[Objective] The aims of this study were to prepare the polyclonal antibody against capsid （CA） protein of a maedi-visna virus （MVV） strain isolated from naturally infected sheep and to assess its specificity. [Method] A set of specific primers was designed according to the CA gene sequence of MVV Inner Mongolia strain, and the CA gene was subsequently amplified by PCR assay for constructing a recombinant plasmid. The MVV CA recombinant protein was prokaryotically expressed and purified. The rabbit-derived polyclonal antibody against MVV CA recombinant protein was prepared, and its titer and specificity were determined and identified by using indirect ELISA assay as well as Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. [Result] The prokaryotic expression system of MVV CA recombinant protein was successfully constructed, and the target protein was about 27 kDa after purification. The titer of the prepared polyclonal antibody was determined as 1∶8 192 by indirect ELISA assay. Western blot analysis showed that there was a specific band with a size of 25 kDa in lung tissues of sheep infected with MVV. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that there were obvious brownish yellow positive signals in cytoplasm of macrophages in lung tissues of sheep infected with MVV. [Conclusion] Polyclonal antibody prepared with soluble recombinant MVV CA protein had good specificity, which might serve as a candidate antibody in MVV serological diagnosis technology.

[Objective]This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hypericin on growth performance, organ index and cecal microbial diversity in mice. [Method]A total of 100 female Kunming mice aged 4 weeks were randomly divided into 5 groups with 20 mice in each group. The mice were given hypericin in drinking water at dosages of 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 g/L. The formal experiment lasted for 28 days. The body weight and feed intake of the mice were recorded, and the average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio were calculated. The number of dead mice during the experiment was recorded to calculate the mortality. At the end of the experiment, the mice were killed by cervical dislocation, the heart, liver, kidney and spleen were collected and weighed, and the corresponding organ indexes were determined. The cecal contents were collected and 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing was used to assess the cecal microbial diversity. [Result]Addition of hypericin in drinking water at dosages of 1, 2, 4 g/L increased the average daily gain of mice （P>0.05）, and the highest average daily gain was observed in 4 g/L group, which was elevated by 21.21% compared with that in 0 g/L group. The mice given hypericin in drinking water had higher average daily feed intake （P>0.05）, and the highest average daily feed intake was observed in 2 g/L group, which was elevated by 18.30% compared with that in 0 g/L group. The 4 g/L group had the lowest feed to gain ratio （P>0.05）, which was decreased by 9.24% compared with 0 g/L group. The cardiac index of 1, 2, 4 and 8 g/L groups was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of 0 g/L group, and the renal index of 4 g/L group was significantly （P<0.05） lower than that of 1 g/L group. At the Phylum level, Firmicutes had the highest relative abundance, followed by Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, and the three dominant phyla accounted for 97.58% of the total bacteria. At the Genus level, Prevotella, Bacteroides and Phascolarctobacterium exhibited higher relative abundance; 1, 2 and 4 g/L groups had significantly （P<0.05） lower relative abundance of Prevotella and Megamonas compared with 0 g/L group, and had significantly （P<0.05） higher relative abundance of[Ruminococcus]compared with 0 g/L group; 4 g/L group had significantly （P<0.05） higher relative abundance of Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, and Lactobacillus compared with 0 g/L group. [Conclusion] Adding hypericin in drinking water increased the feed intake and weight gain of mice to a certain extent, significantly improved the cardiac index, enhanced the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria in the cecum, showing a beneficial effect on the health of mice.

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PTD-FNK protein on physiological function of male mice. [Method] A total of 16 8-week-old healthy male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group （n=8） and PTD-FNK protein group （n=8）. The PTD-FNK protein group was intraperitoneally injected with 300 μg/（kg·BW） PTD-FNK protein once a day for consecutive 7 days, and the control group was intraperitoneally injected with normal saline. During the experimental period, the body weight, body temperature, blood glucose, feed intake and water intake of the mice were recorded every day, and the total feed intake, total water intake and weight gain were calculated. The body length （from nose to anus） of the mice was measured at the first and last day of the experiment, respectively, and the Lee′s index before and after the experiment was calculated, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed immediately, the heart, kidney, liver, spleen and testis were weighed, and the corresponding organ indexes were calculated. The epididymis of the mice was isolated, sperm suspension was prepared, and the sperm viability and plasma membrane integrity were determined. The mRNA relative expression levels of cell apoptosis related genes Bax and Caspase-3, oxidative stress related genes SOD and GPX1, and endocrine related genes STAR and 17β-HSD were assessed by using qPCR. [Result] The total feed intake and total water intake of the PTD-FNK protein group were extremely significantly （P<0.001） and significantly （P<0.05） decreased compared with those of the control group, respectively, while no significant （P>0.05） differences in Lee′s index, body temperature, body weight and blood glucose were observed between the control group and the PTD-FNK protein group. The liver index of the PTD-FNK protein group was significantly （P<0.05） decreased in comparison to that of the control group, while no significant （P>0.05） differences in the other organ indexes were found. The PTD-FNK protein group had extremely significantly （P<0.01） higher sperm viability than the control group, while there was no significant （P>0.05） difference in sperm plasma membrane integrity between the control group and the PTD-FNK protein group. Extremely significantly （P<0.01） higher mRNA relative expression levels of Bax and SOD genes in testicle tissues were observed in the PTD-FNK protein group, while no significant （P>0.05） differences in the mRNA relative expression levels of Caspase-3, GPX1, 17β-HSD and STAR genes were found between the control group and the PTD-FNK protein group. [Conclusion] PTD-FNK protein inhibited the feed intake, water intake as well as the growth and development liver of male mice, and improved the sperm quality.

[Objective] The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of different forage diets on ruminal fluid pH value, ruminal volatile fatty acid （VFA） content and blood parameters of Simmental brood cows. [Method] A total of 18 Simmental brood cows were assigned into the following three groups according to the principle of homogeneity and the source of dietary forage: group 1 fed the forage of dried corn straw, group 2 fed the forage of whole plant corn silage, and group 3 fed the forage combination of whole plant corn silage and dried corn straw. The feeding experiment was composed of a 14-day pre-trial and a 42-day formal trial. At the end of the experiment, the ruminal fluid and blood samples were collected, and the ruminal fluid pH value, ruminal VFA content and blood parameters were determined. [Result] There was no significant （P>0.05） difference in the ruminal fluid pH value among the three groups. The group 2 had significantly （P<0.05） higher ruminal acetic acid content than group 1; the group 2 and group 3 had significantly （P<0.05） higher ruminal propionic acid content than group 1; the group 2 had significantly （P<0.05） higher n-butyric acid and isobutyric acid contents than the remaining groups. The serum activities of SOD and T-AOC of the group 1 were significantly （P<0.05） lower in comparison to those of the other groups, and the serum activity of GSH-Px of the group 1 was significantly （P<0.05） lower in comparison to that of the group 3. Significantly （P<0.05） decreased serum contents of Fe and Zn was observed in group 1 compared with group 2, and significantly （P<0.05） increased serum content of Se was observed in group 1 and group 2 compared with group 3. The group 1 had significantly （P<0.05） lower serum contents of VD and VE than the remaining groups. [Conclusion] The Simmental brood cows fed with whole plant corn silage or combination of whole plant corn silage and dried corn straw as forage performed better in ruminal fermentation and blood parameters than those fed with dried corn straw. Considering the feeding cost and forage supply status in agricultural area, the combination of whole plant corn silage and dried corn straw was recommended as an appropriate dietary forage source in Simmental brood cows production.

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to determine the optimized extraction process of condensed tannin from Caragana korshinskii. [Method] The Caragana korshinskii collected from Siziwang Banner of Inner Mongolia was used as experimental material. The condensed tannin was extracted from Caragana korshinskii by using ultrasonic assisted solvent extraction method, and the content of condensed tannin was determined by using phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic acids chromogenic method. The effects of extraction temperature, extraction time, liquid to material ratio and acetone volume fraction on the yield of condensed tannin from Caragana korshinskii were assessed by single factor experiment. [Result] As the increase of extraction temperature, the yield of condensed tannin from Caragana korshinskii increased first and then decreased. When the extraction temperature was 60 ℃, the yield of condensed tannin was the highest, which was 34.24 mg/g. As the extension of extraction time, the yield of condensed tannin from Caragana korshinskii increased first and then decreased. When the extraction time was 80 min, the yield of condensed tannin was the highest, which was 26.38 mg/g. As the increase of liquid to material ratio, the yield of condensed tannin from Caragana korshinskii increased first and then decreased. When the liquid to material ratio was 30∶1, the yield of condensed tannin was the highest, which was 25.34 mg/g. As the increase of acetone volume fraction, the yield of condensed tannin from Caragana korshinskii increased first and then decreased. When the acetone volume fraction was 70%, the yield of condensed tannin was the highest, which was 30.61 mg/g. [Conclusion] The optimum extraction temperature, extraction time, liquid to material ratio and acetone volume fraction was 60 ℃, 80 min, 30∶1 and 70%, respectively.

[Objective] The purposes of this study were to assess the effects of different anthelmintics on apparent nutrient digestibility in Yili horses and to provide a reference for the scientific use of anthelmintics in equine farming. [Method] A total of 40 1-year-old Yili horses with similar average weight were randomly divided into 5 groups （a control group and experimental groupsⅠto Ⅳ) with 8 horses （half males and half females） in each group. All of the experimental horses were reared under the same feeding management condition and dietary nutrition level. The control group were not dewormed, the experimental groupsⅠto Ⅳ were dewormed with ivermectin emulsion 0.1 mL/（kg·BW）, praziquantel tablets 0.01 g/（kg·BW）, albendazole tablets 0.025 g/（kg·BW), and ivermectin 10 mg/（kg·BW） + albendazole 350 mg/（kg·BW）, respectively. A 20-day digestive and metabolic test composed of a 15-day pre-test and a 5-day formal test was conducted after deworming. Samples were collected using the whole fecal collection method during the formal test to determine or calculate the digestive and metabolic indexes of nutrients. [Result] The intake and output of dry matter （DM）, organic matter （OM）, crude protein （CP）, general energy （GE）, neutral detergent fiber （NDF）, acidic detergent fiber （ADF） and phosphorus （P） in experimental group Ⅳ were higher than those in the other four groups （P>0.05）. Compared with the control group, the digestibility of DM, OM, GE, NDF, ADF, Ca and P in experimental groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were increased （P>0.05） in a certain extent. In comparison to the control group, the apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, GE, NDF, ADF, Ca and P in experimental group Ⅱ was increased by 1.91%, 1.87%, 1.42%, 2.27%, 3.05%, 2.13%, 13.68% and 2.06% （P>0.05）, respectively, and that of DM, OM, GE, NDF, ADF, Ca and P in experimental group Ⅲ was elevated by 2.45%, 2.83%, 2.26%, 2.10%, 1.20%, 20.24% and 6.55% （P>0.05）, respectively. The apparent digestibility of nutrients in experimental group Ⅳ was lower than that in control group （P>0.05）, with the exception of Ca, whose apparent digestibility was higher than that of control group （P>0.05）. [Conclusion] Under the experimental conditions, deworming with praziquantel tablets or albendazole tablets alone favourably affected the apparent nutrient digestibility in 1-year-old Yili horses.

In commercial swine production, the early weaning stage of piglets （3-4 weeks of age） is the key period of intestinal function development. Weaning stress is primarily responsible for the continuous intestinal barrier function deterioration that results in bacterial and viral enteritis, as well as post-weaning diarrhea in weaned piglets. Under the background of ′antibiotic-free′ in the feed end, researchers are focusing on adopting nutritional approaches to enhance the intestinal function of early weaned pigs. In this paper, the underlying mechanisms of intestinal barrier function damage caused by early weaning and those of improving intestinal function of piglets by nutritional strategies such as amino acids, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, dietary fiber, oligosaccharides, organic acids, micro-nutrients, and lipid nutrition were reviewed in relation to the affects of early weaning on the intestinal barrier function of piglets and the impacts of various nutritional strategies on the improvement of intestinal barrier function of weaned piglets, in hoping to provide references for the research on improving the intestinal function of weaned piglets through nutritional strategy.

Plant miR159 has been found to play a key role in a variety of physiological processes such as growth and development, metabolism, response to stress, and pathogen defense in plant by targeting MYB gene family. It has also been proved to have a cross-kingdom regulative role in mammalian physiological functions, such as inhibition of tumor growth, improvement of energy metabolism, anti-oxidative stress and regulation of immunity. This paper described the involvement of miR159 in regulation of nutritional growth, response to stress, flowering and fruit development in a variety of plants, and reviewed the cross-kingdom regulative role of exogenous plant miR159 in mammalian physiological functions and breast cancer, in hoping to provide references for the subsequent study on the regulative network and cross-kingdom regulative mechanism of plant miR159.

Subacute ruminal acidosis （SARA） is a nutritional metabolic disease with a high frequency in dairy farming. With the development of intensive dairy farming in China, feeding a large amount of high-energy grain feed to improve the production performance of dairy cows is prone to develop SARA, which lowers the ruminal fluid pH value, alters the ruminal bacterial flora, impairs the ruminal epithelial mucosa, and eventually affects the ruminal metabolic function. This paper analyzed the predisposing factors of SARA including various physiological stages, feed intake behaviors and individual differences of dairy cows, discussed the affects of SARA on the changes of ruminal bacterial flora, gene expression of ruminal epithelial cells and ruminal barrier function of dairy cows, in hoping to provide references for elucidating the mechanisms of ruminal function damage caused by SARA and reducing the risk of SARA in dairy cows.

Lycopene is widely found in tomatoes, watermelons, grapefruit and other fruits. It is the main pigment in mature tomatoes and one of the common carotenoids. Lycopene has the strongest singlet oxygen quenching action of all carotenoids. Lycopene has the effects of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, and cardiovascular disease prevention. It can also be used as animal feed additive, which has the advantages of enhancing immunity as well as improving metabolism and reproductive function. The action mechanisms of lycopene and its application in animal production were reviewed, in hoping to provide references for the application of lycopene as animal feed additive in animal production.

Rutin, also known as VP, is a natural flavonoid compound that widely exists in a variety of plants. It has the potential to be developed as antibiotic substitute for feed use since it not only possesses a wide variety of biological qualities, such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-virus, and growth stimulation but also has high safety, little toxicity and no biological residue. The physical and chemical properties, extraction methods, in vivo metabolism and absorption of rutin, as well as its application in animal production were reviewed, in hoping to give an new insight into the development of antibiotic substitutes in animal production.

[Objective]The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of magnesium oxide on lactation performance, serum magnesium level and urine pH value in dairy cows. [Method]A total of 50 multiparous Holstein dairy cows of similar parity, milk yield and day in milk were randomly assigned into 5 groups with 10 individuals in each group. The groupⅠserving as a control was fed with the basal diet, and groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 0.125%, 0.250%, 0.375% and 0.500% of magnesium oxide powder （containing 70% magnesium oxide）, respectively. The pre-feeding trial lasted for 7 days and the formal feeding trial lasted for 70 days. The daily feed intake and milk yield of the experimental dairy cows were monitored, and the weekly dry matter intake （DMI） was calculated. The samples of fresh milk, blood and urine were collected on day 35 （5^th week） and day 70 （10^th week） of the experiment, respectively, and the milk protein content, milk fat rate, serum magnesium level and urine pH value were determined.[Result]On day 35 and day 70 of the experiment, the DMI and milk yield of group Ⅲ were significantly （P<0.05） higher than those of control; the milk protein content of the four magnesium oxide supplementation groups was all significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of control, and the milk fat rate of groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of control; there was no significant （P>0.05） difference in serum magnesium level among the four magnesium oxide supplementation groups and control, while the four magnesium oxide supplementation groups all had significantly （P<0.05） higher urine pH value in comparison to control. [Conclusion] Dietary supplementation of magnesium oxide powder （containing 70% magnesium oxide） increased the milk yield, milk fat rate and milk protein content of dairy cows; under this experimental condition, the recommended supplementation amount was 0.250%.

[Objective] This study aimed to characterize the mRNA relative expression levels of NF-κB signaling pathway associated genes in different segments of maternal and fetal gastrointestinal tracts of Mongolian horses. [Method] Three pregnant Mongolian mares in good body condition were selected and slaughtered, and the fetuses were removed during slaughter. The tissues of stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, macrocolon, microcolon and rectum of the mares and fetuses were collected, and quantitative real-time PCR （qPCR） was used to analyze the mRNA relative expression levels of six genes （NF-κB p50, NF-κB p65, NFKBIA, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8） associated with NF-κB signaling pathway in these tissues. The expression differences of these genes in different segments of maternal and fetal gastrointestinal tracts were compared. [Result] The expressions of the six genes associated with NF-κB signaling pathway were all observed in tissues of the eight segments of maternal and fetal gastrointestinal tracts. In general, the mRNA relative expression levels of NF-κB p50, NF-κB p65 and NFKBIA genes were higher in maternal and fetal tissues, while those of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8 genes were lower. In tissues of the eight segments of gastrointestinal tract, the mRNA relative expression levels of the six genes associated with NF-κB signaling pathway were generally higher in mares in comparison to those in fetuses. In ileum and cecum tissues, the mRNA relative expression level of NF-κB p50 gene in mares was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that in fetuses. In macrocolon tissues, the mRNA relative expression levels of NF-κB p65 and NFKBIA genes in mares were significantly （P<0.05） higher than those in fetuses. [Conclusion] Six genes associated with NF-κB signaling pathway were all expressed in tissues of eight segments of maternal and fetal gastrointestinal tracts of Mongolian horses, and there were certain differences in expression levels. The mRNA relative expression levels of NF-κB p50, NF-κB p65 and NFKBIA genes in maternal tissues of selected intestinal segments were significantly higher than those in fetal tissues.

[Objective] The aims of the present study were to assess the effects of delinting with sodium hydroxide （NaOH） solution on seed vigor of Bothriochloa ischaemum （B. ischaemum）, and to provide convenient conditions for its mechanized sowing. [Method] B. ischaemum seeds were delinted with NaOH solution with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% （W/V） for 0 （CK）, 1, 5, 10 and 15 min, respectively. The germination percentage （Gp）, germination index（Gi）, mean germination time （MGT） and seedlings vigor index （SVI） were analyzed to determine the best condition for delinting of B. ischaemum seeds. [Result] NaOH solution concentrations and treatment time had extremely significant （P<0.01） effects on B. ischaemum seed vigor. Within the same treatment time, Gp and Gi of B. ischaemum seeds elevated with the increase of NaOH solution concentrations after delinting for 1-10 min; SVI of B. ischaemum seeds improved with the increase of NaOH solution concentrations after delinting for 1 and 10 min, and decreased first and then rose with the increase of NaOH solution concentrations after delinting for 5 min; the Gp, Gi and SVI boosted first and then declined with the increase of NaOH solution concentrations after delinting for 15 min. At the concentrations of 20%-50% of NaOH solution, the Gp, Gi and SVI ascended first and then reduced with the extension of treatment time after delinting. The MGT of B. ischaemum seeds delinted with NaOH solution was all higher than that of CK. [Conclusion] Soaking with appropriate concentrations of NaOH solution effectively removes the surface hair of B. ischaemum seeds and improves their vigor. Delinting with NaOH solution at the concentration of 50% for 5 min has the best effect on promoting the vigor of B. ischaemum seeds.

[Objective] The aim of this study was to characterize the differences in contents of conventional nutrients and mineral elements as well as in content and composition of fatty acid of raw milk from Chinese Holstein dairy cows, Holstein dairy cows and Simmental cows. [Method] Six individuals for each dairy cattle breed were selected, and the fresh milk samples totaling 200 mL were taken from each cattle. The conventional nutrient contents were determined using a milk composition analyzer, the mineral element contents were tested using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and the content and composition of fatty acid were evaluated using a gas chromatograph. Statistical analysis was used to compare the nutrient contents as well as the content and composition of fatty acid of raw milk from dairy cattle of different breeds. [Result] The milk fat content of Chinese Holstein dairy cows was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of Holstein dairy cows, and the milk protein content was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of Holstein dairy cows and Simmental cows. The milk calcium content of Chinese Holstein dairy cows was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of Holstein dairy cows, and the milk zinc content was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of Holstein dairy cows and Simmental cows. The milk myristic acid content of Chinese Holstein dairy cows was significantly lower （P<0.05） than that of Holstein dairy cows, and the milk contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid were significantly （P<0.05） higher than those of Simmental cows. The milk content of saturated fatty acid of Chinese Holstein dairy cows was significantly （P<0.05） lower than that of Simmental cows, and the milk content of unsaturated fatty acid was significantly （P<0.05） higher than that of Simmental cows. [Conclusion] The milk contents of some nutrients and mineral elements of Chinese Holstein dairy cows were comparable to or better than those of Holstein dairy cows and Simmental cows. Chinese Holstein dairy cows had similar milk fatty acid content and composition with Holstein dairy cows, and had superior milk fatty acid composition to Simmental cows.

The food safety supervision model developed by the European Union （EU） serves as a benchmark for the entire world, and the direction of food safety risk research conducted by the EU also serves as a wind vane for the sector. This study examined and interpreted the establishment and structure of the EU food safety supervision organization′s framework, the allocation of each organization′s powers and duties, the makeup of the regulations and standards system, and the detailed supervision activity implementation specification documents. In parallel, the enlightenment of the EU food safety supervision system on Chinese food safety supervision was proposed, in hoping to serve as a guide for clarifying the implementation mechanism of the EU food safety supervision, improving the efficiency of trade activities of Chinese food export enterprises, and enhancing the function of Chinese food safety supervision.

[Objective] This study aimed to determine the causative agent of an infectious disease case on a chicken farm in Datong County of Qinghai Province, and to provide reference for prevention and control of Proteus mirabilis infection. [Method] The samples of liver and spleen tissues and cloacal swabs were aseptically collected and inoculated on common nutrient agar and SS agar for bacterial culture, isolation, and purification. Suspected colonies were selected for Gram staining and microscopic examination. The isolated colony were then inoculated into the commercial biochemical reaction test tube for biochemical identification. The isolate was molecularly confirmed by 16S rDNA and tuf specific gene PCR amplification and sequencing. Chicks were challenged with the isolate for pathogenicity test. The K-B method was used to assess the susceptibility of the isolate to 27 antibiotics. [Result] The isolated strain was pleomorphic bacilli （short or long rod-shaped）, and its biochemical traits were consistent with Proteus mirabilis. A 16S rDNA fragment with length of 1 400 bp was successfully amplified by PCR assay, and sequence alignment revealed that it shared the highest homology to Proteus mirabilis at 99.9%. The pathogenicity test demonstrated that the isolate was pathogenic to chicks. The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that the isolate was highly sensitive to piperacillin, cefepime and cefotaxime, moderately sensitive to ciprofloxacin and ogmentin, and resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin and cefazolin. [Conclusion] The strain of Proteus mirabilis isolated from chicken had strong pathogenicity and showed resistance to some antimicrobial agents.

[Objective] This study aimed to understand the status of intestinal helminth infections in sheep in a large livestock trading market in Inner Mongolia, China. [Method] From July 2020 to June 2021, a total of 1 082 fecal samples of sheep in the livestock trading market were collected 12 times month by month. The eggs were examined by saturated sucrose solution floating method, and morphological identification of the helminth eggs found in sheep was subsequently carried out. The infection rates of intestinal helminth in sheep of different ages and genders among varied sampling months were statistically compared. [Result] There were 282 fecal samples were positive for helminth eggs, with an overall infection rate of 26.1% （282/1 082）. Six species of helminths were identified, of which Strongylodes was the dominant species, with an infection rate of 16.5% （179/1 082）. The infection rates of whipworm, Moniezia, Nematodirus, pinworm and hookworm were 7.8% （84/1 082）, 3.2% （35/1 082）, 1.9% （21/1 082）, 0.6% （7/1 082） and 0.1% （1/1 082）, respectively. The intestinal helminth infection rates of sheep were higher in October and November, at 47.4% （45/95） and 43.7% （38/87）, respectively, and lower in January and February, at 13.0% （12/92） and 12.2% （11/90）, respectively. The differences in intestinal helminth infection rates between different sampling months were statistically significant （χ²=63.957, df=11, P<0.01）. There were statistically significant differences （χ²=42.853，df=2，P<0.01）in intestinal helminth infection rates among the sheep aged 6 months or less, 7 to 12 months, and beyond 1 year, which were 14.5% （56/385）, 31.1% （161/517）, and 36.1% （65/180）, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in intestinal helminth infection rates between ram and ewe （P>0.05）, which were 24.3% （102/420） and 27.2% （180/662）, respectively. [Conclusion] The intestinal helminth infection in sheep in the livestock trading market was related to season and age. The targeted preventative and control strategy should be taken.

[Objective] This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a probiotic toothpaste for pet use produced by a company in relieving the formation of dental plaque and calculus in dogs. [Method] Ten adult Beagle dogs with healthy oral cavity and good physical condition were randomly divided into a negative control group （n=5） and a probiotic toothpaste group （n=5）. The negative control group was fed with dog food alone, and the probiotic toothpaste group was given about 4 g probiotic toothpaste per dog twice a day for consecutive 28 days after each meal. The teeth of all the experimental dogs were cleaned and polished on day 0 of experiment. The dental plaque were scored on day 14 and day 29 of experiment, respectively. The dental calculus and the concentrations of volatile compounds （H₂S+CH₃SH） in oral gas were scored and assessed on day 29 of experiment, respectively. Probiotic toothpaste was defined as having a significant efficacy when the mean values of scores regarding dental plaque and calculus formation as well as those of concentrations of volatile compounds in oral gas were reduced by 15% or higher. [Result] Compared with the control group, the mean values of scores regarding dental plaque formation of the probiotic toothpaste group were decreased by -0.36% （P>0.05） and 21.47% （P<0.05） on day 14 and day 29 of experiment, respectively; the mean values of score regarding dental calculus formation and concentrations of volatile compounds in oral gas of the probiotic toothpaste group were dropped by 6.54% （P>0.05） and -44.59% （P>0.05） on day 29 of experiment, respectively. [Conclusion] Within the experimental period, the tested probiotic toothpaste effectively inhibited the formation of dental plaque in Beagle dogs, but had no efficacy on relieving the formation of dental calculus and reducing the concentrations of volatile compounds in oral gas.

[Objective] A goat death case caused by respiratory symptoms in a farm was etiologically diagnosed, and the antimicrobial susceptibility and pathogenicity of the isolated bacterial pathogen were characterized. [Method] The dead goat was dissected and the lung and trachea tissues were collected in sterile conditions. The clinical samples were incubated on TSA solid medium and cultured at 37 ℃ for 22-24 h. After purification, the suspected bacterial colonies were subjected to Gram staining, microscopic examination and biochemical identification. The phenotypically identified strain was molecularly comfirmed by 16S rDNA PCR amplification, sequencing, phylogenetic tree construction and homology analysis. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolate was performed with broth micro-dilution method. The pathogenicity of the isolate to goat kid was determined by using an animal challenge test. [Result] A bacterial strain designated as DMQ-Y-Mh was isolated from the clinical samples. The isolate was observed as Gram-negative bacilli under microscope, and was identified as Mannheimia haemolytica following biochemical identification as well as 16S rDNA PCR amplification, sequencing and homology analysis. It was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and gentamicin, moderately sensitive to levofloxacin, oxytetracycline and florfenicol, and resistant to tilmicosin, enrofloxacin and tylosin. Within 72 h of the challenge with the isolate, the goat kid perished, and the trachea and lung bronchi contained viscous secretions. There were dark red lesions in the lung tissue, and the boundary with the normal lung tissues was obvious. Mannheimia haemolytica could be isolated from the lung and trachea tissues of the dead goat kid again. [Conclusion] Mannheimia haemolytica was the pathogenic agent that caused the death of goat in the farm. The results of the antimicrobial susceptibility test served as a guide for clinical medication.