This study aimed to assess the probiotic features of the lactic acid bacteria from traditional fermented camel milk. Isolation of the lactic acid bacteria from traditional fermented camel milk produced in pastoral area of Alxa of Inner Mongolia was performed with conventional techniques; the isolate was identified to species level by using 16S rDNA PCR and sequence analysis; the probiotic features of the isolate were evaluated by bacteriostatic test in vitro and acid tolerance as well as bile tolerance tests. The results showed that a suspected lactic acid bacteria strain was isolated from the traditional fermented camel milk and was confirmly identified as Lactobacillus breris （designated as Lactobacillus breris LT）; the metabolic products of the isolate exhibited good antibacterial activity against the common enteric pathogenic bacteria （Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes ） which was not inhibited by the digestion of pepsin and trypsin; the growth of the isolate in MRS agar with low pH value （2.0 and 3.0） and high concentrations of bile （0.1%-0.3%） was observed. Our study provides a scientific basis for the development and application of excellent lactic acid bacteria resources in traditional fermented camel milk.

[ Objective ]To identify and biologically characterize the Enterococcus faecium stain M74, and to lay a foundation for its utilization in feed additive production. [ Methods ]The strain was identified to species level by 16S rDNA PC R and sequencing; the tolerance of the strain to acid, bile salt, high temperature, and antibiotics were assessed by single factor test; the feature of organic acids production of the strain was investigated; the interactions between the stain and probiotics were evaluated; the antibacterial ability of the stain against the pathogenic bacteria was determined. [ Results ] The stain was molecularly identified as Enterococcus faecium; after the treatment with pH value of 3 and bile salt concentration of 0.3% for 3 hours, the survival rate of the M74 stain was 11.57% and 0.64%, respectively; after the treatment at a 60 ℃ temperature condition for 10 minutes, the survival rate of the M74 stain was 25.42%; M74 stain expressed different levels of resistance against various antibiotics; the highest organic acids production was observed in acetic acid whose yield reached up to 4 620.15 μg/mL; M74 stain had growth inhibitory effect on the other probiotics when it was firstly cultured in the plate; M74 stain also exhibited good antibacterial ability against Escherichia coli and Salmonellae. [Conclusion] Enterococcusfaecium stain M74 is demonstrated to possess good growth resistance and growth inhibitory effect on pathogenic bacteria, indicating its application value in feed additive production.

The objective of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial resistance profile of fecal Escherichia coli from calves of 30 days of age in a cattle farm in Xinjiang. Fecal samples were collected from 92 30-day-old calves; the Escherichia coli strains were isolated and identified with conventional methods; antimicrobial sensitivity of the isolates was assessed by disk diffusion method （K-B method）. The results showed that a total of 92 Escherichia coli strains were obtained from the 92 fecal samples, indicating the isolating rate was 100%; high resistance rate were observed against amikacin （93.75%）, enrofloxacin （64.50%）, norfloxacin （59.30%） and gentamicin （57.14%）, and the resistance rate were all above 50%; isolates also exhibited certain resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid potassium （36.30%）, amoxicillin （26.00%） and ciprofloxacin （13.60%）; the highest susceptibility were observed in ampicillin and only 3.03% of the isolates were resistant to this antimicrobial agent. These results indicate that the fecal Escherichia coli strains from caves in this cattle farm were resistant to some commonly used antimicrobial agents, and we suggest that the employment of antibiotics for clinical treatment should be guided by the results of antimicrobial susceptibility test.

Based on the near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy （NIRS） method and modified partial least squares （MPLS） regression method, a prediction model for determination of protein content in soybean meal was established using 40 soybean meal feed samples from different origins. The results showed that the R square （RSQ） of the calibration model was 0.916 0, the standard error of calibration （SEC） was 0.150 3, and the standard error of cross validation （SECV） were 0.324 2. These data suggest that the established NIRS method is an effective technology for the quantitative determination of protein content in soybean meal.

This study aimed to investigate the preparation technology of rape mixed silage using whole-plant rape as main raw material, and to assess its feeding effect on goats. Six silage preparation formulations were designed in present study （NO.1 -NO.6）; the moisture content of the rape mixed silage was adjusted to （60±2） % by adding different ratios of peanut vine, vinasse and corn powder, and the compound bacterial agent and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also supplemented. After sixty days fermentation, sensory evaluation and acidity test were performed to assess the fermentation quality of the rape mixed silage prepared with different formulations; furthermore, feeding effect of the screened rape mixed silage with superior comprehensive quality on goat were evaluated using corn silage as control. When the ratio of whole-plant rape, peanut vine, vinasse and corn powder was 65：22：10：3 and the supplementing amount of compound bacterial agent and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was 1.5 g/t and 200 g/t respectively （NO.4 formulation）, the rape mixed silage had the best comprehensive quality; the goat fed the rape mixed silage prepared with NO.4 formulation showed no significant difference from the control goat in terms of average weight gain （P〉0.05）. The combine data suggest that the rape mixed silage prepared with whole-plant rape as main raw material has good comprehensive quality and has similar feeding effect on goat with traditional corn silage, indicating its promotion and application value.

To investigate the feeding effect of dietary supplementation of soybean hull on breeding sows, a total of 36 multiparous and pregnant sows were randomly allocated to four groups： three experimental groups with dietary supplementation of soybean hull at 4% （experimental group 1）, 8% （experimental group 2） or 12% （experimental group 3） and one control group without soybean hull supplementation. The indicators associated with reproductive and productive performance of the experimental breeding sows were statistically evaluated. The results showed that no statistical difference in average feed intake was observed between various groups during the lactation period （P〉0.05）; the reproductive performance was found significantly improved in experimental group 1 and experimental group 2 compared to the control group, and the experimental group 2 performed best in reproductive performance, backfat thickness and body weight. Compared to the control group, the average litter size, average litter birth weight, weaning survival rate, and average litter weaning weight of experimental group 2 were increased by 0.7, 0.83 kg, 2.33%, and 12 kg, respectively, and the inter oestrual period, backfat thickness during the lactation period, and average weight over the whole reproductive cycle were reduced by 2 days, 5.0 mm, and 12 kg. Our results suggest that the optimal dietary supplementation level of soybean hull to pregnant sows is 8%.

In view of the current development status of ecological animal husbandry of meadow and forage grass resources utilization in Songtao Miao Nationality Autonomous County of Guizhou Province, a study on different interplanting patterns of hybrid giant napier and tall fescue was designed and performed. The results showed that when hybrid giant napier was interplanted with two lines of tall fescue, the total yield of fresh grass was up to 15 387.69 kg/667 m^2,and the highest economic benefits reached up to 6 155.08 Yuan/667 m^2, which were 4 188.76 Yuan/667 m^2 higher than those in the mono culture pattern of tall fescue, and were 102.72 Yuan/667 m^2 and 696.61 Yuan/667 m^2 higher than those when hybrid giant napier was interplanted with one line and three lines of tall rescue, respectively. Our results demonstrate the extension of the interplanting pattern that hybrid giant napier was interplanted with two lines of tall fescue in Songtao region can greatly increase the fresh grass yield in unit land area and improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of land resource and famers＇ income.

The nutritional components of 21 kinds of common leguminous forage plants sampled from field survey were determined and statistically analyzed. Results showed that the tested leguminous forage plants had abundant nutrition. The average crude protein content reached up to 18.46%; the relatively lower crude protein content was observed in Glycine soja （10.75%） and Lespedeza bicolor （9.81%）; the relatively higher crude protein content was found in Trifolium repens （27.14%） and Robinia pseudoacacia （27.67%） （P〈0.05）. The average crude fat content was 2.58%; the relatively lower crude fat content was observed in Pueraria Iobata （ 1.73% ）, Vicia sepium （ 1.55% ）, and A lbiziajulibrissin （ 1.35% ）; the relatively higher crude fat content was found in Sophoraxanthantha （4.12%） and Glycine soja （4.14%） （P〈0.05）. The average crude fiber content was 25.04%; the lowest crude fiber content was observed in tender leaves of Pterolobium punctatum （10.51%） （P〈0.05）; the relatively higher crude fiber content was found in Lespedeza bicolor （35.79%） and Desmodium sequax （38.00%）. The average crude ash content was 7.43%; the relatively lower crude ash content was observed in Campylotropis macrocarpa （4.79%） and Pterolobium punctatum （4.77%）; the relatively higher crude ash content was found in Trifolium repens （10.09%）, Sophora xanthantha （10.18%）, and Lotus corniculatus （10.34%）. The average calcium content was 1.87%; the relatively lower calcium content was observed in Campylotropis macrocarpa （1.17%）, Cercis chinensis （1.10%）, andAmorphafruticosa （1.04%） （P〈0.05）; the relatively higher calcium content was found in Lespedeza bicolor （2.57%）, Medicago sativa （2.60%）, Sophora xanthantha （2.63%）, and Indigofera amblyantha （2.79%）. The average phosphorus content was 0.34%, the relatively higher calcium content was observed in Bauhinia brachycarpa （0.82%） and Sophora xanthantha （1.38%） （P〈0.05）. The leguminous forage plants in Guizhou mainly comprise of perennial shrub and herbage.

In order to assess the development situation of forage and fodder industry in Gonghe County of Qinghai Province, the data associated with forage and fodder resources and grass-livestock balance from 2012 to 2016 were statistically analyzed. The results showed that while the actual grazing capacity of Gonghe County was decreased gradually year by year over the five years duration, the overgrazing situation was still serious. These resuhs indicate that for Gonghe County, it is necessary to decrease grazing capacity and vigorously develop the forage and fodder industry.

According to the technical summary based on field experiment conducted for years, the technical regulation for planting selenium-enriched forage foxtail millets was studied from the aspects of application scope, planting requirements, preparation before sowing, sowing requirements, field management, mowing, transportation, storage and account management. The specific measures and technical indicators of this technical regulation were defined, in hoping to provide technical support for the normalization, standardization, industrialization and marketization of selenium-enriched forage foxtail millet planting.

This study aimed to assess the combined antibacterial effects of nisin and traditional Chinese medicine on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli （APEC）in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentrations （MICs） of nisin and the aqueous extracts of Schisandra chinensis, Terminalia chebula, Fructus mume, Poncirus trifoliate and pine needle against APEC were separately determined by double dilution method. Furthermore, the combined MICs of nisin with the five single traditional Chinese medicine mentioned above against APEC were separately tested by checkerboard micro-dilution method. The results revealed that the single use of nisin exhibited no antibacterial effect on APEC in vitro; the MICs of Schisandra chinensis, Terminalia chebula and Fructus mume against APEC were 62.5 mg/mL, and those ofPoncirus trifoliate and pine needle were 125.0 mg/mL and 250.0 mg/mL respectively; no antibacterial effects were observed when nisin and pine needle were combinedly used; the combined MICs of nisin and Schisandra chinensis were 1.25 mg/mL （nisin） and 15.625 mg/mL （Schisandra chinensis ）, and those of nisin and Erminalia chebula, Poncirus trifoliate and Fructus mume were 2.5 mg/mL （nisin） and 31.25 mg/mL （the three single traditional Chinese medcine）. Taken together, we concluded that nisin was help to improve the antibacterial effects of Schisandra chinensis, Terminalia chebula, Fructus mume and Poncirus trifoliate on APEC in vitro.

The research progress on water-soluble components of traditional Chinese medicine is reviewed from the aspect of pharmacological activities, extraction and separation technology and quality standards, in hoping to provide references for the further study of effective components of traditional Chinese medicine and the rational utilization of traditional Chinese medicine resources.

The objective of this study was to provide basic data for artificial rearing of Schizothorax kozlovi. The domestication, artificial propagation and artificial rearing experiments were conducted by Bijie Municipal Aquaculture Techniques Extension Station of Guizhou Province in Tianbaqiao base. The routine micro-runing water pond and bionic micro-runing water pond were used as Schizothorax kozlovi domestication pond; the duplicate injection method was employed in hormone-induced spawning of female fish in artificial propagation experiment. The results showed that the wild Schizothorax kozlovi was adaptive to the artificial formulated feed after 50 days domestication; the survival rate of domesticated individual with large body size was relatively lower; under the artificial rearing condition, the propagation time was one month later than that under the wild condition; the artificial reared female fish showed higher absolute fecundity compared to the wild fish; the average absolute fecundity of the artificial reared female fish was 14 470 eggs per fish, and the insemination rate and fry production rate was 73.25% and 61.6%, respectively; after a 100 days rearing duration, the average body length of the juvenile fish was 5.8 cm, and the average survival rate was 66.3%; after a 1.5 years cultivation duration, the average body weight of the fish reached up to 1 kg. Furthermore, the survival rate of the domesticated fish was found increased in the bionic micro-tuning water pond compared to the routine microruning water pond where the Schizothorax kozlovi grew slower.

The gases containing ammonia and sulfide emitted from livestock and poultry farms can cause nuisance to adjacent residents and contribute significantly to atmospheric pollution, and its pollution control has become one of the major environmental problems to be solved. Among all the treatment technologies, the microbial agents treatment technology have been paid more and more attentions duo to good effect, low cost and no secondary pollutants. The principle of this method is that the microbes can absorb the components of the polluted gases and then decomposed them to low-or non-hazardous substances by metabolic activity. Currently, while the microbial agents treatment is widely used, its efficacy largely depends on the absorption and decomposition ability of the incubated microbes to the substances in polluted gases and on the inhibitory ability against the native odors producing microbes. It is necessary to further assess the adaptability of the microbial agents to environment and the competitive relationships between microbial agents and native odors producing microbes for ensuring the good treatment effect against polluted gases. Furthermore, the isolation and acquisition of stains with superior treatment effect against ammonia and sulphide hydrogen containing gases is still the crucial point of the microbial agent treatment technology.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the selective breeding achievements in Selective Breeding Farm for Yanchi Tan Sheep of Ningxia, and to assess the hereditary capacity of main economic traits of Yanchi Tan Sheep. A total of 110 lambs （35±5） days of age were selected from a herd of 369 lambs and their hereditary capacity of the main economic traits was investigated. The results showed that the heritability of birth weight, hair length in body side, number of curls in body side, corrected body weight at 35-day-old of age, corrected hair length in body side at 35-day-old of age, and corrected number of curls in body side at 35-day-old of age was 0.02, 0.07, 0.04, 0.13, 0.09 and 0.12, respectively. These data suggest that the selected six economic traits of the confined Tan Sheep in this breeding farm belong to low heritability traits.

In this study, a total of 2 000 breeding eggs of Wenshang Barred chicken were introduced to Hangzhou region and 1 520 chicks were obtained after hatching. The chicks were reared on ground during the brooding period （ 1-35 days of age）; a scattered feeding ＋ supplementary feeding pattern was used during the growing period （36-154 days of age）; captive raising pattern with three-step cages were employed during the laying period （ 169-301 days of age）. The chicken flocks were routinely immunized. At the first laying age, the body weight of the hens was 1 213 g and that of the cocks was 1 810 g; the egg weight at forty-three-week of age was 49.7 g; the body weight of the adult hens was 1 595 g and that of the adult cocks was 2 249 g.

The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of storage duration on microbiological and qualitative features of chicken eggs. Healthy eggs with the same batch were randomly selected from a large scale poultry farm and were stored under a simulated market retailing condition. During the storage process, the total bacterial count, total coliform count, and freshness indicators of the fresh eggs were determined once every two days. The experiment period lasted for twenty seven days. The results showed that the total bacterial count of the eggs was observed to be generally and gradually increased with the extension of storage duration; the total bacterial count of the eggshell was increased from 10^3 CFU per egg to 10^9 CFU per egg and that of the egg contents was increased from 0 CFU per egg to 10^5 CFU per egg; while the presence of the coliform was detected, the total coliform count did not exceed the nuisanceless egg standard recommended by Ministry of Agriculture of China. With prolongation of storage time, the egg weight and egg white was decreased, the air room height of the egg was increased, and the presence of scattered eggs was observed at the 12^th day of the storage experiment. These results indicate that the preservation period of fresh chicken eggs should not exceed 12 days.

The virtual simulation experiment is based on the virtual simulation technology which is comprehensively integrated by various disciples and can simulate the real experimental environment. Via the introduction of virtual simulation experiment to the experimental teaching of Animal Biochemistry, the experimental cost is reduced, the experimental content is expanded, and the contradictions between teaching requirement and experimental resources deficiency are effectively solved. The statistically analysis on performance of two grades of undergraduates demonstrates that the application of virtual simulation experimental teaching mode improves the teaching quality and cultivates the undergraduates＇ ability to find, analyze and solve problems.

In this paper, the main problems existing in training of agricultural postgraduate in crop field at present are analyzed, and the necessity of innovative ability training is elaborated. To improve the innovative ability training of agricultural postgraduate in crop field in agricultural colleges and universities, the following strategies and suggestions are put forward： set up new training concept, draw up personalized training plan, pay attention to the establishment of curriculum content and reform of teaching method, strengthen the construction and management of tutor staff, and attach importance to whole process management of thesis.

The research-based teaching has become an important part of modern teaching ideas. We introduce this teaching mode into the teaching of Biopharmaceutical Techniques, which is applied in the aspect of theoretical teaching, introduction of scientific research achievements to classroom, post-course study, and curriculum evaluation improvement. The undergraduates＇ initiative and enthusiasm to learning is inspired and the scientific research quality and practical ability is trained.

Introducing enterprise into school is an innovative mode for the development of cooperation between school and enterprise. Taking Ningxia Poultry Engineering Technology Research Center as an example, the introduction of enterprise into school is expounded from the aspects of implementation background, target, process, achievement and effect, and experience, the establishment of innovative school and enterprise cooperation mode for direction of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine is explored, and the implementation effect of the novel school and enterprise cooperation mode in major of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine is analyzed, in hoping to provide references for the development of school and enterprise cooperation mode.

Baking Food Processing Technology is a strongly practical course. In this paper, the existing problems in traditional teaching mode in this course are analyzed, and the novel mode is explored from the aspects of improving teaching methods and teaching mode, strengthening the construction of teaching staff, and ameliorating the training conditions, in hoping to improve the undergraduates＇ practical ability and comprehensive quality.

This paper analyzes the existing problems in construction of the curriculum system during the linking between middle and higher vocational education in terms of social accreditation, talents training program, course content design, curriculum structure, and curriculum standards. Combining with the deep cooperation between the major of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine in Heilongjiang Agricultural Economy Vocational College and animal husbandry industry as well as livestock breeding enterprises, focusing on the characteristics of animal husbandry industry in Heilongjiang Province, the highly qualified talents with comprehensive skills of ＂cultivation, prevention, therapy＂ are trained, the ＂school-enterprise cooperation＂ and ＂5 ＋ 1＂ talent training mode is jointly developed, and the regionally distinguished ＂443＂ curriculum system is constructed. Furthermore, the innovation and pioneering talent training mode in major of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine is explored and implemented, and the corresponding countermeasures are put forward from the aspect of clearing training objectives, unifying curriculum standards, improving the connection of teaching content, enhancing evaluation and assessment, and establishing teaching group linking middle and higher vocational education.

Muscovy duck parvovirusis and goose parvovirusis, whose etiological agents are muscovy duck parvovirus （MDPV） and goose parvovirus （GPV） respectively, have become the serious infectious diseases producing huge economic losses to the waterfowl cultivation industry. The co-prevalence of the two viruses in a specific region is commonly observed and the mixed infection caused by them is also found. The infections caused by MDPV and GPV share the similar clinical signs comprising of complete anorexia, diarrhea and dyspnea, which make the differential diagnosis of them difficult. While MDPV and GPV have similar biological features, the pathogenicity of them largely varies. Infections caused by MDPV only occur in Muscovy duck, but GPV is infective for both goose and Muscovy duck. Preliminary discrimination of MDPV and GPV can be made by virus challenge test on immature poultry. Prevention strategies are significant for control of Muscovy duck parvovirusis and goose parvovirusis. Except for enhancing the feed and management, immunization with MDPV and GPV vaccines on immature poultry and for breeding poultry prior to laying in prevailing regions of the two diseases can provide passive immunity and achieve good preventive effect.

In May 2017, a case of bovine respiratory disease occurred in a beef cattle farm in Inner Mongolia. In order to determine the associated etiological agents, two experiments were conducted in this study. In the first experiment, the nasal samples were collected aseptically from the diseased cattle and were inoculated onto a blood agar to isolate bacterial pathogens; furthermore, the antimicrobial sensitivity of the bacterial isolates was assessed. In the second experiment, a PCR assay was performed to screen the viral pathogens in the nasal samples from the diseased cattle. The results showed that the isolates were preliminarily identified as Streptococci and they were highly susceptible to amikacin, spectinomycin, doxycycline and azithromycin; the results of the PCR assay demonstrated that the nasal samples were positive for bovine respiratory syncytial virus （BRSV） and Mycoplasma. The combine data suggest that Streptococci, BRSV and Mycoptasma are the etiological agents responsible for the bovine respiratory disease in this beef cattle farm.