehaired donkey hides are in accordance with the standards provided in China Pharmacopoeia （2015 edition, first part）.

The interest connection between dairy cow raising and dairy product processing is deficient in China, which fundamentally restricts the healthy development of the dairy industry. In order to fully draw lessons from the international experiences of interest connection mechanism established by the large dairy enterprises, based on the data and information obtained from Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. （GCMMF）,one of Global Dairy Top 20, and its subordinate cooperative official website, this study assesses its products research and development, products marketing, brand strategy and other interest creation mechanism, and analyzes the achievements obtained in the establishment of interest distribution mechanism via Amul cooperative model. Furthermore, this study proposes that China should draw lessons from the development experiences of GCMMF, stabilize the development of dairy industry based on the domestic market, strengthen the status of medium and small dairy farmers in the industry, and develop dry dairy products industry to perfect the industry chain.

[Objective] To assess the effect of thiram on femoral growth and development in broiler chickens, and to evaluate the protective efficacy of Morinda officinalis polysaccharide （MOP） against the femoral injuries induced by thiram. [Method]A total of 300 one-day-old AA broiler chickens were randomly divided into control group, thiram model group, and low-, moderate-, high-dosage MOP treatment groups. There were 3 replicates for each group and 20 broiler chickens for each replicate. The control group was fed with a basal diet; from 4^th to 7^th days of the experiment, thiram model group and three MOP treatment groups were fed with basal diets added with 50 mg/kg thiram; during the whole experiment, 250, 500 and 1 000 mg/L MOP were supplied for low-, moderate- and high-dosage MOP treatment groups in drinking water. The experiment lasted for 15 days. The clinical manifestations of the broiler chickens in each group were observed; on 7^th, 11^th and 15^th days of the experiment, the femur and blood samples were collected; the morphological observation of femur was carried out, the shearing force, physical indexes （weight, length, volume and density）, dry matter contents, calcium and phosphorus contents, ash contents_（DM）, ash contents_（FM）, and ash densities of the femur samples were determined, and the plasma contents of calcium and inorganic phosphorus were tested. The inter-group differences of the experimental data were statistically analyzed. [Result]The broiler chickens in thiram model group appeared claudication, the serious ones were unable to stand, and had shorter femur compared with those in control group. On 7^th day of the experiment, the femur shearing force of thiram model group was significantly （P<0.05） decreased compared with control group. During the whole experiment, the 4 physical indexes of thiram model group were significantly （P<0.05） lower than those of control group; the femur weights of low-dosage MOP treatment group were significantly （P<0.05） higher than those of thiram model group on 11^th day of the experiment, and the femur lengths of low- and moderate-dosage MOP treatment groups were significantly （P<0.05） higher than those of thiram model group on 15^th day of the experiment. The calcium contents in femur of thiram model group were significantly （P<0.05） lower than those of control group on 7^th day of the experiment, and the dry matter contents, ash contents_（FM）, and ash densities in femur of thiram model group were significantly （P<0.05） lower than those of control group on 11^th day of the experiment; the dry matter contents in femur of high-dosage MOP treatment group were significantly （P<0.05） higher than those of thiram model group on 11^th day of the experiment. The plasma contents of inorganic phosphorus of moderate-dosage MOP treatment group were significantly （P<0.05） higher than those of control group on 15^th day of the experiment.[Conclusion]Thiram inhibits the femoral growth and development in broiler chickens via decreasing the strength, physical indexes and calcium deposition of femur, and MOP can protect and alleviate the femoral injuries induced by thiram.

The key to maintain the balance of bone tissue is the dynamic balance of bone metabolism. The imbalance of bone metabolism results in bone damages and even bone diseases. Total flavonoids extracted from Rhizoma Drynariae, a traditional Chinese medicine, are active ingredients that have therapeutic effects on bone diseases such as osteoporosis, bone defect, bone fracture and osteoarthritis. Based on the summary of relevant literatures in China and abroad, this paper reviews the effects of total flavonoids from Rhizoma Drynariae on bone metabolism from the aspects of bone tissue, blood vessels, bone cells and related regulatory mechanisms, in hoping to provide theoretical basis for further researches.

[Objective] To observe the in vivo antibacterial effects of florfenicol against Pasteurella multocida, and to assess its preventive and therapeutic effects on artificial infection of mice with Pasteurella multocida. [Method]Broth micro-dilution method was used to determine the antibacterial effects of 9 commonly used antimicrobial agents in veterinary clinic against Pasteurella multocida to screen the sensitive drugs. Furthermore, an in vivo study in mice was conducted to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic effects of the screened sensitive drug on artificial infection of mice with Pasteurella multocida. [Result]Among the tested antimicrobial agents, the best antibacterial effects against Pasteurella multocida were observed in florfenicol and doxycycline with MIC of 1 μg/mL and MBC of 2 μg/mL, and tiamulin fumarate showed the weakest antibacterial effects with MIC of 64 μg/mL and MBC of 128 μg/mL. Based on the results of in vivo antibacterial effects evaluation, florfenicol was chosen to perform the in vivo study. A negative control group （normal saline）, a positive control group （challenged with Pasteurella multocida） and a florfenicol administration group （challenged with Pasteurella multocida + florfenicol） were included in preventive or therapeutic experiment. The protection rates of therapeutic and preventive experiments were 78.6% and 84.6%, respectively. [Conclusion]Florfenicol has good preventive and therapeutic effects on artificial infection of mice with Pasteurella multocida.