不同年代玉米主栽品种籽粒灌浆特性和营养品质变化及其杂种优势

doi:10.12190/j.issn.2096-1197.2021.03.01

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】明确我国1970s—2000s玉米主栽品种籽粒灌浆特性和营养品质指标及其杂种优势的变化规律,了解不同指标相互关系及各项指标杂种优势利用情况,为选育粒重和品质兼优的玉米新品种提供理论依据。【方法】选用不同年代主栽的玉米单交种及其亲本自交系进行大田试验,分析不同年代玉米主栽品种的籽粒活跃灌浆期、平均灌浆速率和营养品质及各项指标相互关系,同时计算各项指标的杂种优势。【结果】随着年代的推进,玉米主栽品种的百粒重显著提高（P<0.05）,2000s单交种与1970s、1980s、1990s单交种相比分别提高了6.99%、6.86%和14.99%,杂种优势明显提高,籽粒容重显著增加（P<0.05）。2000s单交种活跃灌浆期和平均灌浆速率均显著高于1970s、1980s、1990s单交种（P<0.05）,平均灌浆速率的杂种优势伴随年代推进逐渐增加。通径分析表明,籽粒淀粉和粗脂肪含量对百粒重起正的直接效应,粗蛋白、可溶性糖和赖氨酸含量对百粒重起负的直接效应。年代推进过程中,籽粒可溶性糖和粗蛋白含量显著降低（P<0.05）;淀粉和赖氨酸含量显著提高（P<0.05）;粗脂肪含量以1990s单交种最高,与1970s、1980s、2000s相比分别增加8.76%、10.41%和9.94%,差异显著（P<0.05）。【结论】随着年代的推进,玉米单交种的百粒重和籽粒容重大幅度提高,活跃灌浆期和平均灌浆速率明显增加,籽粒淀粉和赖氨酸含量提高,可溶性糖和粗蛋白含量显著下降,粗脂肪含量变化以1990s显著高于1970s、1980s、2000s;百粒重、活跃灌浆期、平均灌浆速率和粗脂肪含量表现出明显的杂种优势。

关键词: 玉米, 灌浆特性, 营养品质, 杂种优势

Abstract: 【Objective】 To clarify the grain-filling characteristics,nutritional quality indexes and heterosis changes of the main maize cultivars from 1970s to 2000s in China,and explore the relationship among the different indexes and the utilization of heterosis of each index,which could be used for the breeding granules and quality and excellent maize new cultivars provide theoretical basis.【Methods】 Field experiments of maize single-cross varieties and their parents in different years were carried out to analyze the relationship among the active grain-filling period,average grain-filling rate,nutritional quality and the heterosis of each index of the main maize cultivars.【Results】 With the advancing of the years,the hundred-grain weight of the main maize cultivars in different years increased significantly（P<0.05）. Compared with the 1970s-1990s,the single-cross varieties in 2000s increased by 6.99%,6.86% and 14.99%,respectively. The heterosis increased significantly,and the grain bulk density increased significantly（P<0.05）. The active grain-filling period and average grain-filling rate of single-cross varieties in 2000s were significantly higher than those of single-cross varieties from 1970s to 1990s（P<0.05）. The heterosis of average grain-filling rate gradually increased with the progress of the years. Path analysis showed that grain starch and crude fat content had a positive direct effect on hundred-grain weight,while crude protein,soluble sugar and lysine content had a negative direct effect on hundred-grain weight. As the years advanced,the content of soluble sugar and crude protein in grains was significantly reduced（P<0.05）,and the content of starch and lysine was significantly increased（P<0.05）. The content of crude fat was the highest in the 1990s single-cross varieties,which was increased by 8.76%,10.41% and 9.94%,respectively,the differences were significant（P<0.05）.【Conclusion】 With the advancing of the years,the hundred-grain weight and grain bulk density of maize single-cross varieties increased significantly,the active grain-filling period and average grain-filling rate increased significantly,the starch and lysine contents of grain increased,the soluble sugar and crude protein contents decreased significantly,and the crude fat content changed in 1990s were significantly higher than 1970s,1980s and 2000s. Heterosis was obvious in hundred-grain weight,active grain-filling period,average grain-filling rate and crude fat.

Key words: Maize, Grain-filling characteristics, Nutrition quality, Heterosis

中图分类号:

S513

王利青, 于晓芳, 高聚林, 马达灵, 胡树平, 郭怀怀, 刘爱业. 不同年代玉米主栽品种籽粒灌浆特性和营养品质变化及其杂种优势[J]. 北方农业学报, 2021, 49(3): 1-15.

WANG Liqing, YU Xiaofang, GAO Julin, MA Daling, HU Shuping, GUO Huaihuai, LIU Aiye. Grain-filling characteristics,variation of nutrition quality and heterosis of main maize cultivars in different years[J]. Journal of Northern Agriculture, 2021, 49(3): 1-15.

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