内蒙古玉米宜机械粒收品种评价指标体系

doi:10.12190/j.issn.2096-1197.2024.02.01

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】建立内蒙古自治区玉米机械粒收品种评价指标体系,为内蒙古宜机械粒收玉米品种的评价、选择和适时收获提供依据,为品种选育指明方向。【方法】以极早熟到晚熟6个熟期组代表品种为试验材料,在内蒙古6个生态区同步进行机械粒收性状研究,于生理成熟期,生理成熟后10、20、30 d,测定籽粒破碎率、籽粒破损率、杂质率、籽粒含水率和植株倒伏倒折率,并选择适宜各生态区条件、机械粒收性状优良的品种鉴选机械粒收品种评价指标。【结果】玉米籽粒破碎率、籽粒破损率、杂质率与籽粒含水率均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。收获期玉米籽粒含水率与出苗至收获、吐丝至收获、成熟至收获的时间和积温均呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,且相关性依次增强。玉米籽粒脱水速率与基础含水率、日均温均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）;籽粒脱水速率（y）与基础含水率（x₁）、日均温（x₂）回归方程为y=-0.523 318+0.022 732x₁+0.025 422x₂,R²=0.419 2,P<0.01。玉米总产量损失率、落穗率与收获期植株倒伏倒折率呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,落粒率与收获期植株倒伏倒折率相关性不显著（P>0.05）,玉米植株倒伏倒折率与株高、穗位高、穗位株高比、茎粗、茎粗株高比的相关性均不显著（P>0.05）。确立了宜机械粒收玉米品种评价的主次指标,涵盖3个层次,55个指标。【结论】建立了内蒙古自治区宜机械粒收玉米品种评价指标体系,该体系兼顾了各大生态区共性和区域个性,指标量化、易操作,其中籽粒破损率指标点明了玉米机械粒收过程中的不可见损失,对产量损失的评估更加全面。

关键词: 玉米, 机械粒收, 品种, 机械粒收质量, 评价指标体系

Abstract: 【Objective】The evaluation index system of maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest in Inner Mongolia was established to provide the basis for the evaluation,selection and timely harvest of maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest in Inner Mongolia,and to point out the direction for variety breeding.【Methods】The representative varieties of six maturity groups from extremely early maturity to late maturity were used as experimental materials to study the mechanical grain harvest traits simultaneously in six ecological regions of Inner Mongolia,at the physiological maturity,10,20 and 30 d after physiological maturity,the grain breakage rate,grain fragmentation rate,impurity rate,grain moisture content and plant lodging rate were measured;The varieties with suitable ecological regions conditions and excellent mechanical grain harvest traits were selected for the identification and selection of evaluation index of varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest.【Results】Grain breakage rate,grain fragmentation rate and impurity rate have an extremely significant positive correlation with grain moisture content（P<0.01）. The grain moisture content at harvest stage has an extremely significant negative correlation with the time and accumulated temperature from emergence to harvest,from silking to harvest,and from maturity to harvest（P<0.01）,and the correlation increased in turn.The grain dehydration rate has an extremely significant positive correlation with the basic moisture content and daily average temperature（P<0.01）. The regression equation of grain dehydration rate （y） with basic moisture content （x₁） and daily average temperature （x₂） was y=-0.523 318+0.022 732x₁+0.025 422x₂,R²=0.419 2,P<0.01. The total yield loss rate and ear drop rate have an extremely significant positive correlation with lodging rate of plants at harvest stage（P<0.01）,but grain drop rate was not significantly correlated with lodging rate of plants at harvest stage（P>0.05）. There was no significant correlation between plant lodging rate and plant height,ear height,ratio of ear height to plant height,stem diameter,ratio of stem diameter to plant height（P>0.05）. The primary and secondary index for the evaluation of maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest were established,covering 3 levels and 55 index.【Conclusion】The evaluation index system of maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest in Inner Mongolia was established.It takes into account the commonness and regional individuality of each ecological region,and the index is quantified and easy to operate. The provision of the “grain fragmentation rate” index points out the invisible loss in the process of mazie mechanical grain harvest,which makes the evaluation of yield loss more comprehensive.

Key words: Maize, Mechanical grain harvest, Varieties, Mechanical grain harvest quality, Evaluation index system

中图分类号:

S513

石海波, 梁红伟, 张静, 杨景渊, 韩平安, 刘志雄, 冯勇, 苏二虎, 张来厚, 赵瑞霞. 内蒙古玉米宜机械粒收品种评价指标体系[J]. 北方农业学报, 2024, 52(2): 1-14.

SHI Haibo, LIANG Hongwei, ZHANG Jing, YANG Jingyuan, HAN Ping′an, LIU Zhixiong, FENG Yong, SU Erhu, ZHANG Laihou, ZHAO Ruixia. Evaluation index system of maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest in Inner Mongolia[J]. Journal of Northern Agriculture, 2024, 52(2): 1-14.

参考文献

[1] 郭银巧,柴宗文,王克如,等.玉米收获方式及其效益分析[J].农学学报,2017,7(12):8-11.
[2] 李少昆,王克如,谢瑞芝,等.机械粒收推动玉米生产方式转型[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(10):1842-1844.
[3] 佟屏亚. 对玉米籽粒机械化收获的探讨[J].农业技术与装备,2015(4):4-6.
[4] 冯勇,宋国栋,侯旭光.玉米品种试验中宜机收指标的探讨[J].北方农业学报,2018,46(1):21-24.
[5] 李少昆,王克如,高聚林,等.内蒙古玉米机械粒收质量及其影响因素研究[J].玉米科学,2018,26(4):68-73.
[6] 赵瑞霞,石海波,梁红伟,等.大兴安岭岭东温凉区玉米机械粒收品种筛选及籽粒含水率对粒收质量的影响[J].北方农业学报,2020,48(6):13-21.
[7] PLETT S.Corn kernel breakage as a function of grain moisture at harvest in a prairie environment[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1994,74(3):543-544.
[8] HALL G E,JOHNSON W H.Corn kernel crackage induced by mechanical shelling[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1970,13(1):51-55.
[9] 刘慧迪,李庭锋,郭建华.黑龙江省第三积温带宜机械粒收玉米品种筛选试验[J].黑龙江农业科学,2023(4):1-4.
[10] 石海波,赵瑞霞,梁红伟,等.内蒙古玉米宜机械粒收相关性状研究[J].北方农业学报,2021,49(2):1-10.
[11] 丁德芳,柴宗文,徐喜俊,等.河西灌区玉米密植高产机械粒收品种筛选[J].干旱地区农业研究,2019,37(5):144-148.
[12] 李少昆,王克如,裴志超,等.北京春玉米机械粒收质量影响因素研究及品种筛选[J].玉米科学,2018,26(6):110-115.
[13] 李少昆,王克如,王立春,等.吉林玉米机械粒收质量影响因素研究及品种筛选[J].玉米科学,2018,26(4):55-62.
[14] 王克如,李少昆,王延波,等.辽宁中部适宜机械粒收玉米品种的筛选[J].作物杂志,2018(3):97-102.
[15] 郑飞,陈静,崔亚坤,等.淮北不同生态区丰产稳产宜机收玉米新品种筛选[J].作物杂志,2023(4):110-117.
[16] 芮孟阁,魏晓斐,鲁镇胜,等.漯河市玉米机械粒收现状与发展对策[J].河南农业,2023(7):53-54.
[17] 明博,侯金星,董国豪,等.山东玉米机械粒收技术现状与问题[J].玉米科学,2018,26(6):126-130.
[18] 张宗荣,李向宏,杨娟妮.陕西省玉米籽粒机械化收获存在问题及对策[J].种子科技,2016,34(4):41.
[19] 李少昆,王克如,谢瑞芝,等.实施密植高产机械化生产实现玉米高产高效协同[J].作物杂志,2016(4):1-6.
[20] 孔融,薛世海,吴晓琴,等.酒泉市肃州区玉米机械粒收质量及影响因素研究[J].农业科技与信息,2023(9):1-5.
[21] 侯梁宇,张镇涛,黄兆福,等.通过种植制度改革实现黄淮海北部地区玉米机械籽粒直收[J].中国农业科学,2023,56(19):3788-3798.
[22] 苏正娥,刘志娟,杨婉蓉,等.未来气候变化情景下东北地区中晚熟春玉米机械粒收气候适宜区分析[J].中国农业气象,2023,44(8):649-663.
[23] 陈杜,杨锦越,罗英舰,等.贵州春玉米机械粒收适宜品种筛选及影响因素研究[J].南方农业学报,2021,52(4):959-966.
[24] 张书萍,常程,赵海岩,等.辽宁省高密中晚熟玉米品种的试验现状及思考[J].辽宁农业科学,2014(4):61-63.
[25] 李印峰,于卿,王福学,等.鲁西南不同玉米籽粒机收品种适应性分析[J].农业科技通讯,2022(8):22-25.
[26] 李少昆. 我国玉米机械粒收质量影响因素及粒收技术的发展方向[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2017,35(3):265-272.
[27] 阎晓光,李洪,董红芬,等.山西省春玉米宜机械粒收品种筛选及影响因素分析[J].核农学报,2022,36(6):1254-1261.
[28] 王克如,李璐璐,高尚等.中国玉米机械粒收质量主要指标分析[J].作物学报,2021,47(12):2440-2449.