The aim of this study was to explore the effect of Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide on the secretion of inflammatory factors in vivo and in vitro in mice infected with porcine circovirus 2 （PCV2）. An in vitro inflammation model was established after mouse splenic lymphocytes were infected with PCV2, the cells were treated with Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide at different concentrations （100, 200, 400 μg/mL）, and the secreted IL-1β, IL-8, MCP-1 levels by lymphocytes and intracellular COX-1 activity were measured by ELISA method; an oxidative stress model was established after infecting Kunming mice with PCV2 in vivo, intraperitoneal injections of low, medium and high concentrations [100, 200, 400 mg/（kg·BW）] Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide were given and ELISA method was used to determine the secretion level of inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-8, MCP-1 and activity of COX-1 in mouse spleen, lung tissue and serum. The results showed that, compared with PCV2 infection model cells, the secreted inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-8, MCP-1 and intracellular COX-1 activity in mouse splenic lymphocytes treated with different concentrations of Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide were reduced at different levels, and 400 μg/mL Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide had the best effect （P<0.01）; after intraperitoneal injection of PCV2 with different concentrations of Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide in mice, it could inhibit the spleen, lung tissue and serum levels of inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-8, MCP-1 and COX-1 activity, and the high concentration [400 mg/（kg·BW）] Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide had the best effect （P<0.01）. In summary, Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide can inhibit the secretion of inflammatory factors in mice infected with PCV2, thereby exerting an anti-inflammatory effect.

In this study, the prokaryotic expression of Brucella dominant antigen eryA gene was used to obtain the target protein. On this basis, an indirect ELISA method using this protein as the coating antigen was established. The prokaryotic expression vector pET-30a-eryA was constructed and transformed into E. coli BL21 （DE3） to induce expression with IPTG. The indirect ELISA method was established after the eryA recombinant protein was purified by Ni column affinity, identified and purified by SDS-PAGE, and detected by Western-Blotting on reactogenicity. After optimizing the reaction conditions, the antigen coating concentration was 0.312 5 μg/mL, which was coated at 37 ℃ for 2 h. The blocking solution was 5% gelatin from porcine skin, which was reacted at 37 ℃ for 2 h. The dilution of serum was 1∶100, which was reacted at 37 ℃ for 1 h. The antibody dilution was 1∶8 000, and the reaction was performed at 37 ℃ for 45 min. When the serum dilution was 1∶1 600, and the test was still positive, which proved that the method was sensitive. The specificity of other strains and viruses was negative, which proved that the specificity of indirect ELISA was good. After repetitive test, the coefficients of variation between and within batches were both less than 10%, which proved that the repeatability was good. The total coincidence rate between the established method and the tube agglutination test in detection of clinical serum samples was 95.7%, which proved that the method could be preliminarily applied to clinical diagnosis.

The present study aimed to assess the effect of Salmonella infection on the dynamic changes of the total number of white blood cells and their subgroups in mice. This study adopted intraperitoneal injection to inoculate mice with Salmonella at a concentration of 6.5×10⁹ CFU/mL. The blood samples of mice were collected at 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 and 24 h, respectively, and detected by an automatic animal blood cell analyzer. The total number of white blood cells, the number of lymphocytes, the number of monocytes, and the number of granulocytes in the infected mice were recorded and analyzed for the dynamic changes of the total number of white blood cells and their subgroups within 24 h. The results showed that the total number of white blood cells and their subgroups all increased in the initial stage of infection and then decreased, and the total number of white blood cells and the number of granulocytes had the most significant changes, which were significantly （P<0.01） different from the blank control group. Mice Salmonella infection can stimulate the immune response of mice and affect the dynamic changes of the total number of white blood cells and their subgroups in the blood.

Rumen microorganisms use some ATP to maintain metabolism, and the remaining ATP is used for reserve carbohydrate synthesis and energy overflow （ineffective circulation and heat generation）. Therefore, rumen microorganisms have low protein synthesis efficiency. Carbohydrate stored by rumen protozoa accounts for the majority. Energy spillover was found in some pure bacterial culture experiments. Recent studies have found that energy spillover can also occur in mixed rumen flora. By accurately measuring the amount of carbohydrate storage and energy spillover, and assessing their influence on the growth efficiency of microorganisms, it is preferably possible to predict the yield of microbial protein and formulate measures to improve the efficiency of rumen microbial protein production. This article reviews the research advances on rumen microbial energy spillover and glycogen reserve rules, in hoping to provide a reference for better estimation of microbial protein synthesis and improving feed protein utilization efficiency.

In order to study the standardized ileal amino acid digestibility （SIAAD） of common protein feed ingredients including soybean meal, rapeseed meal and DDGS in Wanxi white goose, a total of 288 56-day-old Wanxi white geese of similar weight were selected and randomly divided into 24 feeding pens with 12 geese for each feeding pen （6 males and 6 females）. The whole test period was 35 d, 0-28 d was the pre-feeding period, all geese were fed with the same basal diet; 29-35 d was the test period, the geese were fed separately with the testing diets and nitrogen-free feed for 6 days, and there were 6 feeding pens for each diet. The ileal chyme of each goose was collected before feeding on the 35^th day, and the amino acid content in the chyme was determined. The results showed that the average SIAAD of soybean meal, rapeseed meal and DDGS were 88.30%, 81.17% and 88.99%, respectively, and the average SIAAD of soybean meal and DDGS were significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of rapeseed meal. The SIAAD of soybean meal were as follows:lysine （Lys） 81.27%, methionine （Met） 95.14%, threonine （Thr） 85.08%, valine （Val） 88.25%, leucine （Leu） 88.20%, ileucine （Ile） 87.33%, phenylalanine （Phe） 91.66%, histidine （His） 87.77% and arginine （Arg） 92.18%; the SIAAD of rapeseed meal were as follows: Lys 75.19%, Met 87.87%, Thr 82.96% , Val 84.25%, Leu 83.19%, Ile 81.94%, Phe 86.08%, His 84.39% and Arg 83.10%; the SIAAD of DDGS were as follows: Lys 83.74%, Met 94.59%, Thr 90.85%, Val 91.97%, Leu 93.67%, Ile 91.38%, Phe 94.73%, His 90.59% and Arg 94.09%. The results of this experiment provide reference for the efficient utilization of soybean meal, rapeseed meal and DDGS in the diet of Wanxi white goose and reasonable preparation of low-nitrogen diet.

Flavonoids such as quercetin exist in a variety of feed crops. As quercetin and other flavonoids have anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory properties, they can be used as feed additives to replace antibiotics to ensure the livestock health. Based on the research advances in China and abroad in recent years, the action mechanism, the changes in the metabolism of rumen microorganisms, and the effect on host animals and the corresponding research methods of quercetin and other flavonoids are reviewed, in the hope of providing references for basic research of flavonoids such as quercetin in ruminant microbial metabolism as well as the development and application of related products.

Tibet Autonomous Region is located on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Although the feed resources are abundant, the overall utilization is limited. Silage treatment can effectively store feed, save feed resources and preserve the nutrients in feed. At present, the researches on lactic acid bacteria for silage in Tibet have transitioned from separating lactic acid bacteria from traditional dairy products to separating lactic acid bacteria from a variety of natural silage. The research advances on the screening, isolation and application of lactic acid bacteria for silage in Tibet are reviewed, in hoping to provide references for accelerating the research and development of lactic acid bacteria preparations for silage production in plateau using lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from natural silage.

This study aimed to characterize the reproductive regulation of Dorper sheep and Mongolian sheep crossbred ewes. The recorded data of first estrus, gestation period, lambing rate, twinning rate and other reproductive indicators of the crossbred ewes （n=668） raised in Siziwang Banner of Ulanqab City of Inner Mongolia were collected and collated; the estrous cycle and duration of estrus of the crossbred ewes （n=302） was observed by ram mating test. The data of the above reproductive indicators of the two ewe herds were analyzed to reveal the reproductive regulation of the crossbred ewes raised in this region. The results showed that the presence of the first estrus of the crossbred ewes was averagely observed at the age of 8.5 months （the earliest at the age of 7.0 months, the latest at the age of 10.7 months); the average estrous cycle of the crossbred ewes was 16.0 d （the shortest was 13.5 d, the longest was 18.5 d）; the duration of estrus of the crossbred ewes averagely lasted for 24.0 h （the shortest lasted for 20.0 h, the longest lasted for 27.5 h）; the average gestation period of the crossbred ewes was 146.0 d （the shortest was 143.0 d, the longest was 149.0 d）; the lambing rate and twinning rate of the crossbred ewes was 119.7% and 19.7%, respectively. The results obtained in this study provide a basis for understanding the natural estrus regulation of Dorper sheep and Mongolian sheep crossbred ewes and accurately grasping the best breeding time.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of forced moulting on productive performance and egg quality of laying hens. A total of 4 500 Hy-line brown laying hens aged 80 weeks were selected and divided into A, B and C groups with 1 500 individuals in each group, which were raised in the experimental group areaⅠ; a total of 3 000 60-week-old Hy-line brown laying hens were selected and divided into D and E groups with 1 500 individuals in each group, which were raised in the experimental group area Ⅱ; another 1 500 60-week-old Hy-line brown laying hens （group F） were selected and raised in the control group area Ⅲ. The experimental group areasⅠand Ⅱ were located in the same hen house, and the control group area Ⅲ was located in another hen house. By controlling feed, drinking water supply and lighting, hens of groups A-E were forced to moulting, while those of group F did not received the forced moulting treatment. This study included a 7-day pre-trial period and a 56-day formal-trial period. During the formal-trial period, the egg production rate, egg quality indicators, and mortality of each group of laying hens were determined. The results showed that the average egg production rate of groups A, B and C was increased by 27.1% after forced moulting, and the average egg production rate of groups D and E was increased by 16.1% after forced moulting, and the average egg production rate of group F was decreased by 5.5%; the egg weight, eggshell strength, protein height, egg shape index, and thickness of eggshell tip of the 5 experimental groups （groups A-E） were increased by 2.5%, 11.8%, 8.8%, 3.3% and 14.8% respectively compared with the control group （group F）; the average mortality rate of the 5 experimental groups （groups A - E） was 2.5%, and that of the control group （group F） was 1.5%. In summary, the application of forced moulting technique can significantly increase the egg production rate of Hy-line brown laying hens and improve their egg qualities.

Along with the large-scale development of livestock and poultry feeding industry in China, the animal manure emissions have been increasing dramatically. Therefore, a large number of veterinary antibiotics and antibacterial metabolites are discharged into the environment, causing potential ecological risk and making threat to human health. The present situation of veterinary antibiotics using and their residues in soil and plants in China were summarized in this paper, and the potential risk and degradation methods of antibiotic residues were analyzed, so as to provide reference for the harmless disposal and resource utilization of manure from livestock and poultry.

In order to reduce the environmental pollution of manure produced by livestock and poultry and reduce the application of chemical fertilizers, this experiment studied the influence of fermentation decomposed manure fertilizer from laying hens on the growth traits, yield, quality of tomato and soil , and set 4 treatment groups including the application of conventional chemical fertilizer （CK）, fermentation decomposed manure fertilizer from laying hens with 1 000 kg/667 m² （F1）, fermentation decomposed manure fertilizer from laying hens with 1 500 kg/667 m² （F2）, and fermentation decomposed manure fertilizer from laying hens with 2 000 kg/667 m² （F3）. The results showed that organic manure had limited effect on the leaf number, chlorophyll content and plant size during the tomato growing period, but in the full fruit period, with the increase of fertilizer application amount, the stem thickness tended to increase, and the plant height did not change significantly. In terms of output, only the F3 group had a slightly higher yield than CK, but the difference was not significant （P>0.05）. Compared with the CK group, the VC content of tomatoes in the F2 group was significantly （P<0.05）increased by 14.1%, and the VC content in the F1 group was increased by 6.0% （P>0.05）; the nitrate contents of tomatoes in the F1, F2 and F3 groups were all significantly （P<0.05) higher than the CK group, and showed an upward trend with the increase of manure fertilizer application amount. There was no significant （P>0.05） difference in soil pH, unit weight and salinity between treatment groups ; the soil organic matter content of F3 group was 16.74 g/kg, which was extremely significantly （P<0.01） higher than the CK group, and that of the F1 and F2 groups were significantly （P<0.05） higher than the CK group; soil total nitrogen of the F1 and F3 groups was significantly（P<0.05） increased by 20.3% and 17.1% compared with the CK group; the F1, F2 and F3 groups had slightly higher available potassium than the CK group, but there was no significant （P>0.05） difference ; it was worth noting that compared with the CK group, the effective phosphorus in the F1 and F3 groups was increased by 55.7% （P<0.05） and 196% （P<0.01）, respectively, and there was no significant （P>0.05） difference between the F2 group and the CK group. In summary, laying hens manure fertilizer can increase tomato yield to a certain extent, improve tomato quality and fertilize the soil. However, to avoid the accumulation of nitrate in tomato and nitrogen and phosphorus in soil, it should not be over-applied.

Inner Mongolia is an important production base of animal products in China. Since the reform and opening up, the production capacity of animal husbandry in Inner Mongolia has been greatly improved, and a historic leap-forward sustained and stable development has been achieved. By summarizing and analyzing the reform in system and mechanism of animal husbandry production and management as well as some major development measures adopted in Inner Mongolia, the enlightenment of the reform and development of animal husbandry in this region are drawn: the establishment of a production and management system that adapts to the initial stage of socialism is the foundation of sustainable development of animal husbandry; the transformation of production and management methods is the basis of the sustainable development of animal husbandry; the continuous reform and innovation of the management system is the driving force for the sustainable development of animal husbandry; the effective improvement of scientific and technological content is the support for the sustainable development of animal husbandry; the persistence of grassland ecological protection and construction is the guarantee for sustainable development of animal husbandry.

In practical work, agricultural and animal husbandry workers or farmers and herdsmen often encounter some production problems which only agricultural and animal husbandry experts can solve, but it often takes long time and certain cost to get guidance from experts. Therefore, it has important practical significance to provide the agricultural and animal husbandry producers with an agricultural and animal husbandry service platform in which they can learn scientific and technological knowledge on agricultural and animal husbandry production, communicate with experts or technicians in real time, and obtain technical guidance on planting, feeding as well as pest and disease diagnosis. Using the WeChat platform as a carrier, the agricultural and animal husbandry production information technology service system developed by Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences can provide consulting services and guides on scientific planting and feeding. This article introduces the overall structure, function, design and application of this system.

The effects of gibberellin treatment with different concentrations using distilled water treatment as control were investigated on germination and seedling growth of alfalfa seeds using the paper germination method on Petri dishes. The results showed that the germination potential, germination percentage, germination index, germination speed and root length of Medicago sativa Gongnong NO.1 seeds showed an increasing and then decreasing trend with the elevation of gibberellin concentration, while the 50 mg/L gibberellin treatment showed the most significant effect; the germination potential, germination percentage, germination index, germination speed, and root length of Medicago falcate Hulun Buir seeds showed a gradual increase with increasing gibberellin concentration, with the best results at gibberellin concentration of 200 mg/L.

[Objective] To establish a rapid detection method for aflatoxin B₁ （AFB₁）. [Method] The acridinium ester （AE） and AFB₁ monoclonal antibody were chemically synthesized in vitro, and the AE labeled AFB₁ monoclonal antibody （AFB₁-AE） with different molar ratios of AE and AFB₁ monoclonal antibody of 5∶1, 10∶1, 15∶1, 20∶1 and 25∶1 was synthesized, respectively; the detection effects of AFB₁-AE conjugates with different molar ratios were analyzed, and the conjugate with molar ratio of 25∶1 of AE and AFB₁ monoclonal antibody was finally selected to establish chemiluminescence immunoassay （CLIA）. [Result] The corresponding regression line equation was obtained: y=-0.245Ln（x） + 1.578 1, R²=0.985 7, IC₅₀=81.48 pg/mL; the sample recovery experiment was carried out, and the standard recovery rate was 88.4%-106.0%, the coefficient of variation was 0.92%-2.10%. [Conclusion] In vitro cross-linking of AE with AFB₁ monoclonal antibody can be used to establish a new chemiluminescence immunoassay method.

This study aimed to screen single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP） markers that can be used for the quality traceability of Meishan pig and Shennong pig. In this experiment, PCR-RFLP method was used to detect the polymorphism of 14 SNPs from 13 genes in Meishan pig populations and Shennong pig populations, in order to find SNPs with rich polymorphism, and finally determine the combination of SNP sites that can be used for pork traceability verification test of Meishan pig and Shennong pig by sampling again. The results showed that MMP19 gene, GRN gene, NR4A1 gene each had one SNP and PSMB10 gene had two SNPs, and the heterozygous values were all greater than 0.30, which met the requirements of meat traceability. Bar codes compiled according to 5 SNPs of MMP19, PSMB10, NR4A1 and GRN genes can be used to detect the pork quality traceability of Meishan pig and Shennong pig.

Galla chinensis can prevent fish gill-rot disease, but the using dosage is not clear. In order to ascertain the recommended dosage of Galla chinensis, this study examined the inhibitory effect of different doses of Galla chinensis on pathogentic bacteria and the effect of dietary supplementation of different doses of Galla chinensis on the preventive effect of grass carp gill-rot disease in vivo and in vitro. The Galla chinensis decoctions were added to Shieh agar selection medium at doses of 40, 60, 80, 100 mg/kg, coated with Flavobacterium columnare, cultured for 72 h and counted to calculate the inhibition rate; a total of 240 healthy grass carp juveniles were selected and divided into 4 groups, the control group was fed with basal diet, and the 3 test groups were fed with the basal diet adding 1%, 2%, and 4% Galla chinensis respectively, and the suspension of Flavobacterium columnare was sprayed into the fish tank for 3 consecutive days to challenge. After 56 days, the activity of lysozyme in serum, intestine and hepatopancreas, and the serum contents of complement C3 and IgM were measured. The results showed that Galla chinensis at 80~100 mg/kg had obvious antibacterial effect, and Galla chinensis at 100 mg/kg could completely inhibit the bacteria; the 2% Galla chinensis group had significantly （P<0.05） higher hepatopancreas lysozyme activity compared with that of the control group. Therefore, the recommended dosage of Galla chinensis in grass carp feed is 2%.

In order to solve the problem of lacking species resources in the domestic research on the resistance of anthelmintic drugs, this study used international common methods to isolate the ivermectin-resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus in north China, and adopted traditional morphologic method to identify them. Ivermectin-resistant Haemonchus contortus strains from different sources in north China were isolated, and the results showed that 4 strains of Haemonchus contortus were 6 times resistant to ivermectin and 1 strain was susceptible. This research provide species resources for domestic research on ivermectin resistance of Haemonchus contortus and the development of new anthelmintic drugs.

In order to prevent duck short beak and dwarfism syndrome effectively, a purified egg yolk antibody against novel duck parvovirus （strain SD03） was prepared. Agar diffusion test and neutralization test were used to determine the titer of egg yolk antibody. The growth and decline law of egg yolk antibody was analyzed to determine the optimal immune program, highly immunized egg collection time and clinical application titer standard. The clinical application effect of three batches of the test samples was evaluated. The results showed that a purified egg yolk antibody against duck short beak and dwarfism syndrome was successfully prepared. Both of the agar diffusion titer and neutralizing titer of the antibody reached the peak on the 15^th day of the third immunization, which were 1 ∶ 64 and 1∶640, respectively. Therefore, the collection time of highly immunized eggs was determined to be 15 days after the third immunization. After the completion of the basic immunization, the best enhanced immunization time was once every 30 days. The results showed that the titer of the antibody could be maintained at a high level after one time booster immunization. The agar diffusion titer of the antibody ≥ 1 ∶ 32 or neutralizing titer ≥ 1 ∶ 320 were determined as the clinical application titer standard. The results of clinical application tests of three batches of samples showed that the purified egg yolk antibody against duck short beak and dwarfism syndrome was safe, and had good prevention and emergency prevention effect on duck short beak and dwarfism syndrome.

Equine rhinopneumonia is a highly contagious infectious disease in equine animals caused by equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4 which usually cause horse respiratory diseases, miscarriage of pregnant horses and equine neurological diseases. This article introduces the distribution, hazard, etiology, epidemiology, clinical symptoms, pathological changes and diagnostic methods of equine rhinopneumonia, and summarizes the comprehensive prevention and control measures against this disease, in hoping to provide references for those who engage in related work.

Cat′s lower urinary tract disease is a comprehensive description of one or several diseases of cat′s urinary system. It is one of the most common diseases of cat. In most cases, it can′t heal itself. Once the onset of the disease, it will not only affect the primary lesion of urinary system, but also cause damage to other tissues and organs, even death. The diagnosis and treatment of lower urinary tract diseases in cats were analyzed systematically based on 30 cases, in hoping to provide references for veterinarians.

Animal production is the main subject of modern animal husbandry and an important subject to train application-oriented talents, which conforms to the development of animal husbandry in China and promotes the employment of animal husbandry students. Based on the training requirements of animal production specialty, the necessity of making and establishing the curriculum plan and system of application-oriented talents training were expounded. Based on the curriculum objectives of animal production talents training, combining the teaching contents of theoretical courses, experimental courses and practical courses, a curriculum system of animal production suitable for application-oriented talents training was explored and built, so as to lay the curriculum foundation and provide new ideas for training application-oriented talents adapted to the development of modern animal husbandry.

This paper focuses on the problems that the teaching contents and the training objectives of the application-oriented undergraduates are not well matched, the professional characteristics are insufficiently reflected, the teaching methods are simplex, and the assessment methods focus on the results and pay less attention to the process. Taking Livestock Environmental Hygiene as an example, the CDIO education concept was introduced to meet the requirements of modern animal husbandry production, meet the requirements of application-oriented undergraduates of animal science specialty, enrich and reform the curriculum practical teaching contents, and construct students to participate in the experimental teaching mode. The comprehensive, whole process evaluation system and assessment method of experimental conception, design, operation and target realization lay a good foundation for cultivating application-oriented animal husbandry production talents, and also provide reference for the reform of other curriculum construction and similar college curriculum practical teaching mode.

Laboratories of agricultural colleges and universities are important bases for teachers and students to carry out teaching and scientific researches, as well as an important part of college bio-safety management. Through online questionnaires, we found that some biological laboratories in agricultural colleges and universities had insufficient awareness of prevention, loose management system, no independent management personnel, irregular use of equipment, and improper waste disposal. By focusing on the current situation of the problem, the following suggestions are put forward; improving the barrier facilities, strengthening the awareness of prevention, exploring the construction and operation mode of the bio-safety system of agricultural colleges and universities, and constructing the bio-safety system and operation management mode suitable for most colleges and universities at present. Furthermore, the safety as well as good health of teachers and students should be ensured.