The aims of the present study were to observe the immunosuppression effect of cyclophosphamide with different dosage regimen on mice and to explore the method for establishing immunosuppression model induced by cyclophosphamide in mice. Single or multiple doses of cyclophosphamide were intraperitoneally injected in mice. The immune organ index, serous level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea nitrogen and creatinine, blood leukocyte count, and splenic lymphocyte transformation were determined to evaluate the effect of cyclophosphamide on immunity and hepatic and renal function of mice. The results showed that both the multiple administration of 10, 20, 30, 40 mg/ （kg·BW） of cyclophosphamide for consecutive seven days respectively and single administration of 150 mg/ （kg·BW） of cyclophosphamide exhibited immunosuppression effect on mice and caused the changes of indicators associated with hepatic and renal function;the immunosuppression effect produced by multiple administration with lower dosage of cyclophosphamide was superior to that produced by single administration with higher dosage, and the immunosuppression effect was improved with the increase of dosage under multiple administration mode. The combined data suggest that the immunosuppression model in mice can be established by multiple administration of 30-40 mg/（kg·BW） of cyclophosphamide for consecutive seven days.

In order to assess the nutritional components of eggs from different breeds of laying hens, forty eggs from each of the three breeds of laying hens aged 43 weeks, including Lhasa White Chicken, Tibetan Chicken and Liuhongguxiang Chicken, were chosen and used to determine their nutrition constituents. The results showed that except for protein, 16 amino acids and fatty acid （C18∶3） （P〉0.05）, there were differences in other nutrition components between eggs from the three breeds of laying hens. Significant differences in moisture content and （C14∶0） content between Lhasa White Chicken eggs, Tibetan Chicken eggs and Liuhongguxiang Chicken eggs were observed （P〈0.05）;there were extreme significant differences in content of C17∶0, C22∶6 as well as mineral elements of Mg and Na between Lhasa White Chicken eggs, Liuhongguxiang Chicken eggs and Tibetan Chicken eggs （P〈0.01）;extreme significant differences in content of fat, C16∶0, C16∶1, C18∶0, C18∶1, C18∶2, C19∶0 as well as mineral elements of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ca between the eggs from the three breeds of laying hens were observed （P〈0.01）;the content of mineral element of K between the eggs from Lhasa White Chicken, Tibetan Chicken and Liuhongguxiang Chicken was mutually extremely significantly different （P〈0.01）;the content of phospholipid, cholesterin and mineral element of P between the eggs from the three breeds of laying hens was mutually extremely significantly different or significantly different （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）.

Objective] The aim of the present study was to assess the toxic effects of environmental level triphenyltin （TPT） on mammalian adrenal gland. [Methods]Forty adolescent SD rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups：Three TPT treatment groups received intragastric administration with 0.5, 5, 50μg/ （kg·BW） of TPT every 3 days for 54 days respectively and one control group received no TPT. The mice were anesthetized with 10%chloral hydrate and killed. The paraffin sections of the rats adrenal gland tissues were prepared and stained by HE staining method to observe the variation characteristics of their structure. [Results]The tissue structure of adrenal gland of SD rats in the control group was normal; the structure of cells in zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate and zona reticularis in adrenal cortex was normal, and the nucleus of the cells were limpid;the cells in adrenal medulla were polygonal or circular, the arrangement of the cells was irregular, and there was blood sinus among tissue space. Compared with the control group, there were no significant changes in the structure of the adrenal cortex and medulla in the low dose group. The zona glomerulosa of adrenal in the middle dose group was thinner than that in the lower dose group;there was the nucleus condensation and plasmolysis in the zona fasciculate and adrenal medulla cells, and there was slight bleeding in interstitial tissues. The number of zona glomerulosa cells in high dose group was significantly reduced, and the limit between zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculate was unsharp;the nucleus condensation and plasmolysis in cells in zona fasciculate and adrenal medulla was aggravated, and there was vacuolization in the cells;the interstitial tissues were thicken and bleeding was aggravated. [Conclusion]The results obtained in this study demonstrate that certain doses of TPT can cause damage to the tissue structure of adrenal gland in SD rats in a dose-dependent way. The results also provide morphological data for assessing the effect of TPT on mammalian endocrine function.

The aim of the present study was to clarify the migration processes and rules of environmental antibiotics in the soil-plant system. The sulfamethoxazole （SMX） was used as target antibiotic to characterize its content variation in soilless cultivated pakchoi, Malabar spinach and Chinese cabbage during a 24 h root exposure. The concentration distribution of SMX in different parts of the selected vegetables after 24 h root exposure was statistically assessed and the accumulation rate of SMX in the leave of the vegetables was calculated to evaluate the migration rules of SMX. The results revealed that root exudates showed no effect on absorption of SMX in root of pakchoi and Chinese cabbage, but they showed effect on SMX transmission from root to leave;root exudates not only promoted the absorption of SMX in root of Malabar spinach, but also showed effect on transmission of SMX absorbed from root to leave;29.6-383.2μg/kg of SMX could be determined in the leave of the selected vegetables after 1 h root exposure;the accumulation rate of SMX in the leave of the vegetables was generally reduced with the extension of root exposure time, and it varied in different varieties of vegetables. The combined data suggests that the concentration of SMX in root and root exudates may have influence on the migration of SMX to the plants.

The single oocyst separation, propagation and precocious strain selection were conducted in a strain of chicken Eimeria mitis designated as SY-MB which was isolated from Bayannur region of Inner Monlolia according to the methods established by Jeffers in 1975. After 15 successive generations inoculation, the latent period of the isolated strain was 19 hours shorted （from 96 hours to 77 hours）. The selected precocious strain designated as SY-mb77 was unselectively sub-cultured for 10 generations by the methods reported by Sunxun and others in 1998. The latent period, oocyst production, immunogenicity and pathogenicity of the selected strain possessed the characteristic of a typical precocious strain. The precocious strain can effectively protect the inoculated chickens from invasion of high virulent strain.

Lactase, also calledβ-galactosidase, is able to hydrolyze lactose into glucose and galactose and is mainly applied in dairy industry. Because lactase possesses the characteristic of thermal degradation, its activity is prone to change with the variation of storage temperature during the storage process. The activity of liquid lactase under different storage temperature were compared and analyzed.

The physiological and biochemical characteristic of a halotolerant bacterium designated as MIM19 which was isolated from the Hunshandake Salt Lake in Inner Mongolia were investigated. The results showed that the strain was found to be gram-negative and pink-pigmented bacterium. It was able to secreted lipoidase, urease, lysine decarboxylase and arginine dihydrolase, liquefied gelatin and reduced nitrite.

Mirabilis jalapa L. possesses the characteristics of wide ecological adaptation,rapid growth and strong fertility,etc. It can be cultivated in most areas in China. In recent years, it shows great research values in areas of pharmacy, plant protection and environmental conservation. We reviewed the research progress on chemical constituents in Mirabilis jalapa L. and its biological application.

Plants are always suffered from physiological or non-physiological stress with different degrees in growth and development, which results in the production of numerous ROS affecting normal growth and metabolism of plants and even causing senescence and death. Numerous studies have shown that the superoxide dismutase of plants can exert its unique effect to remove a serious of ROS effectively so as to maintain plant′s ordinary life activities, and it has been widely applied in agriculture, medicine, food and chemical industry. We introduced the distribution, category, physical and chemical properties, physiological functions and progress on research and application of one of the most import members in antioxidant enzyme systems of plants-superoxide dismutase.

The sandy grassland in Keerqin is an important distribution area of natural meadow in semiarid district. Based on the current situation of the meadow in this region, the grassland vegetation of natural meadow in Keerqin district under different mowing frequency was characterized by using randomized complete block design. The results revealed that the community structure and biomass significantly changed under different mowing frequency. The proportion of biomass of Leymus chinensis accounting for community total biomass was reduced in twice mowing treatment and was decreased by 23.87%compared with that in single mowing treatment. The biomass of Chloris virgate and Sonchus arvensis （annual forage） in twice mowing treatment were increased by 14.17%and 12.98%compared with that in single mowing treatment, respectively. From the aspect of grass yield, the hay yield in single mowing treatment was slightly higher than that in twice mowing treatment, but the fresh grass yield in twice mowing treatment was higher than that in single mowing treatment. The net income in single mowing treatment was 403.10 Yuan/hm 2 higher than that in twice mowing treatment. The combined data showed that the twice mowing treatment reduced the amount of perennial forage in the community, promoted the propagation of annual forage and also increased the input. The results obtained in this study suggest that single mowing per year is beneficial to the stability, regeneration and biomass increasement of plant community structure in natural meadow in Keerqin district.

The aim of the present study was to assess the dietary nutrition levels on reproductive performance of yard feeding female Tan Sheep. The variation of the weight of yard feeding female sheep in different stages of reproductive period was characterized;the serous nitrogen content and hormones content of yard feeding females were determined and were statistically compared with that of rotational grazing females;the main indicators associated with reproductive performance of the yard feeding and rotational grazing females were recorded and compared. The results revealed that the daily weight gain of yard feeding females during early gestation and late gestation was 40.56 g and 19.33 g respectively, and the weight of them during lactation was lost 53.17 g daily; during the whole reproductive period, the serous TP content of yard feeding females was higher than that of rotational grazing females, but contrary results were observed in serous SUN content;during non-pregnancy, late gestation and lactation, the serous E2 content of yard feeding females was higher than that of rotational grazing females, and the serous LH content of rotational grazing females was higher than that of yard feeding females during late gestation and lactation; the reproductive and survival rate of yard feeding females was higher than that of rotational grazing females, and the ration of yard feeding females which produced two lambs per year accounting for all yard feeding females was higher than that of rotational grazing females. The results of this study suggest that the optimization of supply level of dietary energy and protein is able to effectively improve the reproductive performance of Tan Sheep.

The aims of the present study were to assess the effect of exogenous enzymes supplementation on in vitro cultural characteristic of microbes in rumen fermentation of Lake Sheep and to provide scientific references for the application of exogenous enzymes in animal feedstuff. Four levels of exogenous enzymes, including 10, 20, 30, 40 mg/kg, were supplemented into in vitro rumen fermentation cultural system respectively. The rumen microbes were co-cultured with exogenous enzymes, and the gas production （GP）, pH value, NH3-N concentration, MCP concentration and VFA concentration in the cultural fermentation were determined at 6 th ,12 th,18 th, 24 th, 36 th and 48 th h after the start of culture. The results showed that the GP, pH value, NH 3-N concentration, MCP concentration and VFA concentration in the rumen microbes fermentation of Lake Sheep in vitro were effectively increased by supplementation of different levels of exogenous enzymes, and the 10 mg/kg of exogenous enzymes exhibited the best performance.

Cottonseed meal, the light red and yellow granular articles, is obtained from cottonseed by processing technics of press and extraction. The crude protein content of cottonseed meal is second only to soybean meal and reaches above 40%. Accordingly, cottonseed meal is one of the good resources of plant protein and is widely applied in livestock breeding industry as feedstuff. However, there are a series of anti-nutritional factors in cottonseed meal, including free gossypol, tannin, phytic acid, cyclopropane fatty acid, etc. These anti-nutritional factors show toxic effect to animals, which constricts the application of cottonseed meal in animals production. With the goal of providing references for the rational application of cottonseed meal in animal production, we reviewed the nutritional composition of cottonseed meal and its application in poultry and animal production.

[Objective]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of drinking water temperature （18-20℃） and feeding soybean milk daily on fattening of north Tibet female sheep and female goats. [Methods]A total of 350 two-to three-year-old culled north Tibet female sheep with similar weight were chosen and randomly divided into 7 groups （50 for each group）. During the experimental period, 50 free-grazing female sheep in control group were grazed according to the habits of farmers and herders, and no extra night supplementary feeding was made. The female sheep in 6 experimental groups were grazed according to the habits of farmers and herders in daytime and extra night supplementary feeding was made. The supplementary amount of pelleted concentrate was 280 g/d, and the sheep were allowed to intake green hay of oats freely. The pre-experimental period was 7 days and the formal experimental period lasted 49 days. At the beginning and end of the experiment, all of the experimental sheep were weighted. The animals selection, grouping, supplementary feeding schedules, experimental period and evaluation indicator in goats experiment were the same with sheep experiment. At the end of the experiment, 11 experimental animals were chosen and slaughtered from control group and experimental group in sheep experiment and goats experiment, respectively, and the slaughter rate were subsequently determined. [Results]Under the same drinking situation, there were significant differences in weight and slaughter rate with the increase of intake amount of 10%soybean milk （P〈0.05）;in the experimental groups with the same intake amount of 10% soybean milk, there were significant differences in weight and slaughter rate between the warm water drinking group and ice water drinking group （P〈0.01）. Regardless of the labor engagement and electricity charge, there were significant differences in economic benefit between different groups of fattening north Tibet female sheep （P 〈0.01）. The group 4, 5 and 6 in sheep experiment produced economic benefit and it was increased with the increase of drinking water temperature and intake amount of soybean milk （P〈0.01）, the economic benefit of 105.95 Yuan was produced by each sheep in group 6;there were significant differences in economic benefit between different groups of fattening north Tibet female goats （P〈0.01）, and economic benefit of 21.35 Yuan was produced by each goat in group 6. [Conclusion] There is still much room for improvement of weight and slaughter rate of north Tibet female sheep and goats. Applying an appropriate feeding mode for short-term fattening of north Tibet female sheep and goats can bring huge economic benefit. The results of this study provide technical references for the short-term fattening of female sheep and goats in north Tibet where feed and forage were relatively deficient.

Based on the data of first frost date, latest frost date and frost-free period in Ewenki Autonomous Banner Inner Mongolia collected from 1961 to 2010, the variations of first frost date, latest frost date and frost-free period in this region were statistically characterized. The results showed that the average date of first frost was September 11 th, the average date of latest frost was May 6th, and the average frost-free period lasted for 128 days.

Based on the analysis of the hail weather process occurred in Tongliao region of Inner Mongolia from the establishment of the new weather radar station to the year of 2013, a total of 9 forecast indexes for hail weather were found. In order to apply the obtained forecast indexes to the practical work of short-term forecast and nowcasting, the performance of the indexes was analyzed, and the indexes were combined by objective forecasting method. The index weighted integrated method was used in this study. In this method, the indicators were endowed with different weights according to their relative significance and were then integrated with weights. The forecast model equations were subsequently established and a binding parameter of the indicators was obtained which was used as a judgment basis for the occurrence of hail. The established forecast model may be helpful for improving the forecasting and warning capability for the hail weather in Tongliao region.

Bilingual teaching is not only an effective way to cultivate graduates′comprehensive abilities, such as theoretical study, literature review and summary, but also an important means to improve graduates′comprehensive ability of listening, speaking, reading and writing. However, it remains a hard problem to effectively carry out bilingual teaching of Advanced Animal Ecology for graduates. The teaching content should be designed according to the teaching syllabus and plan to improve the graduates′enthusiasm and initiative for the participation of this course and to consolidate the teaching effect. We introduced the experiences and achievement in conducting bilingual teaching design of Advanced Animal Ecology, so as to provide references for promoting the implementation of bilingual teaching and improving the teaching quality for graduate education.

Experimental animals play important roles in the experimental teaching of Animal Function. In order to implement the rational utilization of experimental animals in experiment teaching, firstly, the teaching content in different courses is needed to be integrated and optimized and the comprehensive experiment projects are needed to be designed to reduce experimental animal usage;secondly, the teaching means and methods in experimental teaching are expected to be improved by replacing the using of experimental animals with computer aided experiment method, meanwhile, it was necessary to make the undergraduates familiar to the process of the experiments by combining computer aided experiment method with traditional experimental methods, so as to reduce the unnecessary loss of experimental animals; thirdly, 3R animal welfare alternatives should be promoted, the related knowledge on experimental animal welfare and ethics are supposed to be propagated for the undergraduates, so as to guide them to cherish the opportunity to participate experimental courses and to strictly control the experimental cost.

The graduates who selected Animal Nutrition and Metabolism Disease as their elective course were chosen as research object, the traditional teaching schema and practice and cases analysis teaching schema were employed as teaching method, the graduates were examined by analyzing assigned research topic from teachers. As the result, with practice and cases analysis teaching schema, the graduates showed more clear thinking and stronger comprehensive ability to analyze the assigned research topic and were prone to give a more feasibility technology line. Practice and cases analysis teaching is considered as an effective schema for culturing strong practical ability and innovative spirit of clinical veterinary medicine graduates.

Chinese chestnut is a famous traditional agricultural and sideline product with unique flavor and rich nutrition. The Chinese chestnut beverage not only has the advantages of Chinese chestnut, but also solves the problem that the Chinese chestnut cannot be stored for a long time. This paper briefly introduces the research progress on technological process and formulation of Chinese chestnut juice, Chinese chestnut compound beverage and Chinese chestnut fermented milk, and also prospects the development of Chinese chestnut beverage.

In this study, ten postpartum Guizhou Black Goats were selected to record the weight changes of their lambs after sucking the breast milk every 5 days. The intake breast milk of the lambs was considered as the milk yield of the female goats. The results showed that the average daily milk yield of the Guizhou Black Goats during postpartum 60 days was （464 ±22） g; the lactation peak appeared in postpartum 30th day;during postpartum 30 days, the milk yield of the Guizhou Black Goats was slowly increased, but it began to gradually and slowly decreased with the extension of postpartum time;after the postpartum 45 th day, the daily milk yield was relatively rapidly reduced.

The aims of the present study were to establish the optimal in vitro method for isolating, purifying and proliferating of Laoshan dairy goat fetal bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells （BMSCs） and to assess their biological characteristic and induced neuronal differentiation potentiality. The femur samples were collected from a three-month-old fetus of a female Laoshan dairy goat. The BMSCs were harvested by centrifuging and were subsequently purified and proliferated. The population doubling time （PDT） of the BMSCs were determined. RT-PCR assay was used to assess the presence of oct4, Nanog and Sox2 genes. Passage 3 cultures of the BMSCs were used to conduct induced neuronal differentiation experiment, and the induced products were histologically and genetically identified. The results showed that the morphology of the isolated cells were uniform and was fibroblasts-liking spindle and the presence of oct4, Nanog and Sox2 genes were detected. After sub-cultured, the growth cells entered exponential growth phase on the 4th day and subsequently entered platform growth phase on the 8th day. The PDT of the first 10 passage cultures was 29.7 h. After induced neuronal differentiation, the purple-blue Nissl body was observed by toluidine blue staining method in passage 3 cultures. The specific expression of ENO2 and GFAP genes were positive in the induced cells. The results demonstrated that the BMSCs of Laoshan dairy goat is potential to be differentiated to neurons.

Ecological farming can provide people with pollution-free food with higher quality and safety. Ecological pig culture is one of the rapidly developed technologies in current ecological breeding industry, which not only ensures the safety of food, but also promotes the culture benefit of ecological pig. We analyzed the development opportunities of ecological farming for pig landrace in hilly land in south china and introduced the feeding management of ecological pig.