培肥措施对轮作周期内土壤肥力和作物产量的影响

doi:10.12190/j.issn.2096-1197.2026.02.06

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探究内蒙古阴山北麓地区轮作周期内不同培肥措施对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响。【方法】于2022—2024年通过设置单施化肥（CK）、化肥+有机肥（M）、化肥+秸秆（S）、化肥+绿肥（G）4个处理,在马铃薯-向日葵-燕麦3年定区轮作条件下,运用土壤理化性质结合模糊数学综合评价法分析不同培肥措施对土壤肥力的影响,利用作物生产能值分析其对作物生产能力的影响。【结果】不同培肥处理对土壤理化性状均有影响,M处理影响最大。与CK相比,M处理的土壤容重降低6.37%~8.55%,pH值降低0.28~0.34,土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别提高35.61%~44.59%、23.47%~42.22%、40.84%~51.86%、26.77%~52.08%。2024年,M处理土壤肥力综合指数（IFI）为0.83,土壤肥力水平达一级,S、G处理均为二级。2022—2024年马铃薯产量为M>S>G>CK,向日葵、燕麦产量为M>G>S>CK,M处理较CK产量提高12.28%~29.65%,差异显著（P<0.05）。3年作物总生产能值为M>G>S>CK,M、S、G处理分别较CK显著提高28.28%、13.29%、15.24%（P<0.05）。【结论】化肥配施有机物料一定程度上可以提升土壤有机质和养分含量,进而提高作物产量,其中化肥+有机肥作用较好。

关键词: 轮作, 培肥, 土壤肥力综合指数, 马铃薯, 向日葵, 燕麦, 产量

Abstract: 【Objective】 To explore the effects of different fertilization measures on soil fertility and crop yield during crop rotation cycles in the northern foothills of the Yinshan Mountains,Inner Mongolia. 【Methods】 From 2022 to 2024,four treatments were set：chemical fertilizer only（CK）,chemical fertilizer+organic fertilizer（M）,chemical fertilizer+straw（S）,and chemical fertilizer+green manure（G）. Under the conditions of a three-year fixed-plot rotation of potato-sunflower-oat,the effects of different fertilization measures on soil fertility were analyzed using soil physical and chemical properties combined with the fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method. The effects on crop productivity were analyzed using crop production energy. 【Results】 All different fertilization treatments affected soil physical and chemical properties,with the M treatment having the greatest effect. Compared with CK,the soil bulk density of the M treatment decreased by 6.37%-8.55%,the pH value decreased by 0.28-0.34,and the soil organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium contents increased by 35.61%-44.59%,23.47%-42.22%,40.84%-51.86%,and 26.77%-52.08%,respectively. In 2024,the integrated fertility index（IFI） of soil under M treatment was 0.83,reaching soil fertility of GradeⅠ,while both S and G treatments reached GradeⅡ. From 2022 to 2024,the potato yield was M>S>G>CK,and sunflower and oat yields was M>G>S>CK. The yield of the M treatment increased by 12.28%-29.65% compared with CK,with significant differences（P<0.05）. The total crop production energy over the three years was M>G>S>CK,and the M,S,and G treatments significantly increased by 28.28%,13.29%,and 15.24%,respectively,compared with CK（P<0.05）. 【Conclusion】 The combined application of chemical fertilizers and organic materials can improve soil organic matter and nutrient contents to a certain extent,thereby increasing crop yield,and the chemical fertilizer+organic fertilizer treatment performs the best.

Key words: Crop rotation, Fertilization, Integrated fertility index of soil, Potato, Sunflower, Oat, Yield

中图分类号:

S158.3

张诗雨, 张婷婷, 梁俊梅, 张君, 张胜, 安昊, 兰慧青, 郭雪娇. 培肥措施对轮作周期内土壤肥力和作物产量的影响[J]. 北方农业学报, 2026, 54(2): 61-73.

ZHANG Shiyu, ZHANG Tingting, LIANG Junmei, ZHANG Jun, ZHANG Sheng, AN Hao, LAN Huiqing, GUO Xuejiao. Effects of fertilization measures on soil fertility and crop yield during crop rotation cycles[J]. Journal of Northern Agriculture, 2026, 54(2): 61-73.

参考文献

[1] 裴国平,王蒂,张俊莲.马铃薯连作障碍产生的原因与防治措施[J].广东农业科学,2010,37(6):30-32.
[2] 焦润安,徐雪风,杨宏伟,等.连作对马铃薯生长和土壤健康的影响及机制研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2018,36(4):94-100.
[3] 白雨,韩雪莹,董海洋,等.轮作及农艺措施对减轻向日葵列当危害的影响[J].作物杂志,2019(2):192-196.
[4] KUSSUL N,DEININGER K,SHUMILO L,et al.Biophysical impact of sunflower crop rotation on agricultural fields[J].Sustainability,2022,14(7):3965.
[5] 任长忠,郭来春,邓路光,等.加拿大燕麦在吉林省西部地区的作用浅析[J].吉林农业科学,2002,27(4):38-40.
[6] OLDFIELD E E,BRADFORD M A,WOOD S A.Global meta-analysis of the relationship between soil organic matter and crop yields[J].Soil,2019,5(1):15-32.
[7] 张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.
[8] FAN M S,CHRISTIE P,ZHANG W F,et al.Crop production,fertilizer use,and soil quality in China[M]//LAI R,STEWART B A.Advances in soil science:food security and soil quality.Boca Raton:CRC Press,2010:87-108.
[9] 梁俊梅,张君,张胜,等.不同生态区丰产型马铃薯品种氮素优化管理分析[J].中国蔬菜,2023(10):81-88.
[10] 侯建伟,邢存芳,杨莉琳,等.生物炭与有机肥等碳量投入土壤肥力与细菌群落结构差异及关系[J].环境科学,2024,45(7):4218-4227.
[11] 封乾,杨慧敏,黄少辉,等.2019—2024年河北平原区耕地土壤肥力时空变化特征及培肥对策[J].河北农业科学,2025,29(1):36-42.
[12] MACCI C,DONI S,PERUZZI E,et al.Almond tree and organic fertilization for soil quality improvement in southern Italy[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2012,95:215-222.
[13] 虞轶俊,徐青山,张均华,等.土壤培肥技术对土壤健康的影响途径与作用机制[J].中国土壤与肥料,2024(2):220-227.
[14] 田霞,王媛,张雨,等.旱作区农田土壤AM真菌对长期有机无机施肥的响应[J].中国生态农业学报(中英文),2024,32(2):297-308.
[15] 闫童,杨化恩,刘凤华,等.不同培肥措施对新增耕地养分变化及作物产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2022,38(12):74-78.
[16] 王甫同,张亚楠,秦光蔚,等.黄河故道地区不同培肥方式对耕地质量的影响[J].湖南农业科学,2021(6):30-33.
[17] 王籽懿,韩伟,金鸿飚,等.高寒黑土区不同轮作模式对土壤团聚体及马铃薯产量的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2025,53(3):191-198.
[18] 邹亮. 陕西农作物布局演变驱动机制及优化方案研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2025.
[19] 成华强,侯青青,朱敏,等.气候变化与轮作制度对晋北饲用燕麦产草量的影响[J].作物学报,2024,50(10):2599-2613.
[20] 鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
[21] 曹承绵,严长生,张志明,等.关于土壤肥力数值化综合评价的探讨[J].土壤通报,1983,14(4):13-15.
[22] 骆伯胜,钟继洪,陈俊坚.土壤肥力数值化综合评价研究[J].土壤,2004,36(1):104-106.
[23] 张华,张甘霖.土壤质量指标和评价方法[J].土壤,2001,33(6):326-330.
[24] 沈汉. 土壤评价中参评因素的选定与分级指标的划分[J].华北农学报,1990,5(3):63-69.
[25] 闻大中. 农业生态系统能流的研究方法(一)[J].农村生态环境,1985,1(4):47-52.
[26] 樊光辉,马玉林.青海4种饲料灌木的常规营养成分测定与分析[J].西北林学院学报,2010,25(6):138-139.
[27] 段玉,妥德宝,赵沛义,等.阴山北麓旱作区主要作物热能值及结构调整研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(8):153-157.
[28] BAPAT H,MANAHAN S E,LARSEN D W.An activated carbon product prepared from milo(Sorghum vulgare) grain for use in hazardous waste gasification by ChemChar cocurrent flow gasification[J].Chemosphere,1999,39(1):23-32.
[29] 殷浩凯,李倩,赵宇航,等.不同培肥措施对褐土土壤微生物群落和酶活性的影响[J/OL].环境科学,2025:1-20.(2025-04-24).https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202411072.
[30] 焦瑞枣,任少勇,王姣,等.炭基肥对马铃薯田土壤容重、孔隙度和养分的影响[J].华北农学报,2015,30(4):231-238.
[31] 张平良,刘晓伟,曾骏,等.长期施用有机肥对西北半干旱区小麦田土壤团聚体分布及其有机碳的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2024(4):1-8.
[32] GUO L Y,WU G L,LI Y,et al.Effects of cattle manure compost combined with chemical fertilizer on topsoil organic matter,bulk density and earthworm activity in a wheat-maize rotation system in Eastern China[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2016,156:140-147.
[33] 蒋雨洲,王甲,张宏媛,等.化肥配施有机物料对玉米田土壤细菌和真菌群落结构的影响[J].作物学报,2025,51(5):1378-1388.
[34] 姚百伦,宋明丹,韩梅,等.绿肥不同还田方式培肥土壤效益评价[J].中国土壤与肥料,2025(8):156-163.
[35] 罗卓云,贺婉莹,佟师师,等.不同有机物料对草甸土理化性质、有机碳组分及腐殖质的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2025(2):23-30.
[36] 曾婷婷,王路明,杨康,等.长期外源有机物料添加对土壤无机碳库的影响[J].中国生态农业学报(中英文),2024,32(12):2034-2044.
[37] 李娟,赵秉强,李秀英,等.长期有机无机肥料配施对土壤微生物学特性及土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(1):144-152.
[38] 赵旭,梁俊梅,张婷婷,等.长期施肥对旱作马铃薯产量及养分吸收规律的影响[J].北方农业学报,2024,52(1):55-63.
[39] 徐娜,党廷辉,刘文兆.黄土高塬沟壑区农田土壤养分与作物产量变化的长期监测[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1240-1248.
[40] LADHA J K,REDDY C K,PADRE A T,et al.Role of nitrogen fertilization in sustaining organic matter in cultivated soils[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2011,40(6):1756-1766.
[41] GU B J,GE Y,REN Y,et al.Atmospheric reactive nitrogen in China:sources,recent trends,and damage costs[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2012,46(17):9420-9427.
[42] XU H W,SHAO H B,LU Y.Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and related soil microbial activity drive carbon mineralization in the maize rhizosphere[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2019,182:109476.
[43] HAN X,XU C,DUNGAIT J A J,et al.Straw incorporation increases crop yield and soil organic carbon sequestration but varies under different natural conditions and farming practices in China:a system analysis[J].Biogeosciences,2018,15(7):1933-1946.
[44] CHENG J,WANG J D,CONG X,et al.Amendment of straw with decomposing inoculants benefits the ecosystem carbon budget and carbon footprint in a subtropical wheat cropping field[J].Science of The Total Environment,2024,923:171419.
[45] 兰慧青,张婷婷,梁俊梅,等.不同类型有机肥部分替代化肥对马铃薯产量的影响[J].北方农业学报,2024,52(6):83-93.
[46] 程琪,毛霞丽,孙涛,等.长期化肥与不同有机物料配施对土壤微生物生态化学计量特征和群落结构的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2024,30(2):209-220.
[47] 刘晓霞,陆若辉,戴佩彬,等.化肥与有机肥长期配施对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响[J].浙江农业科学,2018,59(5):694-697.
[48] 汤建东,叶细养,饶国良,等.土壤肥力长期定位试验研究初报[J].生态环境学报,1999(2):113-116.
[49] 王伟华,刘毅,唐海明,等.长期施肥对稻田土壤微生物量、群落结构和活性的影响[J].环境科学,2018,39(1):430-437.
[50] 张海斌,蒙美莲,陈有君,等.轮作模式对马铃薯干物质积累、库活性及产量构成因素的影响[J].北方农业学报,2020,48(2):1-7.
[51] 李守华. 长期秸秆还田对提高小麦-玉米轮作耕层土壤养分及产量分析[J].中国农学通报,2022,38(14):60-64.
[52] 张雪梅,陈检锋,尹梅,等.不同绿肥翻压对马铃薯产量及土壤肥力的影响[J].西南农业学报,2025,38(3):629-635.
[53] 何志邦. 滇东北地区燕麦/玉米轮作对牧草产量和营养品质以及土壤肥力的影响[D].昆明:云南农业大学,2024.
[54] 马玉,徐士璎,张斌,等.覆盖栽培对旱地冬小麦土壤肥力及产量的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2025,53(1):124-132.
[55] GIACOMETTI C,MAZZON M,CAVANI L,et al.Rotation and fertilization effects on soil quality and yields in a long term field experiment[J].Agronomy,2021,11(4):636.
[56] 郑孟静,李岩,贾秀领.主要农作物多样化轮作制度研究进展及展望[J].华北农学报,2021,36(S1):215-221.
[57] 冯牧野. 长期不同施肥对中性紫色土肥力变化的影响[D].重庆:西南大学,2015.
[58] 黄婷,王旭东,王彩霞,等.黄土高原沟壑区果园土壤质量现状评价[J].现代农业科技,2009(21):212-214.
[59] 张文学,王少先,刘增兵,等.基于土壤肥力质量综合指数评价化肥与有机肥配施对红壤稻田肥力的提升作用[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2021,27(5):777-790.
[60] 陈智坤,郝雅珺,任英英,等.长期定位施肥对两种小麦耕作系统土壤肥力的影响[J].土壤,2021,53(1):105-111.
[61] 黄兴成,李渝,白怡婧,等.长期不同施肥下黄壤综合肥力演变及作物产量响应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24(6):1484-1491.