In order to scientifically evaluate quality of forage from different natural grassland types, principal component analysis was used for comprehensive quality assessment and quantitative assessment on the basis of routine analysis. As shown by integrated scores obtained through principal component analysis, advantages and disadvantages of different natural grassland types were objectively evaluated. The results show that the forage from alpine grassland had the best quality, followed by that from bottom land meadow, alpine meadow, temperate desert, temperate desert grassland and temperate grassland.

Grass carps were cultured in ponds in Jingzhou region. Their growth and biological characters were observed, and 12 serum biochemical indicators were detected. The study has some reference significance for obtaining reference values of serum biochemical indicators of grass carps as well as their healthy culture. However, many factors affect serum biochemical indicators. The sample size of grass carps was relatively small in the trial, and the sample size should be enlarged in future for in-depth investigation.

The aim of this study was to optimize static extraction of pancreatic kallikrein from trypsogen power. Orthogonal test was used for optimization, and the factors included extraction pH value, equilibrium pH value, amount of NaCl during adsorption process, elution pH value, amount of NaCl during elution process and CH3COONa. The optimal conditions for static extraction of pancreatic kallikrein from trypsogen power are as follows： extraction pH value, 6.0; equilibrium pH value, 6.5; 0.02 mol/L NaCl during adsorption process; elution pH value, 6.5; 0.35 mol/L during elution process; and no addition of CH3COONa. The extraction rate was more than 76%. This study provides a theoretical basis for further study on separation and purification of pancreatic kallikrein.

Using statistics of yaks in Naqu Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region between 1958 and 2009, characteristics and laws of quantity change of Naqu yaks were analyzed. Results show that the proportion of yaks in livestock was 19%-29%, which declined gradually. Adjustment of livestock population structure had reached the goal of ＂Develop yak （including cattle）, moderately develop goats, reduce sheep, and control horses＂ and laid a foundation for the positive development of animal husbandry in Naqu prefecture.

Bringing science and technology to the countryside and serving agriculture should be combined. Using living examples, mathematical model was constructed to investigate sales opportunity of Haimen goats, which can protect breeding enthusiasm of farmers and produce high sales gains.

[Objective] To improve the effect of microencapsulated Clostridium butyricum used as feed additives. [Method] Orthogonal test was used for experimental design. The Clostridium butyricum was microencapsulated with mixture of sodium alginate, gelatin and starch at different concentrations. Biocompatibility, capacity, stability and proliferation of Clostridium butyricum in different microcapsules were studied. The microcapsules in gastro-intestinal fluid were used for artificial gastric juice test and artificial intestinal juice test. High temperature test and bile salt test were also conducted. [Result] The wall material and Clostridium butyricum had good biocompatibility. The Clostridium butyricum proliferated well in the microcapsules, and concentration of live bacteria was increased from 1.3×108 CFU/mL to 1.3×1010 CFU/mL within medium 3 （embedding rate, 83.4%） and from 3.3×108 CFU/mL to 4.9×109 CFU/mL within medium 4 （embedding rate, 99.5%）. The embedding medium 4 was the best, and its microcapsules had good stability and strong heat resistance. After these microcapsules were treated in artificial gastric juice for 2 h, transmission rate was 99.5%. However, after further treatment in artificial intestinal juice for 2 h, the transmission rate declined to 29.7%, which shows good enteric solubility. The logarithm of Clostridium butyricum in microcapsules was reduced by 1.1% in artificial gastric juice and 1.5% in artificial intestinal juice. The bacteria concentration after the trial was not significantly different from that before the trial. The acid tolerance and bile salt tolerance were increased significantly, compared with the control group. [Conclusion] Microencapsulation increases survival rate of Clostridium butyricum and has good effect on proliferation and stability.

Fresh He Tao honeydew melon （Wallace melon） was peeled and diced and then immerged in 2% NaCl for color protection in a short time. The fruit granules were immersed in 0.3% CaCl2 in order to maintain embrittlement. Chowchow was removed after rapid boiling. After pretreatment, the melon granules were mixed with yogurt. Orthogonal test with four factors at three levels was used for experimental design. The optimum formulation of He Tao honeydew melon yogurt was fresh milk of 77.42%, melon granule of 12.00%, stabilizer of 0.50%, sugar of 10.00%, melon flavor of 0.06%, and potassium sorbate of 0.02%. Its market prospects were briefly analyzed.

After yak beef was treated with meat tenderizer, yak beef jerky with the best organizational flexibility, tenderness, color and taste was prepared through cooking, adding ingredients, recooking, baking and molding. The L9（34） orthogonal test was used to obtain the best process parameters. They are as follows： yak beef clod, 25.00 g; tenderizing time, 15 min; meat tenderizer, 0.86 g; cooking time, 50 min; and baking time, 180 s. The best formula is as follows： soy sauce/salt, 24.00 g/0.08 g; yellow wine/ginder, 8.00 g/1.00 g; refined white sugar/monosodium glutamate, 48.00 g/0.03 g; and compound condiment, 0.50 g. Yak beef jerky should be preserved in 0.25 mm thick flexible packages at 25 °C. It should be enclosed with vacuum sealing machine at 60 °C. The best process, formula and flexible package have been optimized through the trial.

International dioxin pollution events as well as pollution sources and level in China have been preliminarily reviewed. Since 1960s, accidental pollution events of dioxins have been caused by human intentionally or unintentionally. In essence, these events are caused by massive synthesis of dioxins and dioxin-containing substances as well as accumulation and incineration of industrial, medical and household wastes. Since 1990s and the beginning of the 21th century, dioxin pollution events have been reported more frequently, most of which are related to food contaminations. These changes imply that people pay more attention to dioxin pollution. The dioxin pollution events mainly happen in Europe and America. Through preliminary literature survey, the dioxin pollution events were collected and analyzed.

The paper introduces reforms of teaching methods and means, radiation, construction characteristics, achievements and basic experiences and also analyzes problems and reasons. In addition, relevant recommendations were proposed to further promote construction of school-level teaching reform projects.

Animal Operative Surgery course is an important aspect of teaching of veterinary profession in undergraduates, and it is also an important means to enhance student interest in learning and their practical capacity. To improve teaching quality of the Animal Operative Surgery course has very important significance for students to master basic skills and basic surgical techniques. Through years of teaching practice, ＂interest ＋ theory ＋ practice＂ teaching method was established, and good teaching results have been achieved.

The traditional experimental teaching mode of laboratory animal breeding is not conducive to cultivation of students′ learning ability and improvement of their learning interest. For this reason, teaching of experimental animal husbandry breeding needs new technical means and methods to showcase its teaching content. According to the situation of experimental animal husbandry teaching, how to construct experimental animal project courses, how to use school laboratory and external training base for situational teaching and field teaching and how to make full use of multimedia technology and network resources were explored during the teaching process of experimental animal breeding. Attention should be paid to raising student′s independence and autonomy, guiding students to learn in practice. Learning should become an active and individual activity with the guidance of teachers so as to cultivate and improve students′ practical ability and creative ability. High-quality skilled talents having excellent professional qualities and entrepreneurial quality should be cultivated.

In accordance of characteristics of Rescue Techniques of Wildlife course, teaching content was determined. Teaching points was studied, and more reasonable teaching methods were discussed in order to obtain better teaching results.

Pet Operative Surgery course is a very practical subject and it is also an important part of training of pet-related professional skills. Compared with other professionals, this course emphasize on training of ability, experiment skills and clinical skills. The course has a positive role in cultivation of students′ clinical thinking, appropriate use of surgical basic techniques, integrated use of pet surgical skills, and social employment direction. Therefore, discussion and reform on personnel training are needed to better impart theoretical knowledge to students and provide more opportunities for clinical practice and hands-on ability. Through years of clinical teaching experience, some teaching reform measures have been attempted in this curriculum in order to better train students′ practical ability of pet surgical operations and meet the social needs and development.

Glutamine is a conditional essential amino acid. Glutamine dipeptide is bipeptide composed of glutamine and other amino acids. As glutamine dipeptides have similar biological functions with glutamine and do not have shortages of glutamine, animal nutritionists have paid attention to research on glutamine dipeptide in recent years. Many researchers have studied glutamine and its dipeptides in animals. This article reviews the biological functions of glutamine dipeptides and their effects on growth performance of weanling piglets.

Pigs were fed with concentrated feed, some of which was substituted by green fodder. The results show that rational substitution of concentrated feed with green fodder in pig production reduced raising costs and improved economic efficiency.

This paper probes into diversity of woody fodder plant resources in Jiaozuo. Some development strategies were put forward to protect and comprehensively utilize woody fodder plant resources in Jiaozuo region.

Breeding of captive ring-tailed lemurs in Northeast Tiger Park in Jilin Province was studied in 2010. From the aspects of diet preparation, reproductive behavior and artificial nursery, breeding and reproduction of the ring-tailed lemurs were systematically described in order to provide a reference for breeding of ring-tailed lemurs.

The natural grassland area in Dulan County of Qinghai Province was 2 126 500 hm2, and the natural grassland had 12 types including desert grassland, mountain grassland, alpine grassland, steppe-desert, dry desert, mountain desert, alpine meadow,mountain meadow, swamp, alpine swamp,shrub meadow, and open forest grassland. Various types of grassland had different distribution, area and productivity in this county. The alpine grassland had the largest area （752 500 hm2）, while the mountain meadow had the smallest area （273 hm2）. The alpine swamp had the highest annual biomass with average production of edible fresh of 10 791 kg/hm2, while the alpine grassland had the lowest annual biomass with average production of edible fresh of 1 945 kg/hm2. The available grassland was 1 554 200 hm2 in area, and its stock capacity was 1 409 400 sheep units.

Alfalfa industry in Yan′an City of Shaanxi Province faces prominent problems and constraints, which affect milk quality and safety of animal products. The reasons should be found as soon as possible, and effective measures should be taken to reverse such situation and comprehensively develop grass and stock industry. The paper introduces basic situation of industrial development of alfalfa, supportive policy for alfalfa industry as well as prominent problems and constraints. Measures to promote development of alfalfa industry were proposed.

Broiler industry develops rapidly in China, and total production increases obviously. However, China has low level productivity and large regional differences. The broiler industry develops unevenly. At present, China is still at the key stage of cultivation and processing from tradition to modernization. American broiler industry is company-dominant trans-national agriculture industry with close connection and high sociality, and it has formed value-chain with integrated system, meticulous division of labor, high degree of specialization and close connection. To speed up the development of broiler industry, construction characteristics of American broiler industry were analyzed. This study will provide a reference for rapid development of China′s broiler industry.

Meat sheep industry can help to increase income of farmers and meet needs of urban and rural residents. It is also in favor of sustainable, rapid and healthy development of future sheep industry. Varieties, forage resources and development status of meat sheep industry in Zunyi City were introduced. Countermeasures to develop future meat sheep industry were proposed, including transforming mode of production, accelerating system construction, strengthening intensity of policy, increasing financial support, centering base construction and developing leading enterprises.

Fly maggots, housefly （Musca domestica） larvae, are widely distributed in China. Housefly larvae have high value in use and good ecological benefit. They are easily fed and require low cost. They can be used to produce high-protein food, feed, health products and other biological products. The paper introduces development and utilization of housefly larvae.

Clostridium perfringens as one of pathogens threatening livestock breeding around the world has attracted wide attention from researchers. Exotoxin produced by thalli is the main pathogenic factor of Clostridium perfringens. Recently, profound researches have been conducted to reveal its pathogenesis, and rapid and simple detection methods have been developed. Fruitful results have been achieved in means for its prevention and treatment. This thesis elaborates research progress in major types of lethal toxin, pathogenic mechanisms, detection techniques and control measures of Clostridium perfringens.

Porcine circovirus （PCV）, the smallest animal virus to current knowledge, has caused increasing larger loss in pig industry. The article describes genome, virulence genes, and viral receptors of PCV in order to provide a scientific basis for researches about PCV and prevention of PCV infection.

Haemagglutination （HA） test and haemagglutination inhibition （HA-HI） test are widely-used laboratory methods for determination of antibody levels of avian influenza. This paper introduces factors affecting the haemagglutination （HA） test and haemagglutination inhibition （HA-HI） test and also proposes countermeasures.

Yulin City in Shaanxi Province is an important base of modern agriculture. PIC pigs have large varietal advantages. Production advantages of PIC pigs and requirements of economic development in Yulin City were analyzed, and future prospects of PIC pigs in Yulin City were described.

Prism light pipe light-collecting technology is a usage pattern of solar energy and provides a route for efficient transmission of light. The article represents configuration and principle of prism pipe light-collecting technology.An example was taken to introduce installation and usage of prim light pipe light-collecting technology in hermetic henhouse. This technology was applied in facility cultivation to provide abundant natural light for cultivation device and thus to achieve the purpose of energy conservation and emission reduction.

Osteoporosis is a general bone disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, which lead to bone fragility and a consequent susceptibility to fracture. It is one of serious diseases, which endangers health of humans, particularly postmenopausal women and old men. In recent years, a lot of drugs have been developed for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and also largely promote development of clinical research and theoretics of osteoporosis. This article summarizes the overall development in therapeutic drugs against osteoporosis.