The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of passive cigarette smoking on histopathological structure of lung tissues in mice. After treated with cigarette smoke fumigation, the lung tissues samples of the experimental mice were collected to prepare paraffin slices. HE staining method was used to dye the tissue slices, and the changes of pulmonary histopathological structure were microscopically observed. The results showed that after treatment of fumigation, the observed pulmonary histopathological changes of the mice were compromised of alveolar enlargement, alveolar wall thinning, tissue hyperplasia in alveolar septum at different degrees, alveolar sac and alveolar tube enlargement or damage, bronchiole wall injury, increased number and messy arrangement of epithelial columnar cilia cells in mucosa, foreign matter accumulation in the narrowed tube cavity, and severely damage in mucosa rugae of thickened terminal bronchioles. In addition, compared to the juvenile mice, the changes of pulmonary histopathological structure caused by cigarette smoking fumigation were more obviously observed in adult mice. The combined data suggest that with the extension of fumigation treatment duration, some substances in cigarette smoke can result in obvious histopathological changes in lung tissues in mice, and the impact of cigarette smoke on pulmonary histopathological structure is more serious in adult mice than in juvenile mice.

In the present study, the effects of different altitudes environment simulated in hypobaric cabin on morphological structure of lung tissues in male Kunming mice was assessed using microstructure and ultrastructure of lung tissues and selected blood oxygen values. The results showed that the mice in the simulated hypobaric hypoxia environment had significantly higher thickness of alveolar septum, arithmetic mean thickness of the lung air-blood barrier, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and arterial and venous blood oxygen saturation difference (p<0.05). The morphological structure changes of the lung tissues in mice was caused by the hypobaric hypoxia environment, providing the adaptability to the hypobaric hypoxia environment.

In this study, we tested whether Rhodiola extracts had any effects on antibody responses to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)and sheep red blood cells (SRBC)in broiler chickens reared high-altitude hypoxia condition. A total of 100 1-day-old healthy AA broilers were randomly divided into 5 treatments. Four treatments received dietary supplementation of 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.20%and 0.40%dry powder of Rhodiola aqueous extracts in basal diet, respectively, and the other group serving as control fed basal diet without supplementation. Half of the broilers in each treatment were injected intraperitoneally 1 mL of a 10% suspension of SRBC at 13 d of age, and the others were orally vaccinated at 20 d of age with the Bursine-2 live virus. The results showed that compared to the control group, supplementation of 0.20%and 0.40% Rhodiola extracts significantly increased the IBDV antibody titer at 2 d and 19 d after vaccination (P<0.05), and increased the SRBC antibody titer at 5 d, 8 d and 12 d after inoculation (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with Rhodiola extracts could increase the specific antibody level in broiler chickens reared at high-altitude hypoxia condition. Therefore, Rhodiola extracts may be act as an immune regulator additive for broilers reared high-altitude hypoxia condition.

To develop a rapid PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synovial (MS), two pairs of primers were designed and synthesized according to the published sequences of the gapA gene of MG and the heat shock ATP-dependent protease gene of MS in GenBank, and a duplex PCR protocol for detection of MG and MS was developed by optimizing conditions of PCR reaction. The specific fragments of 729 bp for MG and 309 bp for MS were simultaneously amplified in the duplex PCR, but no PCR products were amplified for Pasteurella multocida,Escherichia coli,Samonella pullorum and Avibacterium paragallinarum. The detection limit was 5×10^-2 ng/μL for both of MG and MS. Detection results from clinical samples demonstrated that the co-infection of MG and MS as well as single infection of MG or MS could be found by using the established duplex PCR assay. In conclusion, the duplex PCR assay has good specificity, sensitivity and repeatability, which provides effective technical support for clinical diagnosis of MG and MS co-infection in veterinary clinic.

In an attempt to assess the relative bioavailability of different dietary manganese sources in broilers, an experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design 2×5 factorial arrangements. A total of 540 healthy one-day-old Avian broilers were assigned randomly into one of ten dietary treatments of 3 replicate cages each with 18 chicks per cage, and fed a basal corn-soybean meal diet (containing 37.66 mg/kg of Mn) added with 0, 45, 90, 130, 180 mg of Mn/kg from a compound amino acid chelate manganese preparation or the basal diet supplemented with 0, 45, 90, 130, 180 mg of Mn/kg from MnSO4·H2O. The feeding experiment lasted for 42 days. At 21 and 42 days of age, the liver, kidney and left tibia tissue samples of the experimental broilers were collected and the Mn concentrations in these tissues were determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The multiple linear regression fitting between Mn content of different tissues and dietary Mn intake was performed, and the relative bioavailability of compound amino acid chelate manganese to inorganic MnSO4 was calculated with slope ratio method. The results showed that dietary supplementation of Mn obviously elevated the Mn concentration in liver, kidney and tibia in broilers, and the most susceptible response was observed in tibia, exhibiting an obvious dosage effect (P<0.01);compared to Mn concentration in liver and kidney, the Mn content in tibia of broilers aged 21 days was considered as an effective evaluating index for bioavailability of Mn;the relative bioavailability of compound amino acid chelate manganese estimated with slope ratio method was found slightly higher than that of feed grade MnSO4. Our results provide basic data for the rational utilization of organic manganese additive in poultry production.

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary compound probiotics prepared with Bacillus subtilis, yeast and lactic acid bacteria on growth performance and humoral immunity of early-weaned piglets. A total of 40 three way crossbred [Duroc×(Landrace×Yorkshire)] weaned piglets were averagely and randomly assigned into four groups. The basal diet of experimental groups A, B and C were supplemented with 1.0‰, 2.0‰ and 3.0‰ compound probiotics, respectively. The control group received no dietary supplementation. The indices associated with growth performance, immune organ index, and blood physiological and biochemical parameters of the piglets in different groups were statistically evaluated. The results showed that at the end of the experiment, the body weight of experimental groups B and C was significantly higher than experimental group A and control group (P<0.01), the average daily gain of experimental group C was significantly higher than experimental groups A, B and control group (P<0.01), the diarrhea incidence of experimental group B and control group was significantly higher than experimental groups A and C (P<0.01);in terms of immune organ index, experimental groups B, C and control group had significantly higher inguinal lymph node index compared to experimental group A (P<0.05), experimental groups A and B had significantly higher spleen index compared to experimental group C (P<0.05), experimental groups A, B and C had significantly higher kidney index compared to control group (P<0.05), experimental groups A had significantly higher thymus index compared to experimental groups B and C (P<0.05);for blood physiological parameters, lower values of neutrophils and granulocyte proportion, neutrophils, granulocytes and erythrocytes number, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume, and platelet count were observed in the three experimental groups compared to control group, and the significant differences in most of the parameters between the three experimental groups and control group were found (P<0.05), while the value of lymphocyte ratio of the three experimental groups was higher than control group, no significant difference was observed (P>0.05);in respect of blood biochemical parameters, the content of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase was found significantly elevated in experimental groups B and C compared to experimental group A and control group (P<0.05). Collectively, these data reveal that dietary supplementation of compound probiotics prepared with Bacillus subtilis, yeast and lactic acid bacteria is able to improve the growth performance and humoral immunity of early-weaned piglets.

[Objective]To evaluate the effect of microbial fermented-wet feed on milk yield and nutrient digestibility of Holstein cows.[Method]Cows were divided into four groups according to their milking capacity. Group 1 and group 2 were composed of high-producing cows, whereas group 3 and group 4 were composed of moderate- and low- producing cows. The group 2 and group 4 were set as experimental groups whose basal diet were supplemented with 2 kg fermented-wet feed per day. The group 1 and group 3, serving as control groups, were fed with basal diet without addition of fermented-wet feed.[Result] Significant effect of fermented-wet feed on milk yield of Holstein cows was observed (P<0.05);group 2 had higher feed intake compared to group 1;manure screener data showed that the percent of top screen of the experimental groups was generally reduced by 2.80% to 4.89% compared to group 1.[Conclusion] Dietary supplementation of fermented-wet feed in lactating period can significantly improve the milk yield and nutrient digestibility of Holstein cows.

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on fattening Wagyu. A total of 374 healthy fattening Wagyu with similar weight were selected and assigned into the following three groups: group A and group B were set as experimental groups whose basal diet was supplemented with different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture, and group C served as control group and received no dietary supplementation;all of the fattening Wagyu fed three times daily (morning, noon and night), and the formal experiment lasted for 45 days;at the end of the experiment, the Wagyu in both experimental groups and control group were weighted, and the daily gain of the Wagyu in different groups during the experiment were statistically assessed;the feed digestibility of the Wagyu in different groups were evaluated by using manure screener. The results showed that the daily gain of group A and group B were significantly higher than group C (P<0.05), and the highest value was observed in group B;at the end of the experiment, the percent of bottom screen in group A and group B were elevated compared to that at the start of the experiment, and the content of yellow corn chips in bottom screen in group A and group B were fewer than group C. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture in basal diet can improve the daily gain and feed digestibility of fattening Wagyu.

In this study, the feed-use glucose tributyrate was synthesized using anhydrous dextrose as raw material through three reaction steps of benzaldehyde protection, esterification and removal of benzaldehyde protection. The optimized synthesis condition was as follows: DMF and DMAP was used as solvent and catalyst, respectively;the highest yield of compounds 2 (90.5%) was obtained when reacted with butyrate under room temperature;the chemical structure of the obtained intermediate and target products was identified by using 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The reaction steps designed in this study has the advantages of cheap and easy to get catalyst, mild reaction conditions, easy operation and suitability for mass production.

By calculating the individual inbreeding coefficient within the herd, the genetic effect of an existing herd can be grasped, which has important guiding significance for the selection of livestock and is effective to prevent the phenomenon of breeding deterioration caused by inbreeding. This paper calculates the frequency of common ancestor appearing in pedigree information by Excel function, which can estimate the inbreeding coefficient between individuals simply and quickly, and realize the intuitive estimation of inbreeding coefficient. It is not necessary for the users to master computer programming knowledge, and can be used for reference by the technical personnel of grass-roots animal husbandry industry, also can quickly estimate pedigree individuals. The inbreeding situation makes it easy to assess the genetic effects of the herd.

This paper comprehensively discusses the applicability and prospect of PCR_mtDNA technology in research of local chicken breed identification, in hoping to provide a theoretical basis for subsequent establishment of efficient, fast, accurate and convenient detection methods.

Bayannur is a traditional and important agricultural production region in Inner Mongolia. In this region, there were 735600 hm^2 planting area of crops. The theoretical yield of straw from wheat, maize, sunflower and processed tomato reached up to 6.0209 million tons, and the available yield reached 3.1804 million tons in Bayannur. However, the current utilization of the straw in this region are still restricted to the extensive ways, such as mechanized returning farmland and animal husbandry returning farmland through abdomen. Furthermore, there are few studies on straw utilization in the field of energy conversion and industrial raw material development. The straw utilization status in Bayannur was introduced, and suggestions were put forward in view of the existing problems in straw utilization, in hoping to provide references for improving the comprehensive utilization efficiency of straw in this region.

The recycling application status and research progress of the extracting residues from traditional Chinese medicine were reviewed, and their roles playing in reducing environment pollution were also expounded, in hoping to provide new insights into the improvement of their utilization value and implementation of sustainable development of traditional Chinese medicine industry.

In this study, a large number of administrative villages belonging to three typical townships (Nagqu, Luoma and Kongma) near Nagqu Prefecture in northern Tibet were investigated by using semi-structured interviews in participatory rural assessment. The ecological problems of grassland were studied from the perspective of humanistic factors, and the specific ecological concept and production mode of herdsmen were excavated and analyzed. We aimed to provide a reference for the implementation of harmonious coexistence in ecological system of grassland-livestock-people, evaluation on vulnerability of ecological environment, and establishment of grassland ecological protection measures in a targeted way. Results showed that 70% of the investigated herdsmen considered that the grassland quality was reduced and 65.0% of the investigated herdsmen considered rodent-insect harms as the leading cause of grassland degradation;in respect of cognition on control countermeasures of grassland degradation, 21.7% of the investigated herdsmen considered that the grazing pressure (number of grazing cattle and sheep) was expected to be reduced.

Based on the statistical data of live pig stock and slaughter, pork production, scale breeding status, live pig prices, pig grain ration and profits of different breeding scales in Yunnan Province from 2012 to 2016, a primary live pig production province in western China, this paper analyzed the main existing problems in live pig industry development in this region and put forward suggestions for sustainable development of live pig industry, in hoping to provide references for live pig industry development.

Agriculture and animal husbandry are the basic industries for the economic and social development of Xilinhot of Inner Mongolia. In recent years, the development of agriculture and animal husbandry in Xilinhot has been steadily advancing. The development quality of agriculture and animal husbandry has been improved, the income of herdsmen has been increased, and the ecological environment of grassland have been ameliorated. However, Xilinhot is still in a critical period of transformation and upgrading from traditional agriculture and animal husbandry to modern agriculture and animal husbandry, facing a series of problems such as relatively extensive development mode, unbalanced supply and demand structure of agricultural and livestock products, and unreasonable allocation of factors. Based on the current situation of agriculture and animal husbandry development in Xilinhot, this paper analyzes the existing problems and puts forward some countermeasures, so as to provide reference for promoting the high-quality development of agriculture and animal husbandry in this region.

The development status of giant fungus grass industry in Yan′an of Shaanxi Province was introduced, the introduction and utilization effect of giant fungus grass in this region were analyzed, and the suggestions on development of giant fungus grass industry were put forward, in hoping to provide basis for promoting the progress of industrial poverty alleviation, scaled development of giant fungus grass industry, grain to feed program, featured resources and green and organic food development as well as its industrial chain extension in this region.

Different milking operations have impact on milking performance of dairy cows. The influence of milking frequency and interval on milk yield and milk composition in dairy cow was analyzed, in hoping to provide new insights into the productive performance improvement of dairy cow by optimizing milking frequency.

At present, there is increasing demand of Tibetan pork in consuming market, the degree of large-scale farming of Tibetan pigs and the development of Tibetan pigs breeding industry is now at a relatively lower level, lacking of systematic or scientific breeding and high-yielding varieties (lines). In this paper, the healthy breeding techniques of Tibetan pigs are summarized, in hoping to provide theoretical guidance for healthy breeding of Tibetan pig in the Tibetan plateau.

Animal husbandry and veterinary medicine major of higher vocational college and animal science major of undergraduate university were selected to implement the "3+2" combinative talents cultivating model in application-oriented undergraduate education. The cultivating objective and construction process of this talents cultivating model was analyzed, the connotation of the talents cultivating model of "alternation of work and study, double cycle of theory and practice, progressive of three stages" was expounded, and the assessment and promotion requirements of the students in the process of talents cultivating were summarized.

Experimental teaching is an important link in high-quality talents training. In order to improve the teaching effect of experimental curriculum of Animal Pathology, the digital section library of animal pathology was established. A combinative mode of online and classroom teaching was established through ′online examination system of animal pathology′ by using the shared resources of national excellent course of Animal Pathology. The organic combination of theoretical course and experimental course of Animal Pathology was implemented via the application of case teaching method. The interest and initiative of the undergraduates in learning were improved, and their ability of dynamic learning and thinking were cultivated.

The aims of classroom teaching for postgraduates are expected to cultivate their capacity of self-learning, creative thinking, critical thinking and teamwork. At present, the traditional teaching methods still play the dominant role in classroom teaching for postgraduates, which is unfavorable for cultivating high-quality professionals. Therefore, it is imperative to innovate and reform the classroom teaching methods for postgraduates. The seminar-based teaching (SBT) and team-based learning (TBL) are the recently developed and student-centered teaching methods. They both have their own advantages and disadvantages but are complementary. This article evaluated the effect of combinative application of SBT and TBL in teaching of Cell Molecular Biology for postgraduates. The results showed that the SBT and TBL integrated teaching method significantly improved the self-learning motivation and independent-thinking enthusiasm, and enhanced the innovative sense and teamwork ability of postgraduates, indicating that the combinative application of SBT and TBL improved the comprehensive quality of scientific research of postgraduates.

In an attempt to further improve the teaching effect of experimental course of Animal Biochemistry, to enhance the undergraduates′ practical ability and the familiarity on experimental course, and to deepen their understanding of the theory course, the blended teaching method was preliminary applied in experimental course of Animal Biochemistry. The results showed that the average scores of the experimental group (undergraduates taught with the blended teaching method, 91.25±2.48) were improved by 1.78% compared to the control group (those taught with the traditional teaching method, 89.65±2.19), and the average scores of the undergraduates in experimental group after receiving the blended teaching method (91.35±2.48) were improved by 4.58% compared to before receiving the blended teaching method (87.35±3.35). In addition, during the whole process of experimental course teaching, higher participation and initiative was observed in the undergraduates taught with the blended teaching method, suggesting the teaching effect of experimental course of Animal Biochemistry was obviously improved.

We preliminarily explored to combine the content of moral education with the content of the curriculum in teaching of Animal Immunology. During the whole teaching process, the ideological and political courses were infiltrated to the professional courses, so as to build a unified education system in the education of university.

[Objective] To evaluate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in grazing cattle and sheep in partial area of Inner Mongolia.[Method] A total of 286 serum samples were recovered from grazing cattle and sheep in Alagxa League and Hulun Buir, and the presence of the serous antibody against Toxoplasma gondii were detected by using indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA).[Result] The total positive rate of Toxoplasma gondii antibody in sheep serum samples collected from the two surveyed regions was 1.68%, with Alagxa League 4.84% and Hulun Buir 0.56%;statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in positive rate of Toxoplasma gondii antibody in sheep between the two areas (P>0.05);no cattle serum samples were found as Toxoplasma gondii antibody positive.[Conclusion] Toxoplasma gondii infection exists in grazing sheep in main pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia. Enough attention should be paid to the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-ranging livestock in this region. In addition, corresponding prevention and control measures are also needed.

Coccidiosis is a serious hazard to livestock and poultry breeding industry. Animals have high mortality after coccidian infection, and the clinically tolerant animals always have weight loss and growth retardation. Chinese herbal medicine has the effects of improving the disease resistance of livestock and poultry, relieving clinical symptoms of coccidiosis and promoting the growth of livestock and poultry, which was considered as a new type of coccidiostat with low toxicity, high efficiency, and good safety and environment-friendless. By referring the literatures regarding prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in livestock and poultry with Chinese herbal medicine, the advances in research and development of anticoccidial preparation and the corresponding application prospects were introduced, in hoping to provide references for the scientific prevention and treatment of coccidiosis.

Echinococcosis is a serious zoonotic parasitic disease caused by infection of hydatid cyst, parasitizing in small intestine of definitive hosts such as dog, wolf and fox, in intermediate hosts, including cattle, sheep, pig, camel and human. Echinococcosis lacks specificity in clinical manifestations and most cases are inapparent infections. It is difficult to detect the causative agent of this disease. It seriously endangers the health of the pastoral people and the development of animal husbandry. In this article, the etiology and epidemiology of echinococcosis were characterized, and the research advances in detection and diagnostic techniques of this disease were reviewed, in hoping to provide references for the prevention and control of this disease and its further research.

Simple femoral head and neck fractures in dogs and cats are rarely observed in veterinary clinic. This disease is always associated with the injury of pelvis or femur caused by direct or indirect external forces, and is often secondary to osteoporosis caused by dysplasia of the hip joint. A slight external force can result in femoral head and neck fracture in companion animals. Here, we described the clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of a case of femoral head and neck fracture in cats.

The objective of this study was to identify the bacterial causative agents associated with the incidence of infectious disease cases in a sheep farm in Inner Mongolia, and to characterize the virulence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates. Clinical samples were recovered from the diseased sheep to isolate bacterial strains with eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar. Subsequently, the isolates were phenotypically and molecularly identified to genus level, and their virulence and antimicrobial resistance patterns were characterized. Two gram-negative strains with typical growth features of Escherichia coli in EMB agar were obtained. The isolates were confirmatively identified as Escherichia coli by biochemical reactions and 16S rDNA PCR and sequence analysis. Both of the isolated strains showed pathogenicity to experimental animals and exhibited resistance to several antimicrobial agents commonly used in veterinary clinic. Our results demonstrated the prevalence of the antibiotic resistant and pathogenic Escherichia coli in this sheep farm.

Calves in a beef cattle farm in western Jiangxi Province were reported to have clinical symptoms of emaciation, loss of appetite and diarrhea. In order to identify the pathogenic agent associated with this disease, fresh fecal samples of calves with diarrhea were recovered, Bio-x five-line in situ rapid diagnosis kit of calf digestive tract was used for rapid diagnosis, isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria were carried out, and in vitro susceptibility of the isolates against the commonly used antibiotics in veterinary clinic was tested. Rapid clinical diagnosis and laboratory diagnosis confirmed that the disease was caused by infection of Escherichia coli. The two isolates were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin and completely resistant to penicillin, cefradine and other antibiotics. The diarrhea of calves in this cattle farm were well controlled using the antibiotic recommended by this study.