The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of egg weight and egg shape index（longitudinal diameter/transverse diameter） on incubation of breeding eggs of Lhasa white chicken. Hatching eggs were selected from the 47-week-old Lhasa white chicken of the third generation. The eggs were grouped according to their weight and were incubated under the same condition. The egg shape index of groupⅠ（egg weight ≤45.0 g）, group Ⅱ（egg weight ranged from 45.1 g to 50.0 g）, group Ⅲ（egg weight ranged from 50.1 g to 55.0 g）, group Ⅳ（egg weight ranged from 55.1 g to 60.0 g）, and group Ⅴ（egg weight 60.0 g） was（1.27±0.05）,（1.27±0.05）,（1.27±0.05）,（1.28±0.05）, and（1.31±0.05）, respectively. The results showed that the average value of longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and egg shape index, fertility rate, hatching rate of breeding eggs and fertilized eggs, and birth weight of chicks were elevated with the increase of breeding eggs weight. The highest values of the above indexes were all observed in groupⅤwhich had the highest average egg weight of（61.03±0.82）g, and they were（58.13±1.68）mm,（44.59±0.79）mm,（1.31±0.05）, 98.15%, 85.19%, 86.79%, and（42.48±1.98） g, respectively. The highest healthy chick rate（96.09%） was found in group Ⅱ. The highest ratio of chick birth weight to breeding egg weight was observed in group Ⅰ[（69.91±2.71）%]. The egg weight had extremely significantly positive correlation with longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and egg shape index（P〈0.01）. In conclusion, the egg weight and egg shape index have great effect on incubation of breeding eggs of Lhasa white chicken; eggs with higher weight（45.0 g） are recommended; the appropriate range of egg shape index is relatively wider, and a satisfied incubation effect will achieve when the egg shape index is higher than 1.27.

In order to determine the prescription process of honeycomb polysaccharide tablets, a method of sulfuric acid - phenol was used to treat a variety of pharmaceutic adjuvants, and the CaHPO4, PPVP and PVPK30 which had no interferences on determination of honeycomb polysaccharide content were screened to serve as diluent agent, disintegrating agent and binder, respectively. Furthermore, using the doses of pharmaceutic adjuvants and the tableting pressure as indices, the prescription was screened by L9 （34） orthogonal test combined with comprehensive scoring method. The results showed that the optimized prescription process was 22% of honeycomb polysaccharide, 52% of CaHPO4, 10% of PPVP, 15% of PVPK30 （15%） - ethanol （90%）, 1% of magnesium stearate, and 4.2 N of tableting pressure. Under this condition, three batches of samples were successfully prepared, and the friability, disintegration time limit and weight variation of them were all qualified. In addition, the average content of honeycomb polysaccharide was all above 97% and the ten-minute accumulative dissolution reached up to 90%. In conclusion, the optimized process was demonstrated to be reasonable and feasible.

In order to enrich the research literature about the morphology of Grus grus, a systematical observation on morphological structures of the digestive tract of Grus grus was carried out. The results showed that Grus grus had a developed tongue avoiding the food from rolling out of the mouth; esophagus was a muscular tube with biggish retractility, and there was developed longitudinal plica in the internal wall; no obvious crop was observed; there were short and small papilla on the surface of the glandular stomach; the muscular stomach was well developed and covered with yellow horniness inside; the small intestine was relatively developed and the longest in the intestine; the appendix was quite developed. In conclusion, the Grus grus has typical characteristics of digestive system of omnivorous bird.

[Objective] To develop an evaluation method of measurement uncertainty in alkaline phosphatase （ALP） via instrumental method. [Methods] According to the detection principle of ALP and related item in Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement （JJF 1059.1 2012）, the study analyzed the sources of the component of uncertainty and worked out the combining uncertainty and expand uncertainty. [ Results] The measurement uncertainty of ALP was 5.89% and the expand uncertainty was 11.78% （k=2） when the confidence level was set at 95%.[Conclusion] The measurement of uncertainty can systemically and comprehensively reflect the detection result via ascertaining the involved links and determining the component of uncertainty. Based on the obtained measurement uncertainty, detection quality could be effectively improved.

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of different diluents on semen quality of Lezhi black goat. Three kinds of diluents including citric acid - Tris （No.1）, phosphate （No.2） and OviXcell （No.3） were prepared; fresh semen samples were collected from eight Lezhi black goats and were subsequently cryopreserved with the three kinds of diluents, respectively; the sperm motility, sperm abnormality rate and sperm acrosome intact rate of the semen samples cryopreserved with different diluents at the time points of post collection, post balance and post thawing were determined and compared, respectively. The results showed that the highest sperm motility and sperm acrosome intact rate as well as the lowest sperm abnormality rate were observed in the semen samples cryopreserved with OviXcell （No.3）. It is indicated that the diluent of OviXcell has superior performance in in vitro cryopreservation of Lezhi black goat semen.

This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between GHRH gene and sheep growth traits and to search the potential molecular marker associated with the growth traits of sheep. The polymorphisms of rs400079090 and rs419322328 loci of G H RH gene in Suffolk and Kazak crossbred adult ewes were determined. Furthermore, the association of their polymorphisms with the growth traits of the ewes was assessed. The results showed that 3 genotypes were identified at rs400079090 locus and TT genotype was absent at rs419322328 locus; the individuals of GG genotype at rs419322328 locus had significantly higher chest width（P〈0.05） and extremely significantly lower body length（P〈0.01 ）compared to those of GT genotype. In conclusion, effects of two SNPs of GHRH gene on the growth traits of Suffolk and Kazak crossbred adult ewes were identified in this study, and the GH RH gene could serve as a candidate gene for marker-assisted selection of sheep growth traits.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different forage-to-concentrate ratios in diets of hybrids of Tan sheep~ Small-tailed Han sheep on reproductive performance, healthy status and fattening economic benefit. A total of 48 healthy weaned hybrid lambs were randomly assigned to three groups and were fed with the pelleted total mixed ration. The forage-to-concentrate ratio in diet of the three groups were 65：35, 60：40 and 55：45, respectively. The results showed that the fattening hybrid lambs fed the diet with the three designed forage-to-concentrate ratios were all in healthy status; the hybrid lambs fed diet with forage-to- concentrate ratio of 60：40 had the best growth performance and the highest fattening economic benefit; the recommended fattening period was approximately 60 days.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with compound nutrients on meat productivity and quality of Zabuye goats. A total of 60 2-year-old Zabuye wether goats with similar body weight were randomly assigned into control group, experimental Ⅰ group, experimental Ⅱ group and experimental Ⅲ group. During the experimental period, the goats were freely grazed daily according to the herdsmen′ grazing habit; supplementary feeding was made with 280 g of pelleted concentrate for each goat per day at night; fresh grass and hay of oat were fed to appetite; the diet of experimental Ⅰ,Ⅱand Ⅲ groups was supplemented with 20 g of compound nutrients Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ per goat, respectively; on the morning of the 56 th day of the experiment, the live weight of the goats was determined and their weight gain rate during the fattening period was calculated; 10 goats were randomly selected from the control group and each experimental group, respective, they were subsequently slaughtered and the indicators associated with meat productivity and longissimus dorsi meat quality were calculated and statistically analyzed. The results showed that the dietary supplementation with compound nutrients promoted the growth of fattening Zabuye goats; the 3 compound nutrients supplementation groups had extremely significantly higher live weight gain and weight gain rate compared to the control group（P〈0.01）, and had significantly or extremely significantly higher dressing percentage to the control group（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Reduced moisture content（P〈0.05）, increased fat content（P〈0.01） and decreased shear stress（P〈0.05） of the longissimus dorsi were observed in the 3 compound nutrients supplementation groups,indicating that the taste of the meat was obviously improved. Furthermore, the contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids, VA, VB_1 and VB_（12） of the longissimus dorsi in the 3 compound nutrients supplementation groups were found significantly or extremely significantly elevated（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）, while the content of cholesterol were found reduced（P〈0.05）, indicating that the nutritive value of the meat was also obviously improved. Our results provide technical support for the short term fattening of Zabuye goats in the northern Tibetan pastoral areas where forage is relatively deficient.

This experiment was conducted to study the dynamic variation rule of crude protein content of 15 mulberry varieties for feed use in different growth periods in Chongqing Region. A total of 15 different varieties of two-year-old mulberry for feed use were used as experimental materials, and the crude protein content in their leaves in three different growth stages, including germination period, vigorous growth period and slow growth period were determined, respectively. The results showed that in the germination period, the highest and lowest crude protein content in leaves were observed in the varieties of Chongsang（22.41%）and Yanbiansang 27~#（14.45%）, respectively; in the vigorous growth period, the varieties of Kuisang（20.82%） and Yanbiansang27~#（13.81%） had the highest and lowest crude protein content in leaves, respectively; in the slow growth period, the varieties of Chongsang（19.95%） and Yunnan No.10（19.09%） maintained a higher level of crude protein in leaves, while the lower crude protein content in leaves were found in the variety of Jialing No.16（13.44%）; during the whole growth period, for most of the mulberry varieties, the crude protein content in leaves exhibited an decreasing trend in different degrees, and the most obvious decreasing trend was observed in the varieties of Kuisang, Shuangtouheyebai and Jialing No.16; nevertheless, for the varieties of Yunnan No.10, Dazhonghua, Xinyizhilai, Chongsang and Fengtai, the crude protein content in leaves expressed an elevating tendency from vigorous growth period to slow growth period. Our results provide experimental basis for understanding the dynamic variation rule of nutritional value of mulberry leaves for feed use in different growth periods and implementing scientific and rational feed utilization of mulberry.

In this study, a fattening experiment was carried out under the confined condition to evaluate the feeding effect of different ecological feed formulations on new breed of black goat, and the breeding economic benefit was also analyzed. The results showed that except E group, there were significant differences in daily weight gain between CK and the other experimental groups; the highest and lowest daily weight gain were observed in C group（246.32 g per goat） and CK（186.24 g per goat）,respectively, and the daily weight gain of C group was 60.08 g per goat higher than that of CK, indicating the increasing range of32.20%; compared with the CK, the daily weight gain of A, B, D and E groups were also increased by 20.01%, 10.13%, 12.09%and 2.15%, respectively. The highest total feed intake was observed in E group（2 951.65 kg） and the lowest was found in A group（1 339.50 kg）; the highest average daily feed intake was observed in E group（3.28 kg per day per goat） and the lowest was found in A group（1.49 kg per day per goat）. In terms of fattening economic benefit, C group exhibited the best performance and its economic benefit was increased by 72.67% compared to CK. In conclusion, the formulation C is demonstrated to be more suitable for the modern ecological breeding of goats and has wide application prospects.

The poultry industry is looking for ways to reduce its dependence on antibiotic growth-promoting agents and antimicrobial agents to avoid the production of drug-resistant bacteria and drug residues. Therefore, some natural substances, such as probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotic bacteria, organic acids, feed enzymes and phytogenic extracts, have gradually become the research focus on the development of poultry feed additives. In this paper, the beneficial effect, mechanism and matters needing attention of the antibiotic substitute used as feed additive in poultry breeding are described in detail, in hoping to lay a theoretical foundation for poultry production practice.

Probiotics is a kind of non-toxic, safe and environmental friendly microecological or living-bacteria preparation. It has been widely recognized in the modern livestock breeding industry. It can not only promote animal growth, prevent diseases, improve productive performance and ameliorate breeding environment, but also has no chemical residues. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in characteristics of formulation types, preparation process, application effectiveness and development trend of the feeding probiotics currently used in animal breeding industry.

The present study was designed to scientifically evaluate the nutritional value and quality grade of the commonly used sheep roughage in Bayannur City of Inner Mongolia.Some roughage varieties frequently employed in sheep breeding in this region were chosen as materials to assess their GI value by using the parameters of dry matter intake,energy and crude protein content.The results showed that Elymus dahuricus was 3rdgrade,Avena sativa was 3rdgrade,Leymus secalinus was 4thgrade,Cleistogenes songorica was 4thgrade,Setaria viridis was 4thgrade,sorghum hybrid sudangrass was 4thgrade,Lolium perenne was 4thgrade,Echinochloa frumentacea 5thgrade,sweet sorghum was 5thgrade,Stipa tianschanica var.gobiea was 4thgrade,Echinochloa crusgalli was 5thgrade,Agropyron cristatum was 5thgrade,Eragrostis pilosa was 5thgrade,Leymus chinensis was 5thgrade,Hordeum vulgare was 5thgrade,millet straw was 5thgrade;among the frequently used crop straw,sunflower straw was 5thgrade,sunflower calathide was 2ndgrade,sorghum straw was 5thgrade,corn straw was 5thgrade,wheat straw was 5thgrade,corn cob was 5thgrade;among the frequently used silage,whole plant corn silage was 5thgrade,sunflower straw＋corn straw silage was 5thgrade,tomato pomace＋wheat straw silage was 4thgrade.

In order to alleviate the status of lacking pasture in winter and limited available varieties of high quality forage in Ningnan mountain area and to provide scientific basis for the forage utilization in this region, a silage preparation experiment was conducted with two maize varieties （Jingang No.50 and Tnyu No.168） and five gramineous forage varieties （Dalishi sweet sorghum, Guyuan forage sorghum, grain amaranth, Danyan 444, Dongmu 70 alfalfa）. The quality and nutritional value of the silage prepared with different varieties of forage was determined. The results showed that silage could be successfully prepared with every single forage variety of the seven tested forage varieties, while poor quality was observed in silage singlely prepared with grain amaranth or Dongmu 70 alfalfa, indicating the necessity of the appropriately mixed use of these two forage varieties.

The aim of the present study was to screen the forage barley varieties suitable planted in saline alkali soil, to evaluate the feed use value of barley varieties planted in medium - mild saline alkali soil in Hetao area, and to provide references for improve the utilization of barley varieties in saline alkali soil. Four screened barley varieties suitable planted in Hetao area, including 08PJ-25, Mengpimai No.3, Mengpimai No.4 and Mengpimai No.5, were used as materials to evaluate their forage yield and nutritional quality at the same growth period by using randomized block experiment. The results showed that among the four tested barley varieties, the Mengpimai No.3 had the best performance in fresh grass yield （24 364.28 kg/hm2）, hay yield （6 710.84 kg/hm2） and crude protein content （10.00%）. It is indicated that this variety is suitable for planting in medium - mild saline alkali soil in Hetao area.

Based on the climate characteristics and the forage requirement in Wumeng mountain area of Guizhou Province, the mixed seeding experiments of Medicago sativa cv. Beilin 202 with Bromus catharticus cv. Qiannan and Dactylis glomerata cv.Qiancao No.4 were conducted, respectively. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the increasing production benefit of Medicago sativa cv. Beilin 202 with Bromus catharticus cv. Qiannan and Dactylis glomerata cv. Qiancao No.4 in mixed seeding system, a comparative analysis was carried out between the mixed seeding population and the single seeding mode of the three kinds of forage grass from the aspects of growth period, yield, nutritional quality and feeding value. The results showed that the yield of mixed seeding grass with Medicago sativa cv. Beilin 202 was increased by 7.57% and 8.00% than that of the single seeding of Bromus catharticus cv. Qiannan and Dactylis glomerata cv. Qiancao No.4, respectively, and the economic benefits were increased by 14.01% and 15.34%, respectively. In conclusion, the mixed seeding of Medicago sativa cv. Beilin 202 with gramineous forage not only increases the herbage yield but also elevates the herbage feed value, and good economic benefit is gained.

[Objective] To assess the number and species distribution of bacteria in the air of large-scale donkey farms and to guide the prevention and control of the bacterial diseases in the donkey farms. [Methods] Natural sedimentation method was used to collect the bacterial samples in the air inside and around the donkey houses. The bacteria were cultured, counted and identified by plate method. [Results] The total bacterial count in the air of donkey farms ranged from 8.39×10~3 to 3.43×10~4 CFU/m~3; there was higher total bacterial count in the air of nursery donkey houses（closed houses） than that of the delivery donkey houses（semi-open houses） and male donkey houses（open houses）; the lowest total bacterial count was observed in the air of male donkey houses. The pollution range of the donkey farm to the surrounding air environment was 200 m. The dominant bacterial species in the air were found as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [Conclusion]There are diverse bacterial species in the air of large-scale donkey farms; the bacterial number inside the donkey houses is associated with their open types; the total bacterial count in the air around the donkey farms is decreased with the increase of distance from the donkey farms.

Using conventional meteorological observation data, satellite remote sensing images and ground automatic weather station data, a strong sandstorm process in Tongliao was analyzed. The results showed that the strong Mongolian cyclone and the ground cold front were the main influencing factors associated with the strong sandstorm weather; the upper level jet streams and the strong surface pressure gradient were favorable for the strengthening of wind and sandstorm; the divergence field and the potential pseudo-equivalent temperature distribution feature provided powerful dynamic and thermal conditions for the strong sandstorm, respectively; the terrain feature, the early climate conditions and the underlying surface with sand dust source were the material basis for the formation of sandstorm. The satellite remote sensing and the real-time surface auto-observation data had indicative significance for sandstorm; the strong wind and sandstorm not only affected the agricultural production and peoples＇ life, but also destroyed the grassland ecological environment and animal husbandry production.

Under the background of ′Implementing the Rural Vitalization Strategic Program′, in order to promote the development process of characteristic industry of northwest Tibet cashmere goat, combined with our practical working experiences, we gave an overview of development status of northwest Tibet cashmere goat industry, analyzed the existing bottleneck problems that restricted the northwest Tibet cashmere goat industry development, and proposed some effective countermeasures to improve the development of featured ecological industry of northwest Tibet cashmere goat, in hoping to provide references for promoting the sustainable development of northwest Tibet cashmere goat industry and boosting the implementation of rural and pastoral areas vitalization strategic program.

Recent studies have demonstrated that glycoalkaloids has the properties of anti-cancer, anti-fungi, anti-virus, serving as immune adjuvant of vaccine, degrading cholesterol, anti-inflammation, activating blood circulation, and relieving pain in clinical application. The recent research progress on classification, physicochemical properties and pharmaceutical application of glycoalkaloids were introduced in this article, in hoping to provide references for the research and development of the marketed preparation of glycoalkaloids.

This article gives an overview of the undergraduates training mode of aquaculture major in local colleges and universities in northwest region and the current situation of talents demand. Based on China＇s higher education and aquaculture talents training mode in the 21st century higher education, combined with the cultivation of regional talents, the training direction of undergraduates in aquaculture major in local colleges and universities in northwest region is comprehensively determined. Furthermore, we propose that the cultivation of international talents is bound to become the developmental direction of the talents training in major of aquaculture in this region in the future.

The post practice in application-oriented university under ＂3 ＋1＂ talents cultivation mode is considered as quasi- employment and is an important measure for the transformational development of the application -oriented university. Nevertheless, it is difficult for the undergraduates to utilize their knowledge learned in university appropriately to the different posts. Accordingly, there is an inevitable gap between the learned knowledge and practical application. Furthermore, the unhealthy emotion that there＇s no scope for their knowledge and abilities is formed. In view of this phenomenon, the content of practice stage and the practical skill that should be obtained as well as their importance are expounded from the aspects of background, objective, significance, teaching organization, implementation plans, employment direction and post, and

Based on the many-year teaching experience and the industry development situation, the teaching reform of Veterinary Lemology is explored from the aspects of teaching contents, teaching methods and examination ways, in hoping to improve the teaching quality of this curriculum and to cultivate the talents in veterinary medicine who meet the social demand.

Fermentation Engineering experiment is one of the main courses for undergraduates in biotechnology and related majors, which plays a vital role in improving undergraduates＇ practical ability and innovation ability. According to the problems existing in the experimental teaching in this curriculum, we reformed and perfected the teaching content, teaching mode, assessment system and teaching conditions. Furthermore, the obtained methods were applied in the teaching practice and the teaching effect was improved effectively.

The construction of teaching and learning style is an important indicator for evaluating the educational guiding ideology, educational quality and management level of a university. The present study analyzed the existing problems in construction of teaching style of veterinary medicine teachers, such as occupational burnout, non-rigorous academic attitude and weak educational consciousness, and expounded the existing problems in construction of learning style of veterinary medicine undergraduates, such as poor Mandarin Chinese, negative learning attitude and weak initiative in learning. We proposed that the teachers should carry forward fine teachers＇ moral, cultivate rigorous teaching style, be worthy of the name of the teacher, teach by personal example and verbal instruction. Furthermore, the subject position of the undergraduates should be strengthened and the cultivation of learning style should be promoted by the construction of teaching style. We hope to train the high-quality veterinary medicine talents with good humanistic quality, noble occupational ethics and perfect professional veterinary clinical skills.

In order to solve the problems of inbreeding and serious variety degeneration in local goats in Zhaojue Region of Sichuan Province, the hybrid experiment was conducted with Jianchang black goats as female parent and Meigu black goats as male parent which were introduced from Huili County and Meigu County of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, respectively. The growth adaptability of the crossbred black goats in Zhaojue Region was observed and the productive parameters of the introduced black goats and crossbred F1 goats were determined. The results showed that the average daily weight gain of the crossbred F1 female goats and male ones were 122.87 g and 143.62 g, respectively, which were similar to that in the origin; there were no obvious differences in body size trait between the introduced 12- to 24-month-old black goats and their counterparts in the origin, while the introduced ones had higher body weight compared to the ones with the same age in the origin; the body weight of the introduced female black goats older than 24 months was 23.14% higher than that of the ones with the same age in the origin. The combined data suggest that the introduced black goats have good adaptability to the environment in Zhaojue Region and the crossbred F1 black goats produced by the introduced black goats have normal growth performance in this region.

Calf diarrhea is one of the most common diseases that seriously endanger the growth of calves. It may lead to the death or dysplasia of calves if not treated on time and causes huge economic losses to dairy farming industry. Clinically, non-infectious and infectious factors are the two factors mainly attributed to the calf diarrhea. Infectious factors mainly include bacterial infections, viral infections and parasitic infections. This paper mainly focuses on the pathogenesis, prevention and control measures of calf diarrhea that caused by viral infection, in hoping to provide theoretical basis for the healthy development of dairy farming.

In order to understand the epidemiological characteristics of dermatosis in pet dog＇s population in Changde region of Hunan Province, a retrospective study was conducted based on the medical records of the pet dogs with dermatosis which had visited the animal hospitals in this region. The total incidence and category of the dermatosis in pet dogs were calculated and analyzed, and the association of dermatosis occurrence in pet dogs with their varieties, genders, ages and seasons was evaluated. The results showed that the incidence of dermatosis in pet dog＇s population in Changde region was 15.9%; the highest incidence was observed in poodle, accounting for 41.1% of the total cases; 1 - to 3-year-old dogs had higher incidence; ears were the highly vulnerable locations; mixed infection was the main etiology; summer was the high-occurrence season for this disease.

Rapid and reliable detection of pathogens is critical for the prevention and treatment of animal epidemic diseases. In recent years, with the development of automation, high throughput and current use of molecular detection, various new molecular diagnostic techniques based on PCR amplification are proved to be more fast, specific, sensitive, and reliable in pathogen detection compared to the traditional detection methods. As the new types of molecular diagnostic techniques gradually mature, they are promising for broad application in different field, such as animal disease detection and identification, and entry-exit inspection and quarantine and so on. Furthermore, a wide range of epidemiology can be conducted with the new molecular diagnostic techniques, which is helpful for taking measures for scientific prevention and control of animal epidemics.