In order to provide useful information for the cultivation of high fecundity breeds （strains） of Tan Sheep, a total of 549 blood samples recovered from the crossbred sheep （F2） of Tan Sheep and Hu Sheep were tested for the Fec^B gene by using PCR-SSCP assay. The results showed that the BB genotype was absent in the tested samples; the genotype frequency of B＋ and ＋＋ was 52% and 48%, respectively; the allele frequency of B and B＋ was 26% and 74%, respectively. Combined with the traditional breed selection method, the selection of male and female crossbred sheep both with B＋ genotype could significantly improve the genotype structure and gene frequency of Fec^B gene, and was favorable for increasing the litter size of the crossbred sheep population.

[Objective]To evaluate the toxicity of Spirulina and to provide theoretical basis for the clinical medication safety. [Methods]Kunming mice were used as experimental animals. In the acute toxicity assessing experiment, the mice were intragastrically administrated with different concentrations of Spirulina aqueous solution to determine its median lethal dose （LD50） and maximum tolerance dose （MTD）. In the subchronic toxicity evaluating experiment, mice were fed a diet containing 10.0, 5.0 and 2.5 g/kg of Spirulina for 28 consecutive days, respectively. The clinical signs, body weight, feed utilization rate, white blood cell count, blood biochemical indexes and histopathological lesions in mice were observed on 28^th day after administration. [ Results] No dead mice were observed in the acute toxicity assessing experiment; while the LD50 of Spirulina was not determined, the MTD was determined as 10 g/（kg·BW）. There were no significant differences in clinical signs, body weight, feed utilization rate, white blood cell count, blood biochemical indexes between the three Spirulina administration groups and control group （P〈0.05）; no histopathological lesions in solid organ were observed. [Conclusion] Spirulina has no acute toxicity but good safety in mice.

[Objective]To assess the effect of PGF2α, PMSG and hCG with different treatment protocols on follicular growth, ovulation rate, estrus rate, conception rate and pregnancy rate of female donkeys selected from Tongliao region of Inner Mongolia during the seasonal anestrus. [Methods] A total of fifty healthy female donkeys 2-6 years of age in seasonal anestrus were randomly divided into four groups （A, B, C and D）. A hormone-induced estrus experiment with administration of PGF2α in combination with PMSG was carried out： the donkeys in groups of A, B and C were injected with 2 mL PGF2α for five consecutive days; those in group A or group B were subsequently administrated with 1 000 IU or 500 IU PMSG at the sixth day, respectively; group C received no PMSG treatment. After the hormone-induced estrus, the group A and group B were randomly allocated to groups of A1, A2 and groups of B1, B2, respectively, to perform the ovulation induction experiment： the donkeys in groups of A1, B1 and C received hCG injection （total dosage 1 500 I U） when their follicular diameters were larger than 35 mm; those in groups of A2 and B2 received no hCG treatment, and their follicles naturally developed until ovulation. The donkeys exhibiting estrous appearance were subjected to natural mating. Meanwhile, the ovarian development of the donkeys was monitored by using rectal examination and B-type ultrasound examination during the experimental period. Group D served as a control of non-hormone treatment. EResultslThe estrus rate of group C was 30% and the ovarian corpus luteum was completely regressed at the fifth day of PGF2α treatment; while there was no obvious difference in estrus rate between group A （93.33% ） and group B （86.66%）, both of them were obviously higher than group C. The ovulation rate of groups of A1, B1, A2 and B2 was 100%, 77.78%, 60.00% and 50.00%, respectively. The highest conception rate （88.89%） and pregnancy rate （80.00%） were both observed in group A1 followed by group B1（66.67% and 60.00%, respectively）. Groups of B2 and C had lower conception rate and pregnancy rate. While there was one donkey had estrous appearance in group D, no pregnancy was observed after mating. [Conclusion]Although single treatment of PGF2α had no obvious estrus-inducing effect on female donkey during non-breeding season, it had obvious effect on corpus luteum regression; the combinative treatment of PGF2α and PMSG showed satisfied estrus-inducing effect. After estrus induced by PGF2α in combination with PMSG, injection of hCG accelerated the ovulation of the dominant follicles in ovary of the female donkeys and thus elevated the ovulation rate. The optimized treatment protocol of hormone-induced estrus and ovulation for female donkey during non-breeding season was as follows： （1） injection of 2 mL PGF2α for five consecutive days, （2） administration of 500 IU PMSG at the sixth day, （3） injection of 1 500 IU hCG when the diameter of dominant follicles reached 35 mm,（4） natural mating after ovulation.

In an attempt to further screen the candidate genes associated with tail fat deposition of Tan sheep, the mRNA expression of six candidate genes （PDGFD, CAV1, PPARG, HSL, PLA2G16, RETN） screened by genechip scanning and selection signatures detection was quantitatively assessed. The mRNA expression of the six genes were simultaneously observed in the tail fat tissue of Tan sheep, and the significantly higher mRNA expression was found in HSL gene （P〈0.05）. The results obtained in this study provide valuable references for tail type selection and variety improvement of Tan sheep.

In order to understand the growth law of Guixiang hens, three non-linear models （Logistic, Gompertz, and Bertalanffy） were adopted in this study to fit and analyze the body weight growth of Guixiang hens at the age of 1 -16 weeks. The results showed that the fitting degree of the three models all reached up to 0.981; the best fitting effect was observed in Bertalanffy model and the fitting degree was 0.993; using Bertalanffy model, the growth inflexion of Guixiang hens was 4.55 weeks and the inflection point weight was 333.10 g. Our results revealed the growth law of Guixiang chicken and offered a reference basis for the production and breeding of Guixiang chicken.

[Objective] To establish a high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method for the determination of eprinomectin content in an emulsion preparation of eprinomectin. [Methods] The chromatographic column was C18 （150×4.6 mm, 5 μm）, mobile phase was acetonitrile-water （70：30）, flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, detection wavelength was 245 nm, injection volume was 20 μL, and column temperature was 25 ℃. [Results] Eprinomectin showed a good linear relationship within the concentration range of 0.1-20 μg/mL. The standard curve equation was C=1.6015A-0.00206, r=l.000 （n=5）, RSD of the method was between 0.72% and 1.40%, and the average recovery was between 96.5% and 100.5%. [Conclusion] This method has the advantages of high sensitivity and accuracy, good reproducibility, simplicity and rapidity, and can be used for the quality control of emulsion and other preparations of eprinomectin.

Gentamicin sulfate is one of the safer antibiotics in the clinical veterinary. Its antibacterial mechanism is to interfere the bacterial protein synthesis. In recent year, many kinds of veterinary pharmaceuticals of gentamicin sulfare are developed, and their clinical applications are increasingly widespread. In this paper, the pharmacological action and clinical application of gentamicin sulfate was reviewed by searching and consulting the literature at home and abroad, in hoping to provide reference for scientific and prudent use of gentamicin sulfate.

Mulberry leaves and Eucommia ulmoides are commonly used traditional Chinese medicines with high medicinal value. As an immunopotentiator for veterinary use, the Sangdu oral liquid, a compound prescription prepared with mulberry leaves and Eucommia ulmoides, can effectively enhance the immunity of animals. The in-depth study on the effective components of Sangdu oral liquid, such as flavonoids, amino acids and polysaccharides, may provide a scientific basis for the development of new type traditional Chinese veterinary medicine.

Chinese herbal medicine feed additive is a new type of green feed additive with both nutritional and medicinal value. It can promote the growth and development, improve the production performance, and enhance the disease resistance of animals. It also has the advantages of minor toxic side-effects, no residue, no drug resistance and so on. This article mainly discussed the characteristics of feed additives of Chinese herbal medicine and their application in ruminant production, in hoping to provide reference for the scientific and rational use of feed additives of Chinese herbal medicine.

Feed is the material basis for animals to survive and to produce livestock products. It is the biggest expense for livestock and poultry production. However, the factors affecting the quality of feed products are manifold. Taking finishing beef cattle as an example, this paper summarized the feed processing technology and discussed the index and method of feed quality evaluation, in hoping to promoting the development of the livestock and poultry industry on the premise of improving the quality of feed.

In order to verify the coincidence of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy （NIRS） and conventional chemical assay （CCA）, the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, acid detergent fiber （ADF） and neutral detergent fiber （NDF） in 20 alfalfa samples from different sources were determined by NIRS and CCA. The results showed that the NIRS prediction model was more suitable for the determination of crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, ADF and NDF of alfalfa compared to CCA, but it was not suitable for the determination of moisture content. Accordingly, the existing NIRS prediction model needs to be adjusted and optimized.

The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of milk replacer feeding on growth performance of donkey foal. A total of 40 healthy donkey foals aged 2 （n=10）, 3 （n=10）, 4 （n=10） and 5 （n=10） months were included in this study. The donkey foals with the same months of age had similar date of birth and body weight, and were randomly assigned to one of two groups： an experimental group （n=5） fed with milk replacer and a control group （n=5） fed with breast milk. The experimental period lasted for 30 days. The healthy situation of the donkey foals during the whole experimental period was observed and recorded. The body weight and body sizes indexes （height at withers, chest circumference and body slanting length） of the donkey foals in each experimental group and control group at the 0, 10^th, 20^th and 30^th day of experiment were determined, respectively, and the intergroup differences in the indexes of the donkey foals with the same months of age were statistically assessed. Furthermore, the differences in daily gain and average daily variation of body sizes indexes between experimental group and control group at the different experimental phases C0-10^th days, 10^th-20^th days, 20^th-30^th days, and 0-30^th days of the experiment） were compared. The results showed that for the donkey foals aged 2 months, the experimental group had extremely significantly higher body weight at the 10^th, 20^th and 30^th day of experiment compared with control group （P〈0.01 ）; for the donkey foals aged 5 months, the experimental group had significantly and extremely significantly higher body weight at the 20^th and 30^th day of experiment compared with control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）, respectively; the donkey foals in the four experimental groups had higher daily gain during 0-10^th days, lO^th-20^th days, 20^th-30^th days, and 0-30^th days of the experiment compared to their counterparts in the four control groups; for the donkey foals aged 5 months, the experimental group had significantly higher height at withers at the 10^th, 20^th and 30^th day of experiment compared with control group （P〈O.05）; for the donkey foals aged 2 and 5 months, the experimental group had higher average daily variation of height at withers during 0-10^th days, 10^th-20^th days, 20^th-30^th days, and 0-30^th days of the experiment compared with control group; for the donkey foals aged 2 months, the experimental group had extremely significantly higher chest circumference at the 20^th and 30^th day of experiment compared with control group （P〈0.01）; for the donkey foals aged 3 months, the experimental group had extremely significantly higher chest circumference at the 10^th, 20^th and 30^th day of experiment compared with control group （P〈0.01 ）; for the donkey foals aged 5 months, the experimental group had significantly higher chest circumference at the 20^th and 30^th day of experiment compared with control group （P〈0.05）; the donkey foals in the four experimental groups had higher average daily variation of chest circumference during 0-30^th days of the experiment compared to their counterparts in the four control groups; for the donkey foals aged 2 and 5 months, the experimental group had significantly higher body slanting length at the 30^th day of experiment compared with control group （P〈0.05）; for the donkey foals aged 3 months, the experimental group had significantly higher body slanting length at the 10^th, 20^th and 30^th day of experiment compared with control group （P〈0.05）; for the donkey foals aged 4 months, the experimental group had significantly higher body slanting length at the 20^th and 30^th day of experiment compared with control group （P〈0.05）; the donkey foals in the four experimental groups had higher average daily variation of body slanting length during 10^th- 20^th days, 20^th- 30^th days, and 0-30^th days of the experiment compared to their counterparts in the four control groups. Taken together, we concluded that milk replacer feeding promoted the growth and development of donkey foals, and there was possibility of replacement of breast milk by milk replacer in donkey foals rearing.

The high air humidity leads to higher developmental cost of hay series products in Guizhou Province, which makes it difficult for the grass products to adapt to the reality of the market. Accordingly, it is more suitable for this region to develop high-quality forage silage, fermented total mixed diet （FTMR） and other anaerobically preserved products. In the actual production process, the farmers and livestock breeding enterprises are more concerned about the production cost of the above-mentioned forage products. In this paper, the processing technology for high-quality forage silage and FTMR are introduced; furthermore, taking beef cattle breeding as an example, the feeding value, production cost and economic benefit of the commonly used grass products in Guizhou Province, such as corn silage, fodder oat, alfalfa hay silage and FTMR are analyzed, in hoping to provide references for forage processing enterprises and herbivorous livestock breeding enterprises in this region.

The accurate understand of the intermediate disturbance and redundancy construction theories as well as the organic combination of them is helpful for the regulation of grassland quality. Research results regarding these two ecological theories have played an active role in understanding the structure, function, succession and potential productivity of grassland ecosystem, and have gradually become a very important scientific basis for guiding grassland animal husbandry production practice. This paper expounds the control of grassland quality and its specific indicators, elucidates the association between these two ecological theories and grassland quality, and discusses the role of these two ecological theories in the ecological process of grassland quality change under the management measures of enclosure, moderate grazing and poisonous weed control.

In order to improve the land use efficiency and the economic benefit per unit area, a mixed sowing and cultivation technology of fodder oat and sweet clover is developed. By applying this technology, the space, light, heat and water can be prudently and effectively utilized, the yield and quality of the forage can be improved, and the nutritional complementarity can also be achieved. Sweet clover is proved to be able to improve the soil structure and fertility. The comprehensive study regarding the mixed sowing and cultivation technology of fodder oat and sweet clover determines the key technical indicators such as land selection, seed preparation, sowing, field management and harvesting, which provides technical support for the normalization, standardization, industrialization and marketization of field production.

This paper analyzed the species distribution and hazard status of biological pests in grassland in Henan Mongolian Autonomous County of Qinghai Province, summarized a series of prevention and control measures against biological pests in grassland employed in recent 30 years, investigated the existing problems in the prevention and control process, and put forward some corresponding prevention and control suggestions.

Luohe partridge chicken was the first granted national geographical indication protection product by the Ministry of Agriculture in Henan Province. In order to better study and utilize the variety resources of Luohe partridge chicken, this paper reviewed the origin, formation history, germplasm characteristics, biological characteristics, and conservation and development of variety resources of Luohe partridge chicken.

In order to understand the students＇ mastery of the experimental knowledge and the existing problems in teaching of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, a questionnaire about the undergraduates＇ understand and mastery of the curriculum content, existing problems and corresponding solutions in teaching of Animal Anatomy and Physiology was designed among students of grade 2016 in Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry. The survey results showed that students in higher vocational colleges preferred experimental courses and realized the guiding role of knowledge in experiments; the lack of experimental conditions affected students＇ enthusiasm for learning, and students expected virtual laboratory teaching.

Biostatistics is a professional and basic course with strong theoretical and practical property. Therefore, in order to overcome the current situation of ＂learning difficulty for students, teaching difficulty for teachers＂ in the teaching process, a mobile teaching APP of Moso Teach combined with the teaching mode of flipped classroom were designed and implemented in the course of Biostatistics. The results showed that the teaching model inspired the enthusiasm of students to learn, enhanced the teaching effect, and promoted the students＇ mastery and flexible use of statistical knowledge.

In view of the fact that there are no standard teaching materials in Modern Culture Facilities and Equipment, this paper explored the construction of application-oriented teaching materials which meet the objectives and specifications of personnel training and adapt the needs of the market, and provided a knowledge carrier for the training of application-oriented personnel. Moreover, further practice has made clear directions for the revision and perfection of teaching materials.

As an insurance base for theory and practice in life science, the experimental animal center is no longer a subsidiary unit for the production and management of experimental animals in a new era in which experimental animals are widely used. Taking the Experimental Animal Center of Inner Mongolia Medical University as an example, according to the needs of universities and the society as well as the actual work situation, we explored a new integration process of ensuring production, undertaking teaching and serving scientific research, and further built a new platform for research and teaching of animal center in universities.

In order to meet the needs of the development of veterinary medicine and animal quarantine, to deepen the reform of practical teaching, and to integrate the intramural clinical laboratories with the social practice bases, Anhui Agricultural University has set up a provincial experimental and practical demonstration center for livestock and poultry diseases detection. Through optimizing and integrating the teaching contents of experiment and practical training, strengthening the practical teaching links, constructing innovative teaching system of experiment and practical training, improving the clinical teaching level, the center gives full play to the functions of training applied veterinary medicine and animal quarantine professionals and serving the community.

Post practice of graduates majoring in animal pharmacy is an important measure to improve the quality of animal pharmacy personnel training, and also an important way to enhance the ability of students majoring in animal pharmacy to serve the industry. This paper investigated and analyzed the training effects of the students majoring in animal pharmacy with focus on professional skills and professional ethics, and puts forward some countermeasures, in hoping to provide a reference for further improving the quality of post practice in animal pharmacy.

The concrete reform and innovation measures of Feed Science are expounded from the aspects of teaching plan, teaching method, teaching content and practice arrangement. We hope that the implementation of the teaching reform may be helpful for the improvement of undergraduates＇ practical skills, cultivation of undergraduates＇ problem-analyzing and-solving ability, inspiration of undergraduates＇ innovative thinking, and elevation of undergraduates＇ comprehensive qualities.

In order to enhance the extension of building technology of special sheds for light-controlled cashmere growth of cashmere goat, the environmental factors, relevant indexes and construction requirements during the building process were introduced and discussed. Furthermore, the temperature, humidity and the change of the gas composition inside the special sheds for cashmere growth were measured by field test. The results showed the tested environmental factors were in line with the technical requirements of light-controlled cashmere growth technology; although the content of some individual gases inside the sheds displayed a slight increasing trend, the determined values of them did not exceeded the threshold values of related requirements and standards. It was indicated that the construction of sheds met the requirements of light-controlled cashmere growth technology.

In 2017, a mass mortality of the 60- to 80-day-old young blue-shell chickens freely raised in a forest of a mountain region in Zhuolu County of Hebei Province was observed. According to the clinical symptoms and pathological-anatomical changes, the disease was preliminary diagnosed as suspected hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome （HHS）. In order to perform the confirmative diagnosis, the clinical samples were recovered from the diseased and dead chickens with typical clinical symptoms and were used for the isolation, cultivation and identification of bacterial and viral pathogens. Furthermore, the virulence of the isolates was assessed in 10-week-old SPF chickens. While three isolates of Escherichia coli were obtained, no typical clinical symptoms and death were observed in the challenged SPF chickens with the isolated strains. Round virus particles with diameters of 60-80 nm were observed by electron microscope; the erythrocyte agglutination test result demonstrated that the viral isolate was able to agglutinate the rat red cells; the SPF chickens challenged with the viral isolate expressed typical pathological-anatomical changes of HHS; the causative agent was identified as adenovirus type 4 by agar diffusion test.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease characterized by abortion and decreased milk yield in female animals as well as sterility in male animals. The re-emerging and prevalence of this disease causes high economic losses in livestock production industry and poses a great threat to the public health security. In an attempt to understand the prevalence of brucellosis among a beef cattle farm in Yichun of Jiangxi Province, 60 blood samples were randomly collected from the 300 beef cattle in this farm and were screened for the presence of antibodies against Brucella by using Rose Bengal test and tube agglutination test. No positive results were obtained in both of the tests, indicating the effective control measures for brucellosis in this beef cattle farm.

[Objective] To explore the preparation method of commonly employed antimicrobial susceptibility disk for veterinary use and to saving the cost of antimicrobial susceptibility test. [ Methods] According to three concentration gradients of treatment dosage （marking l×）, twice treatment dosage （marking 2×） and four times treatment dosage （marking 4×）, six kinds of antibiotics commonly used in veterinary clinic including penicillin G, kanamycin, gentamicin, ofloxacin, streptomycin and ceftiofur sodium were selected to prepare antimicrobial susceptibility disk. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out with the self-prepared disks and the commercially available disks, respectively, and the antimicrobial effect of them were compared. [ Results] Expect for ceftiofur sodium, the other five kinds of disks containing twice treatment dosage were consistent with the commercially available disks. [Conclusion] The method for preparing antimicrobial susceptibility disk for veterinary use developed in this study was successful.