In the present study, the preparation feasibility of calcium propionate from eggshell by hydrothermal synthesis is first confirmed. The effects of solid-liquid ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time on the yield of calcium propionate were studied through single-factor experiment, and the optimum conditions were investigated by orthogonal experiment. The resuhs showed that the optimum conditions were as follows： solid-liquid ratio 1：20, reaction temperature 110 ℃, reaction time 6 h. Moreover, the yield can reach up to 92.57 % under the optimum conditions.

The expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide （VIP） in immune organ of uarthritis chicken was investigated to explore the action in the trial. The trial animals were individed into three groups, 20 chicken in every group. Immunohistochemistry was taken to detect the expression of VIP in thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabrieius, the difference also was anaylsed. The result indicated that there was no marked difference in VIP between group of high concentration calcium （HCC） and group of high protein （HP） （P 〉0.05 ）, but they were higher than that of the normal group. The conclusion could be made that the higher expression in VIP between HCC and HP, and it maybe is close to uarthritis with the interaction of immune system and neuroendocrine system mediated by VIP.

In the trial, histochemistry PAS-AB staining and quantitative image analysis were applied to determine the effect of different level of organic selenium on mucins of oviduct bulge site of adult Huainan Spotted chicken. The result showed that the mucins contain of oviduct bulge site in the group that were fed wi{h organic selenium of 0.20 mg/kg in their diet was different from that of control group （P〈 0.05 ） ; the group fed with diet containing organic selenium of 0.60 mg/kg was significantly different from that of the control （P 〈 0.01 ）, but there was no difference between the group fed with diet corltaining organic selenium of 1 mg/kg （P〉0.05）. Therefore, organic selenium could markedly take effect on mucins of oviduct bulge site of adult Huainan Spotted chicken.

50-day-old Huainan Spotted chicken were selected in the study and randomly divided into 4 groups with 20 in each group. They were respectively fed high-protein diet （group A）, high calcium diet （group B ）, high calcium and high-protein diet （group C ） and normal diet （group D）. At 0,14,28 and 42 d, the serum was isolated by vein blood from theses chickens,and biochemical indexes were determined. The result showed that the increasing speed and extent of hyperuricemia is as following： group C〉 group A〉group B〉 group D.

To investigate the antioxidant effects of the Natto polysaccharide on the liver and kidney of immuno-suppressive mice induced by cyclophosphamide and find the optimum concentration. A total of 40 Kunming mice weighing （20±2） g were randomly divided into four groups, namely, normal control group, cyclophosphamide treatment model group, high-dose Natto treatment group （500 mg/kg） and low-dose Natto treatment group （200 mg/kg）. All mice in the groups except normal control group were administrated with cyclophosphamide at the dosage of 80 mg/kg, and then the two Natto treatment groups were given Natto polysaccharide at the dosage of 500 and 200 mg/kg by garage, respectively for two weeks. The results showed that the Malondialdehyde （MDA） contents of liver and kidney in Natto treatment groups were both significantly decreased （P 〈 0.05） compared with that of cyclophosphamide treatment model group, but the superoxide dismutase （SOD） contents of liver and kidney in Natto treatment groups were greatly increased compared with that of cyclophosphamide treatment model group. Natto polysaccharide has antioxidation function and the optimum dose is 200 mg/kg in mice.

The adipose tissue is not only a main storage site of energy but also an active endocrine organ. Skeletal muscle also has the functions of secreting active substances, and expression, synthesis and secretion of a variety of biological signaling molecules, which are closely related with lots of important physiological and pathological processes, tn the present study, the endocrine function of adipose tissue and its relationship with the molecular signals in muscle tissue are reviewed.

Rumen anaerobic fungi plays important roles in lignocellulose degradation. The enzyme secreted by rumen anaerobic fungi not only can degrade the lignocellulose containing microcrystalline cellulose, but also it can assemble the cellulosome which has an effective catalytic activity. This review described some important aspects of rumen anaerobic fungi, including the role and system of the lignocellulose degradation and its cellulosome.

The objective of this trial is to probe the effect of lipoic acid on rabbit＇s reproductive performance under heat stress. 20 female New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into four groups, 5 replicates in every group was made with one rabbit in each replicate. The rabbits was respectively fed with the ration of 0 mg/kg fipoie acid in basal feed（control group）, and 200 mg/kg（treatment 1 ） ,400 mg/kg （treatment 2）,600 mg/kg （treatment 3）under the temperature （31.2±1.5） ℃. The results showed that： ①the average litter size among treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3 and control group were respectively （6.4±2.1）, （6.8±1.9）, （7.2±1.9） and （6.2±2.2）, there were a tendency that the average litter size increased with the lipoie acid concentration increasing in ration, and there was significant differeneebetween treatment 3 and control group （P〈0.05）; ②the average live litter size among treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3and control group were respectively （6.4±2.1）, （6.4±2.3）, （7.0±1.2）and （6.0±1.9）, there were a tendency that the average live litter size increased with the lipoic acid concentration increasing in ration , and there was significant difference between treatment 3 and control group （P〈0.05） ;③the average birth weight among treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3 and control group 1 were respectively （49.5±2.4） g, （48.2±2.4） g, （50.6±2.8） g and （45.7±5.0） g, the treatment 3 had significant difference compared with the control group （P〈0.05）. The conclusion could be made that it was better for reproductive performance with addition of lipoic acid in ration under heat stress, the optimal concentration of lipoic acid in ration was 600 mg/kg.

With the occurrence of residue and drug resistance in animal products by misusing antibiotic and artificial synthetical feed additive, additives of Chinese herbal medicine is being pay attention. Nowadays, it is broadly developed and applied to product in commodity broiler young chicken for it has feather of nature, poly-function, low poison and adverse reaction and uneasy to produce drug resistance. It not only can improve product performance of commodity broiler young chicken, enforce immune function and mprove quality and resist stress, but also the effect was markedly in prevention and treatment. Therefore, its applicable prospect is broad. The trend of its developing and production should be thorough research, micro-quantization of dosage form, quality specification and production serialization, but the consideration also should be overcome the existed problems.

The biological characteristics of five kinds of bacteria including Bacillus subtilis, Lactobaeillus acidophilus, Enteracoecus, brewers＇ yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied in simulative rumen environment. The results showed that the five strains were all safe, no antagonism between each other, resistant to acid, alkali and bile salts, and antagonistic to common pathogens, which agree well with the preparation requirements of ruminant compound probioties. After the fermentation medium and fermentation parameters of the five kinds of bacteria were studied and optimized, a novel production technique of compound probioties was developed.

A total of 10 able-bodied goats fitted with permanent rumen fistula were used in the present study, and were randomly divided into two groups, namely, Group Ⅰ dealing with dry apple pomace and Group II dealing with the apple pomace added 3 ‰ of compound enzyme. The degradation quality of Group Ⅰ and Ⅱ were determined at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h in rumen. The results showed that the dynamic degradation rates of crude protein and dry matter （DM） between Group Ⅰ and Ⅱ did not show significant difference （P 〉 0.05） ; the degradation rates of acid detergent fiber （ADF） at 48 h and neutral detergent fiber （NDF） at 72 h between the two groups were significantly different （P 〈 0.05 ）. All the results indicate that the protein utilization of dry apple pomace is very high; the degradation quality of fiber can be improved by adding compound enzyme in apple pomace.

The study was make up of three part：the initial water contain was determined by unresurgence drying, resurgence drying and air-dry method, the result showed that there were no difference among them, but the average value was concentrated in unresurgenee drying and the repeatability was the best one. In CP, EE and Ash, feed samples should be smashed and pass bouh of 0.45 mm. In CF, samples should smash and pass bouh of 1.0 mm, and feed samples cremated is avery important and indispensable process.

The climate features of southern area in China is characterized by high-temperature, high humidity and rainy, thereby bring many difficulties to the production of silage maize and leading to the higher corruption rate and poor quality. Since 2007, the effects of silage maize of the 12 cattle farms had been surveyed in Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces. The corruption rates vary form 10 % to 20 % and the losses of silage maize were more serious. Through analysis we found that the corruption of raw materials had much to do with freshness, water content, production process and the management. According to the causes of higher corruption rates in the South, the comprehensive measures including microbial fermentation technology was used to improve the quality of silage maize in the Southern Regions. The results showed that through using these methods, the corruption rate of silage maize was decreased obviously, while the crude protein content was increased to a certain degree and the quality of silage maize was greatly enhanced.

As one of the emerging industry, feed industiy not only effectively utilizes existing agricultural resources but also provides a strong material foundation and protection for animal food. Feed industry determines the future of animal husbandry and it is an important means for development, modernization and commercialization of animal husbandry. It is closely related to the national economy and people＇s lives. Feed industry has an important significance for promoting the sustainable and stable development of China＇s animal husbandry and protecting the people＇s living standards. Introduce the current situation and development prospects of biological feed.

The ethanol was produced with using fermention of the sweet sorghum straw stillage, then mixed it with other feed to produced crude feed with good palatability, cheap and feeding value to a certain degree. The processing method is simple and suitable for genernization. It not only can improve the comprehensive utilization rate of sweet sorghum straw, but also decrease environmental pollution caused by the fermentation enterprise.

Leptin is a metabolism regulator secreted by fat cells, it can combine the leptin receptor on the target cell membranes （Lep- Rb ）, and its biological function is educed by the relevant signal transduction .system. Leptin can inhibit the deposition of fat and promote fat hyhrolysis. In the article, the regulation on animal body fat deposition is reviewed.

As an intermediate product from protein to amino acid, peptide is the important nutrient substance and one of the important alimentation of protein besides amino acid. Peptide play the important role in digestion, resorption and metabolism of amino acid. In the article, its releasing, mechanism, trophism and physiologic function were reviewed.

Bacteriosis is the main effect to fish industry, and it usually do larger loss to fish industries. However, the methods on prevention and cure is both complication and confusion, which can＇t meet with the need of raising fish. In the article, the classify and prevention and cure offish bacteriosis was summarized, the aim is to provide the reference for treating it.

Trial on finedly feeding Procambarus elarkii by using compound feed was carried out in the study. According to the level of protein feed, the three trial groups and one control were ensured. The result indicated that the three trial groups in the end weight was significantly higher than that of the control （P〈0.01）, among the third trial group was the highest one attained 21.65 g. Meanwhile the third trial group was significantly high than that of the first trial group in end weight, the second group was high than that of the first trial group. The analysis showed that yield can attain 260 kg/667m^2 with using compound feed, and 321 yuan of economic returns can he increased per 667 m^2. Therefore, it can efficiently use land resource and human resource.

With the improvement of modernization teaching means and overall reform of curriculum, multimedia has been become the main teaching means in high vocation schools to raise teaching effect and quality. However, there were some problems which need to be solved. The investigate on relative problems in the teaching reform was made by inspecting and analyzing combined with the teaching experience.

The application of microscopic digital system can well incorporate modern information technology into Animal Histology experiment teaching, it can overcame limitations of tradition teaching mode, and share vivid digital image between teacher and students and improve teaching quality of Animal Histology experiment . The conclusion can be made that a new teaching mode for Animal Histology experiment teaching was established by using it.

To adapt the cultivation model of talented man for specialty of curriculum of prologue and veterinary and the feature of vocational education and the improvement of the quality of graduate, the teaching content was reformed and developed with the integration of arrangements, modularization, optimization, melting, skill and overall cultivation for vocation. Based on the above mentioned, the direction and practicality and actual effect on vocation education were reviewed.

Through using N-（ 1-naphthyl） ethylenediamine dihydroehloride as color-developing agent, we explorer the optimum conditions for determining nitrite content by spectrophotometry. Under the optimum condition, the linear range of nitrite content was in the range from 0.02 to 0.25 μg/mL, the recovery rate was 93.8 % with the variation coefficient of 7.9 %. This method applied to determination of nitrite in sausages has obtained satisfactory results.

In order to produce pure natural, pollution-free and safe organic lamb with high quality, we should establish and improve a system of organic agricultural production, strictly follow the hygiene standardization and technical specifications of organic food, adopt a scientific and rational breeding management, have a strict quality control, and pass the inspection and marking of the certification bodies based on the consideration of environment.

The reason and harm of illegal addition of -βlactamases were discussed in this paper, and several kinds of detecting methods were listed, including Inhibition, Acidimetric, Iodmetric, Chromogenic and High Performance Liquid Chromatography method. It also pointed that the rapid test kit would be the developmental direction for detecting β-laetamases in milk.

The trace selenium contents in three different brands of milk were determined by wet digestion-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The results showed that the optimum conditions were HNO3/HClO4 volume ratio of 4：1 at 150 -170 ℃. Selenium concentration curve presented a good linear relationship at the range from 0 to 20 μg/L, R = 0.999 12. The sample recovery was 96.5 %- 104 % and the relative standard deviations were less than 5 %. Therefore, this method is suitable for determination of the selenium in the milk.

According to basic theory for integral regressive, the relation between meteorology factor and yield of pasture was analyzed, the aim was to clarity the effect of precipitation on yield of pasture at different procreation stage at high and cold area. The result showed that the positive relation effect is at the stage of earily-mid in April, from late in May to earily in July and late in August.When the amount of precipitation increased 1 mm, the yield of pasture at most increased 138.2,80.1,53.8 kg/hm^2. But the negative relation was at the stage of Mid-July and August, the yield of pasture at most decreased 23.1,43.7 kg/hm^2 with increasing 1 mm in the amount of precipitation.

Through analysis of the meteorological conditions during the period of alfalfa growth and development, the actual temperature, moisture, light and other meteorological factors in Yangxin County were analyzed in order to provide good meteorological services for the introduction alfalfa.

The processed product of feather powder was the main protein material in feed industry at present. The aims of paper were to promot the processing and utilization of feather powder so as to improve the nutritive value of product. Combined with practical processing technology was discussed in large and middle enterprises, the processing technology, including the hydrolysis method under high temperature and high-pressure, the enzymatic hydrolysis-hydrolysis method and the bio-fermentation method were introduced containing production process, the process conditions and the quality of product. The conclusion could be made that the biofermentation method was an ideal processing technology for feather powder product.

Streptococcus agalactiae is one of common pathogens causing mastitis in dairy cows. It can affect goats and sheep causing chronic mastitis, and cause infant septicemia, meningitis and pneumonia. It belongs to group B streptococcus bacteria in clinical medicine. In the present study, 120 milk samples were collected form the cows suffering from mastitis in five dairy farms around Hohhot. Through sub-cuhure, morphological observation and biochemical tests, 14 strains of Streptococcus agalactiae were identified, and meanwhile the drug sensitivity and animal pathogenicity tests were carried out. The results of the drug sensitivity test showed that all the Streptococcus ogalactiae strains were highly sensitive to penicillins and aminoglycosides grugs, and moderately susceptible to sulfa, norfloxacin, quinolones drugs. The results of animal pathogenicity tests showed that the fatality rate of all the strains in mice was more than 80 %.

A total of 489 lactating cows in Ulanqab were selected in the present investigation. Detection and analysis of the subclinical ketosis of dairy cattle were performed through testing ketone in mine and milk by the ketone body powder method. The results showed that the incidence rate of subclinical ketosis in Ulanqab lactating cows was 10.63 %; the subclinical ketosis incidence rate in the first and second months of lactation was significantly higher than that of the third months of lactation and the after months; the highest morbidity of subclinical ketosis presented in 3 - 5 parity; the morbidity of cows with daily milk production more than 30 kg was higher than that cows with daily milk production less than 30 kg; the morbidity of subclinical ketosis in the large-scale cattle farms was higher than others.

The culture is eternal spiritual wealth to humani being, countryside library must manifest the features of the culture center for farmers, information harbour for rural economy and carrier for region culture. In the article, how to improve service of countryside library was reviewed.

Organic Animal Husbandry is the important part of sustainable development farming. This paper analysed the present situation and exised problems of development of Organic Animal Husbandry in Qinghai Province. Some suggestions was put forward combined with the relative theory.

By investigating the Present Situation of Reforestation Project and the follow-up industry development in Yibin, the existed problems were anaylsed and the countermeasure also was explored. Based on the above mentioned, the suggestions and reference on the follow-up industry devel-pment were put forwerd to meet with the need of guidence for the follow-up industry after Reforestation Project.

The trend of animal-husbandry is digitization in China. Through reviewing the history of digital development of animal husbandry in China and analyzing the main problems in the digital development of animal husbandry, the development objectives, strategies and components of digital animal-husbandry in the future were noted.

SPF chicken is an experimental animal with free special pathogen, its application can ensure the truth of experimental result for the feather of sensitivity to varties of pathogen and reproducibility. The raising environment was monitored, including annoyance, illumination, germ and dust in the air, temperature, humidity, airflow rate, air change rate, systematic pressure and filtration efficacy. The consummate monitoring mechanism can ensure the quality of SPF chicken, therefore it should be paid attention to assemblage and application of isolator for SPF chicken especially.

Codon bias refers to the nonrandom usage of synonymous codons for encoding amino acids in organisms. As it is related to the carrier molecular of genetic information （DNA） and functional molecular （protein） of life, this phenomenon implicates important biological sense. In the present review, we summarize the factors impacting the codon bias and briefly introduce the significance of research on codon bias.

A total of ll short tandem repeat （STR） loci including TGLA227,BM2113,TGLA53,ETHlO,SPS115,TGLA126, TGLA 122 ,INRA 23 ,ETH3 ,ETH225 and BM1824 on DNA of three cattle, namely, calf, the first cow and the second cow were amplified by PC R method, the amplification products were separated and analyzed in a genetic analyzer （AB 3130xl）. The paternity probability between the calf and the first cow was ruled out, but that was not ruled out between the calf and the second cow. The results showed that STR loci analysis was a validation method for identification parentage in cattle. Most of the STR loci using in the present study has high performance.

According to the characteristic of pig cultivations of individual household in the rural area, a project on economical and practical model of pig house of bio-bed was form which was suitable for farms to raise commercial pigs at a moderate scale.

The comparative experiment was carried out determining the feeding effect with three raising means located at State Forage Grass Seed-base in Maiping Town, Huaxi District, Guiyang City. In group 1, grazing was applied combined with concentrate supplementary feeding of corn; in group 2, grazing combined with concentrate supplementary feeding of whole corn silage; in group 3, grazing. The result indicated that group 1 in total weight gain was （8.30±0.26） kg, group 2 was （11.60±0.29） kg ahd group 3 was （4.35±0.28） kg. There was markedly different between group 3 and the control （P〈0.05）.

Based on the existed problem on distractibility of variety, lag in raising administration, bad product performance, poor quality and inefficiency, the latest standardization technique was introduce to promote product performance for cattle by practicing standardization in variety, environment, nutrition, epidemic prevention and administration combinated with generalization of No. 1 Suruo.

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is one of the pathogenic microorganism that can cause contagious pleuropneumonia. It can infect not only sheep but also goats. The morbidity and mortality are both high causing greater damage to the sheep industry. In recent years, sheep contagious pleuropneumonia appeared in Inner Mongolia. In order to verify the cause of disease, selection of specimens was performed in the Inner Mongolian. Finally, seven strains of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae were obtained after separation. In the present article, we summarized the isolation, culture, morphological characteristics, physical and chemical properties of the pathogenic microorganisms etc., so as to provide a reference for rapid diagnosis and prevention of the disease.

Orientia tsutsugamushi is a pathogen with chigger mites as the sole media. The researches of Orientia tsutsugamushi antigen mainly focus on the proteins with molecular weight （Mr） of 22 000, 47 000, 56 000, 58 000 and 110 000, etc. In the present article, we reviewed protein structure, gene structure and homology, B and T cell epitopes, application values of those antigen proteins in diagnosis and type classification, as well as the application prospects of the candidate vaccine, so as to provide theoretical basis for prevention and treatment of scrub typhus.

1360 serum samples were collected from Sumu households located at 10 towns of 6 counties in Hulunbeier, and IHA was applied to determine the＇antibody of sheep Choamydiae. The result showed that sheep were infected by Choamydiae at different degree, the positive rate was 7.57 %.

[Objective] Pathogens were isolated and identified from ill quails, and the drug sensitivity test also was carried out. [Method] The pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the liver and heart of diseased quails and incubated with the selective medium, then the identification was made by biochemical reaction, inoculating mouse and drug sensitivity test. [Result] The result showed that the disease of quails was caused by E. coli and Salmonella, and the isolated E. call was sensitive to gentamycin, Ceftazidime and Neomycin, but Salmonella was sensitive to Ceftazidime, Neomycin and Roceph in Drug sensitivity test. [Conclusion] It could offer the scientific reference for large scale quail farms to use drugs in clinic.

As a zoonosis, schistosomiasis japonica is caused by Schistosomajaponicum. The disease is widely distributed in the world, and do larger loss to our country, therefore it has the significance of publical sanitation and society economy. In the article, the pathogen, epidemiology and diagnose and treatment were reviewed, it could provide reference for scientific prevention and treatment.

According to the epidemiological data from the sample survey results on the large, medium and small-scale pig farms in south area of Hebei Province, we had defined the major epidemic diseases in large-scale pig farms, summarized their epidemiological features and rules, and established practicable prevention and control measures. Considering the problems that excessively seeking of output and ignoring the feed management and environmental control, we put forward a integrated disease prevention model for large-scale pig farms, aiming at constructing a health green pig breeding base that combines disease control with breeding management and environmental management.

Incidence of infectious diseases depends on microbial virulence and host susceptibility. In disease processes,Xenohiotic not only can affect the microbial virulence and host resistance, but also it also affect the disease process for it is mutual substance for microorganisms and host. In this paper, the interaction of the Xenobiotics, nutrition and infection was reviewed.

With the rapid development of raising pig industries, the new vigor is produced, but the relative problems also were disclosed gradually, such as environment conservation, product security and efficiency, especially continuious occurrence of plague seriously hinder the development of raising pig industries. In the article, the exploration on health care program and scheme to pig farms was explained.

The morphological, cultural characters, biochemistry characters and the drug sensitivity of two enterocoeeus strains isolated from dying ducks and one reference strain of E. facialis were studied. The three bacteria shared following characteristics： appearing spherical in optical microscope, staining gram-positive; arraying by chain, growing well in broth containing 6.5 % NaCl at 10 and 45 ℃, surviving for 30 min at 60 ℃. Because the biochemical reactions characteristics of all bacteria agree well with those of E. facials, they were all identified as E. facials. Additionally, the results of drug sensitivity tests indicated that all the three strains were sensitive to penicillin, vancomycin, gentamycin and levofloxacin, but resistant to tetracycline.

In order to explorer the pathogenicity, two enteroeoecus strains isolated from ducks were respectively inoculated into white mice, the clinical signs and pathological changes were observed, and the morbidity, mortality and 50 % lethal dose （LD50） of the strains to mice were determined. The results showed that the two enterococcus strains were both virulent to mice. The liver, kidney and spleen of the mice were damaged. The most obvious pathological features were as follows： splenomegaly and fibrinous exudate were seen in spleen; congestion, hemorrhage and even necrosis presented in liver; renal interstitial vascular congestion also could be seen. Those results indicated that enterococeus strains can infect mice and cause tissue damage and death.