[Objective] To establish a kinetic model of batch fermentation of Cordyceps sinensis.[Method] Batch culture of Cordyceps sinensis were performed with a 7 L mechanically stirred fermenter, and the metabolic processes of the cells, extracellular products and substrates were analyzed.Based on Logistic equation and Luedeking-Piret equation, the non-linear fitting and related parameters solving were carried out by using 1stOpt software to establish a fermentation kinetic model of cell growth, extracellular oxalic acid (D-mannitol) synthesis and sugar consumption.[Result] The estimated model parameters obtained by fitting were basically consistent with the fermentation law.The simultaneous fitting R2 of the three separate models was 0.986 5, and R2 of the fitting curves of the cells, products and substrates are 0.971 9, 0.988 0 and 0.991 7, respectively.[Conclusion] The model fits well and can characterize the fermentation kinetic of Cordyceps sinensis.

[Objective] To establish a HPLC method for determination of oxymatrine content in a botanical acaricidal bath agent for external use.[Method] The separation was performed with the commercially available chromatographic column of Waters XBridge C18 (4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm).Methanol-0.05 mol/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate (containing 0.5% sodium perchlorate)(15:85) was used as mobile phase,the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min,the detection wavelength was 220 nm,the sample volume was 10 μL,and the column temperature was 30 ℃.[Result]There was a good linearity between the peak areas and the mass concentrations of oxymatrine in the range of 0.020 592 - 0.457 47 mg/mL (Y=5.72e+006X+1.13e+004,R^2=0.9998).The RSD of the precision test (n=6),repeatability test (n=6) and recovery test was 0.3%,1.0% and 1.6%,respectively.[Conclusion] The established HPLC method has the advantages of simplicity,speed,good stability and high repeatability,and can be used in quality control of the botanical acaricidal bath agent for external use.

[Objective] To establish a drug-induced acute kidney injury model in dog.[Method] A total of 16 healthy adult beagle dogs were subcutaneously injected with 20 mg/kg gentamicin every 8 h.The serum creatinine concentration (SCr) before injection was used as the baseline,and the blood samples were recovered every 6 h after injection to determine the SCr.When there was no significant increase in SCr,SCr increased near the upper limit of normal value,and SCr increased 1.5 times to baseline,the pathological changes of renal tissue were observed,and the model of canine drug-induced acute kidney injury was determined.[Result] SCr was significantly increased at 78 h post gentamicin injection (P<0.05).The SCr of the tested dogs reached 1.5 times of the baseline during 120 h to 132 h post injection.When the SCr was 1.5 times higher than that of the baseline,the following pathological changes were observed: extensive degeneration and necrosis of renal tubules in renal cortex,increased cell debris and granules in lumen of renal tubules,the bare basement membrane,and the minor damage in renal medulla.Compared with the healthy controls,the difference in renal injury score after injection was statistically significant (P<0.05),and the renal injury gradually deteriorated with the prolonged medication time.[Conclusion] A model of canine drug-induced acute kidney injury can be successfully established by subcutaneous injection of 20 mg/kg of gentamicin every 8 h till the SCr was 1.5 times higher than that of the baseline.

In order to optimize the extraction process of Pulsatilla chinensis,the DPPH free radical scavenging rate of the Pulsatilla chinensis extracts was used as the evaluation index.The effects of different factors,such as solid-liquid ratio,extraction duration,extraction times and extraction temperature,on the ability of Pulsatilla chinensis extracts to remove DPPH free radicals were investigated.The single factor results were optimized by using orthogonal test.The highest DPPH free radical scavenging rate of the Pulsatilla chinensis extracts was observed when the solid-liquid ratio,extraction duration,extraction times and extraction temperature were 1∶40,45 min,2 times and 60 ℃,respectively,which reached up to 54.9%.Our results demonstrated that extraction method has an impact on the removal of DPPH free radicals by the Pulsatilla chinensis extracts.High temperature and long-term extraction may exert a destructive effect on the active components of Pulsatilla chinensis extracts which play important roles in DPPH free radicals scavenging.

In order to assess the meat quality of different breeds of fattening Tibetan sheep after slaughtering,a group of 3-year-old stud rams belonging to four Tibetan sheep breeds,including Awang sheep,Gamba sheep,Pengbo semi-fine wool sheep and Amdo sheep were selected in this study.Under the same feeding and management conditions,the rams were fattened in a manner of ′semi-confinedness + fresh grass + straw + formula concentrate' for a period of three months.After slaughtering,the longissimus dorsi muscle of 1 kg was sampled from each ram individual and was used to perform meat quality analysis.The highest sensory score,the best acceptability,the highest brightness value (L^* value was 43.09),and the best gloss were observed in the meat of Gamba sheep.For the meat of this breed,the shearing force was 2 960 g,the hardness was 1 140 g,the cohesive force was 0.419 kPa,and the elastic force was 0.25 N,indicating the best texture quality;the meat water-holding capacity was 34.3%,the cooking loss rate was 30.3%,suggesting the features of tender and soft.In addition,the Gamba sheep meat had the highest contents of total fatty acids,saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids,which were 5.96,2.89 and 3.08 g/100 g,respectively.Except for Awang sheep,the ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids and the ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids in meat of the other three breeds of Tibetan sheep exceeded or approached to the standards set by the Food and Agriculture Organization of UN and the World Health Organization.The highest values of total amount of amino acids and essential amino acids were observed in Amdo sheep meat,which were 22.8 and 9.89 g/100 g dry matter,respectively.The combined data suggest that Gamba sheep meat has the highest sensory score as well as the best food quality and processing quality,and Ando sheep meat has the highest nutritional value.

The aim of this study was to establish a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B1,B2,G1 and G2 in feed.The sample was extracted with methanol solution,purified by immune-affinity column,separated by C18 reverse phase column,derivatized by photochemical derivatizer,and analyzed by fluorescence detector.The results showed that the four tested aflatoxins showed a good linear relationship in the range of 0.5-20 ng/mL,and the recovery was 71.6%-89.0%.The established HPLC method was used to detect the total amount of aflatoxin in five kinds of feed samples.The detection rate ranged from 74.0% to 86.7%,and the detected value of aflatoxin ranged from 0.5 to 4.3 μg/kg.In conclusion,the established HPLC method has high precision and good repeatability,providing an effective analytical method for monitoring the level of aflatoxin in feed.

The objectives of this study were to characterize the feeding,rumination and idleness behavior and nutrient apparent digestibility at different lactation stages in dairy cows.Eight lactating cows with similar body weight and parity were selected in this experiment.Four cows were in the high lactation stage and four cows were in the late lactation stage.All cows were fed for 20 days in preliminary trial period and 15 days in the formal trial period.The results showed that the daily intake of dairy cows in the high lactation period was 21.2 kg DM,which was significantly higher than that in the late lactation period (14.1 kg DM,P<0.01).While there was no significant difference in the intake time and frequency between the two groups (P>0.05),the intake time per kilogram of DM of dairy cows in the high lactation period was significantly lower than that in the late lactation period (P<0.01).The total daily rumination time was significantly lower in high lactation group than in late lactation group (P<0.01),and the rumination time per kilogram of DMI was significantly lower in high lactation group than in late lactation group (P<0.01).There was no significant difference in lying,walking and standing duration between the two groups (P>0.05).The apparent digestibility of dietary NDF and ADF of dairy cows in high lactation period was significantly lower than in the late lactation period (P<0.01).The apparent digestibility of NDF for the dairy cows in high and late lactation period was 55.8% and 67.8%,respectively,and the apparent digestibility of ADF for the dairy cows in high and late lactation period was 44.2% and 60.7%,respectively.

This study was conducted to explore a new method for determining the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in forage.Single herbage,mixed herbage and silage in Inner Mongolia were selected as experimental materials,and the traditional Van Soest method was used as the control (NDF method).High temperature-resistant alpha-amylase was added during the determination process of NDF content in forage,and an additional ashing step (aNDFom method) was also included.The differences in NDF content of varied herbage samples determined by the two separate methods were statistically compared.The results showed that there was no significant difference in the contents of NDF and aNDFom among different forages (P>0.05),but the values of aNDFom were lower than those of NDF,and the content of ash in all of the tested forage samples was higher than 1%.In conclusion,it can be seen that aNDFom (NDF value reported by amylase and sodium sulfate for ash-free treatment) has higher accuracy and is more suitable for the determination of NDF content in forage.

Animal nutrition is an extremely important and core branch of animal husbandry.Its development and progress drive the sustainable development of the entire feed industry and even the animal husbandry industry.Starting from the concept of nutrition,this paper retrospected several important stages and landmark achievements in the development of animal nutrition,analyzed the limitations and shortcomings of traditional animal nutrition,and proposed future developmental direction of domestic animal nutrition based on the current developmental stage and feature of this discipline.From the aspects of strategy formulation,research focus,theoretical system,research field,technology research and development,and ecological protection,the constructing of systematic animal nutrition system and unrevealing of ‘black box’ in animal nutrition research were emphasized,so as to implement the dialectical unity of resource environment,animal production and human health with disciplinary development.

The action mechanism of probiotics in animals as well as their application status and prospects in livestock breeding industry were summarized,in hoping to provide reference for the scientific and rational use of probiotics in livestock breeding industry.

In livestock production,the feed mildew caused by improper storage,high temperature and high humidity is a commonly observed and severe problem,and the moldy feed seriously endangers the health of livestock and poultry,causing a great waste of resources.Addition of fodder mildew inhibitor in livestock and poultry feed is one of the effective measures to prevent feed mildew.In this paper,the utilization status of the commonly used fodder mildew inhibitors and their application conditions were introduced,the factors that affected the application effect of fodder mildew inhibitors were analyzed,and the development of fodder mildew inhibitors in the future was prospected,in holing to provide a reference for the scientific applications as well as research and development of fodder mildew inhibitors.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between growth performance,reproductive performance of hybrid wild boar and their rearing environment,movement intensity and feed preparation.With consideration of the habits of wild boar,the rearing environment in the stocking area,including wild boar nest,ecological environment and vegetation was simulated to provide a more extensive movement environment and more access to wild food.The results showed that the number of litter and survival piglets were found significantly higher in the free-ranging hybrid wild boars compared to the confined ones (P<0.05 or P<0.01),whereas the weight gain rate was observed significantly lower in free-ranging ones (P<0.05).It can be concluded that the weight gain rate of the fattening hybrid wild boar reared in confined condition is significantly higher than the ones reared in a free-ranging condition,and the feeding management in confined condition is less difficult.Accordingly,the hybrid wild boars were suitable for intensive large-scale breeding.

Zhongdian yak is the main livestock breed in high-altitude areas in Deqen Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. However, there are some problems in rearing of Zhongdian yak calves under the traditional breeding condition, which mainly manifest in the following aspects: warming facilities shortage, inadequate suckling, low level of supplementary feeding,poor physical condition, and deficient prevention and treatment measures against diseases. Therefore, in view of the existing problems in rearing of Zhongdian yak calves, a series of key technical measures, such as strengthening the construction of warming facilities, enhancing the management of pregnant female yak, and emphasizing the rearing, supplementary feeding and disease prevention and control of newborn yak, were proposed.

Lipoprotein lipase,a hydrolytic enzyme involving in fat decomposition,transport and deposition,has genetic polymorphisms that play important roles in animals.Abnormalities in the LPL gene can lead to varying degrees of physiological and pathological changes in animals.In recent years,studies have found that LPL genes in mammalian can be used as a genetic marker gene.The research progress of the biological function of LPL gene in livestock and its relationship with carcass quality was reviewed,in hoping to provide a scientific basis for further revealing the biological function of this gene and giving full play to its role in improving livestock carcass quality.

Pharmacological studies have found that Astragalus flavonoids have strong antioxidant properties which can effectively remove ROS and alleviate oxidative damage.In this paper,the research progress of the main components,extraction technology and biological function of Astragalus flavonoids were reviewed.

Stable isotope fingerprints and mineral element fingerprints can be used to identify the origin production areas of livestock products.The basic principles and applications of stable isotope fingerprints and mineral element fingerprints in the origin traceability technology research of livestock products were expounded.In addition,in view of the existing problems in research of origin traceability technology,some improving countermeasures were put forward.

Through systematic analysis of the existing problems faced by teaching animal hospitals in the practical teaching process,an interactive teaching platform was designed based on cloud technology.The established platform digitizes the clinical information,integrates LIS,HIS,and PACS platforms,combinates audio with video.It overcomes the limitations of time and space for practical teaching of clinical veterinary medicine,and achieves seamless integration of teaching,clinical practice,and case file construction.Accordingly,the application of this platform has produced a good teaching effect and certain social repercussions,constructing a crucial platform of innovation and entrepreneurship for undergraduates.

‘Rain classroom’ supports teachers' teaching and management as well as undergraduates' learning and interaction.It can realize the organic connection of different links of classroom teaching (before-during-after of class).The application of ‘rain classroom’ in teaching of Forage Production Science can greatly improve undergraduates' learning enthusiasm and teaching effectiveness.We elaborated the teaching current situation of Forage Production Science,introduced the characteristics of ‘rain classroom’,and expounded the teaching mode of Forage Production Science based on ‘rain classroom’.

In this paper,we analyzed the existing problems in teaching process of Livestock Breeding and the effect of case-based teaching method in this course.By introducing the newest scientific research results,we carefully selected the new breed of livestock cultivated by our scientific research team as the teaching case,and discussed the implementation process and application effect of the case-based teaching method in Livestock Breeding.

The experimental course of Animal Anatomy is an indispensable link of high-quality talents cultivation in animal breeding industry.The scientific teaching methods and means are the key for improving the practical operation ability and clinical problem-solving ability of undergraduates majoring in veterinary medicine.In order to improve the teaching methods and skills of the professional courses,the current teaching status,existing problems and evaluation mechanism of the experimental course of Animal Anatomy in Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economics were expounded,and the innovative modes and specific measures of the experimental course were discussed,in hoping to provide references for improving experimental teaching quality of Animal Anatomy.

The importance of practical teaching in construction of Feed Production and the necessity and urgency of reforming in this course are expounded via analyzing the problems in the practical teaching process.A series of specific reforming measures and methods have been proposed to improve the structure of the teaching staff,fully exert the supporting role of the pastoral cognitive center,and update the teaching content in a timely manner.

The dry root of Pulsatilla chinensis belonging to family Ranunculaceae has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of intestinal diseases.It has good preventive and curative effects in clinic when it is used as single herb or served as monarch drug in windflower decoction.Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that the extracts of Pulsatilla chinensis have antibacterial,antiviral,anti-oxidant,anti-schistosome,anti-coccidial and immune-enhancing effects.The research progress of pharmacological effects of Pulsatilla chinensis was reviewed.

True anestrus associated with ovarian dysfunction is one of the leading causes of reduced reproductive performance in female livestock,which has brought serious economic losses to livestock production.Numerous studies have proved that the traditional Chinese herbal medicines have obvious effects in prevention and treatment of animal diseases and have only minor side effects.‘Cuiqingsan’,a commonly used traditional Chinese herbal compound in veterinary clinic,has been demonstrated to have a promoting effect on estrus and ovulation and a therapeutic effect on true anestrus with inactive ovaries in female livestock.In this paper,the main components of ‘Cuiqingsan’ were introduced,and their corresponding pharmacodynamics were characterized.In addition,the research progress on application of ‘Cuiqingsan’ in therapy of true anestrus in female livestock and its underlining mechanisms were reviewed,in hoping to provide theoretical basis for its scientific and rational use in livestock production.

The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of azone,a commonly used penetration enhancer,on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of a compound traditional Chinese medicine ointment through horse skin.The ointment was prepared with the concentrates obtained with water-extraction and alcohol-precipitation method,and the different concentrations of azone (2%,4%,5.5% and 7%) were supplemented in the prepared ointment,respectively.The icariin,one of the main active ingredients of the prepared ointment,was used as an indicator to assess the penetration enhancing effect of azone.The content of icariin in penetrating fluid from horse skin treated by the smart drug transdermal device was determined using the microplate reader.The best penetration effect was observed when 5.5% of azone was added as a penetration enhancer in the ointment.This study provides a theoretical basis for the selection of penetration enhancers used in traditional Chinese medicine ointment for equine,and also provides a safer,more effective and more stable administration route for investigation of transdermal delivery system of compound traditional Chinese medicine.

[Objective]To investigate the feasibility of repairing bone defects associated with open fractures by vascularization of canine free long segmental radius via fostering in the blood-rich saphenous vein.[Method] A total of 12 healthy dogs were randomly divided into experimental group and control group.For both of the groups,a bone segment with length of 15 mm in middle part of radius of right forelimb was amputated.Under the simulated traffic accident condition,the amputated long radial segment was kept in soil outside for 1 h.Subsequently,the retrieved bone segment was subjected to a series of treatments,including washing with plenty of physiological saline,immersing in 10% povidone-iodine for 5 min,flushing using physiological saline for 1 min,and draining off for further use.For experimental group,the radial segment was embedded in the blood-rich saphenous vein,and for control group,it was preserved at -80 ℃ in a sterile condition.After 8 weeks,the bones were removed and implanted back to repair the canine radial defect.Gross morphology of the bones was observed at 6 and 12 weeks after replantation.The repair effect was evaluated by X-ray at weeks of 4,8,and 12,respectively,and was scored using the Lane-Sandhu X-ray scoring standard.[Result] In the same period of time,the better repair effect of radial defect was observed in the experimental group compared to the control group.[Conclusion] The canine radial defect can be repaired by fostering the vascularized long bone segment or cryopreserving the long bone segment.Compared with the bone segment preserved at -80 ℃,the vascularized one has the advantages of shorter healing time and less bone resorption.

The large-scale breeding farms of beef cattle in Yichun area have developed rapidly,and the prevalence of tuberculosis in beef cattle population may cause huge economic losses.In order to understand the infection status of tuberculosis in a large-scale beef cattle farm in Yichun area,more than 300 beef cattle in this farm were randomly sampled and tested by γ-interferon ELISA.The results showed that the positive rate of the randomly selected beef cattle samples was 3.33%.Higher positive rate (6.67%) of tuberculosis was both observed in the beef cattle population older than 12 months and the population tested in spring.The data show that the vaccine efficacy against tuberculosis in this cattle farm is poor,and effective prevention and control measures are urgently needed.

Pneumonia is a commonly observed clinical disease in canine which seriously harms the health of dogs.On the basis of routine treatment,a clinical case of canine pneumonia was therapied with aerosol inhalation of antibacterial and antiviral agents,and the satisfied curative efficacy was obtained.

Ear hematoma occurs mostly inside and occasionally outside the auricle.In this paper,the process of treatment and nursing of a clinical case of canine ear hematoma was elaborated,in order to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.