The purpose of this study was to prepare compound rifaximin nanoemulsion and to analyze its physical and chemical properties.Using the drug loading capacity and stability of nanoemulsion as evaluating indexes,the oil phase,surfactant and co-surfactant were selected;the optimum formula was designed using pseudo-ternary phase diagram;the micromorphology and particle size of the nanoemulsion were observed and determined by transmission electron microscopy and laser particle size analyzer,respectively;the type of nanoemulsion was identified by staining test;the stability of nanoemulsion was investigated by light test,temperature test and high-speed centrifugation test.The results showed that the optimal formula of the compound rifaximin nanoemulsion was rifaximin 1%,cinnamaldehyde 2.44%,polyethylene glycol-200 4.88%,polyoxyethylene ether-40-castor oil 19.51%and distilled water 72.17%;the compound rifaximin nanoemulsion was oil-in-water(O/W)type and could be diluted infinitely;under transmission electron microscope,the nanoemulsion particle was spherical and had no adhesions,with the average particle size of 11.8 nm;the nanoemulsion had good stability.It is indicated that the preparation of compound rifaximin nanoemulsion is simple and the quality of the product is controllable.Our results provide a theoretical basis for the wide use of compound rifaximin in the treatment of intestinal bacterial infections in livestock and poultry.

[Objective]To assess the acute toxicity and safety of the external use of a pharmaceutical liniment prepared with Stellera chamaejasme.[Methods]Acute oral toxicity testing was conducted with mice;the skin and eye irritation testing was carried out with rabbits according to the national standard GB 15670-1995"Pesticide registration toxicology test method".[Results]The acute oral LD50 of the pharmaceutical liniment was 894.4 mg/kg;the score of skin irritation was all below 0.49,and the highest score of acute eye irritation was 2.1.[Conclusion]The pharmaceutical liniment prepared with Stellera chamaejasme is a safe external use preparation with low toxicity,non-skin irritation and slight-eye irritation.

In the present study,the mass spectrometry parameters for determination of ractopamine,salbutamol,clenbuterol and tetracycline were optimized and a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was established for determination of the above four compounds in livestock tissues.The established method had higher detecting efficiency,sensitivity and accuracy,and its repeatability and recovery rate met the requirement of qualitative and quantitative determination.This method is suitable to be applied in simultaneous quantitative analysis of threeβ-agonists(ractopamine,salbutamol,clenbuterol)and tetracycline in livestock tissues.

Studies have shown that the properties of matrix have important effect on the growth of benthic mussels.The aim of the present study was to assess the matrix particle size on growth of Tapes literatus.Matrix with three different particle sizes were used as materials in this study,including the large-size matrix(15 mesh<particle size≤30 mesh),the medium-size matrix(45 mesh<particle size≤60 mesh),and the small-size matrix(80 mesh<particle size≤100 mesh).A total of six treatment groups were set based on the different particle sizes and their combinations:small-size matrix group,medium-size matrix group,large-size matrix group,small and medium-size mixed matrix group,small and large-size mixed matrix group,medium and large-size mixed matrix group.A nine-week-long shell-culture experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of the six kinds of matrix on growth of Tapes literatus.The results showed that the large-size matrix had the best performance in promoting the growth of Tapes literatus,while the growth of Tapes literatus was barely observed in the dense small-size matrix,indicating that the large-size matrix was suitable for the culture of Tapes literatus.

The Peelplate 3M plate detecting method and national standard method were simultaneously used to determine the colony count in raw milk samples collected from Hulunbuir,Tongliao and Hohhot,respectively,and the detecting results of these two methods were statistically compared with variance analysis.The results of Peelplate 3M plate detecting method with different sample incubation time(24 h and 48 h)were also statistically compared with variance analysis.There were no significant differences in detecting results of colony count in raw milk samples from the three regions between Peelplate 3M plate detecting method and national standard method(P>0.05);when using the Peelplate 3M plate detecting method,there was no significant difference in colony count determination results between the sample incubation duration of 24 h and 48 h(P>0.05).Our results demonstrate that the Peelplate 3M plate detecting method can serve as an alternative to the national standard method in raw milk colony count determination.In addition,the 24 h of sample incubation can produce reliable results in Peelplate 3M plate detecting method.

Distiller′s grains(dried)contain a lot of cellulose.The cellulose is the main component of plant cell wall and not easy to be digested,which becomes a key problem in reuse of distiller′s grains.This study was conducted to evaluate the degradation capacity of white rot fungi against the cellulose in distiller′s grains.The results showed that the cellulose degradation rate reached up to 9.5%.It is indicated that the application of white rot fungi can improve the utilization value of the distiller′s grains.

This study was designed to assess the effect of yeast culture(YC)on productive performance of boar.A total of 90 boars weighing approximately 80 kg were randomly assigned to one of three groups(n=30)such that control group was fed with the basal diet,experimentalⅠgroup(n=30)and experimentalⅡgroup(n=30)were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 5 kg/t and 7 kg/t of yeast culture,respectively.The period of the pre-experiment and formal-experiment lasted for 5 d and 45 d,respectively.During the whole experiment process,the boars of the three groups were reared under the same feeding and management condition.At the end of the experiment,the semen color and flavor of the boars from different groups were evaluated;the semen volume and pH value as well as the sperm motility,density,abnormal rate and resistance index of the boars from different groups were also determined and statistically compared.The results showed that no obvious differences in semen color and flavor between the boars from experimentalⅠgroup and experimentalⅡgroup were observed;the three groups had the same sperm resistance index;the experimentalⅠgroup and experimentalⅡgroup had significantly higher semen volume,sperm motility and sperm density as well as significantly lower sperm abnormal rate compared to the control group(P<0.05),but no significant differences in the above four indexes between experimentalⅠgroup and experimentalⅡgroup were found(P>0.05);there was no statistical difference in semen pH value between the three groups(P>0.05).These results indicate that dietary supplementation of yeast culture can improve the productive performance of boar.

Tan sheep is an excellent local sheep breed in China.Investigating the correlation between microsatellite marker and body weight trait is conducive to establish the molecular marker-based novel breeding system for Tan sheep.In this study,the polymorphisms of 12 microsatellite loci,including BL1080,BM6506,BM7145,BMS2263,BMS678,ILSTS004,ILSTS30,MCM58,BMS1591,BMS1636,CSSM004 and MCM130 which were closely linked to the major genes associated with weight trait in sheep,were detected in 51 ewes of Tan sheep.The PCR amplified products of the microsatellite loci were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis.The allele frequency,polymorphism information content,gene homogeneity and heterozygosity of the 12 microsatellite loci were calculated.The results demonstrated that the 12 selected microsatellite markers were all highly polymorphic loci;the microsatellite locus BMS1636 had the highest polymorphism among the 12 tested microsatellite loci,while the microsatellite locus BL1080 showed the lowest polymorphism.These results provide basic molecular data for the research on the germplasm characteristics of Tan sheep.

Although heterosis has been widely used in plants and animals breeding,the studies aiming at unraveling its molecular and genetic mechanisms are still in their infancy.With the continuous development of bioinformatics,there are increasing researches on its gene expression number and expression pattern.Due to the differences in parents,there are significant variations in the number and function of the hybrid offspring genes.The hybrid progeny fusion gene expression has the parent-of-origin bias and thus affects its phenotype.The differences in parental imprint lead to the varied traits and functions of the hybrid offspring.This article summarizes the expression of differential genes,fusion genes and imprinted genes in hybrid progenies,in hoping to give a new insight for understanding the molecular and genetic mechanism of heterosis.

Proteins are the executor of the physiological function and are also the direct manifestation of life phenomena.The studies on proteomics are helpful for the further illustration of the changing mechanism for life in physiological or pathological condition.This paper reviews the progress on application of proteomics in research of skin and hair follicle of human,mouse and cashmere goat.

The copy number variation(CNV)in domestic animal genome has relatively larger span length which always contains a single gene or a part of a certain gene and even spans multiple genes.The total number of nucleotides covered by CNV is much larger than the total number of SNPs.Some studies have showed that the CNV can affect gene expression.In this paper,we introduce the researches on CNV in different domestic animal genome,analyze the correlation between these CNVs and trait,summarize the impact of CNV on trait,and review the progress and prospect of the studies on effect of CNV on trait in domestic animal genome,in hoping to offer references for the further research on CNV in domestic animal genome and its impact on the phenotypic traits.

In order to control the desertification in Qinghai province,a comparative variety trial on Roegneria grandiglumis,a recently domesticated grass species,and three local forage grass species(Agropyron cristatum,Elymus breviaristatus cv.Tongde,Roegneria pauciflora cv.Tongde)exhibiting high quality in Tongde area was conducted.The growth performance,yield and nutritional quality of the four tested grass species were determined.The results showed that the Roegneria pauciflora cv.Tongde had the highest crude fat content,plant height and fresh grass yield and had lower crude fiber content;the highest crude protein content was observed in Agropyron cristatum;the Roegneria grandiglumis had the medium crude fat content and had higher crude fiber content than the other three grass species.The combined data indicate that the Roegneria grandiglumis has higher grass yield and better growth performance in sandy land,and it can be used as a grass species for ecological management.

In this study,the shredded leather was used as raw material to prepare pet dog chew.After alkali liquor soaking,heating,pulping as well as adding auxiliary material and transglutaminase,the slurry was prepared.Subsequently,the slurry was subjected to formation and dehydration,and then the recombined cowhide for preparation of pet dog chew was obtained.In order to screen the optimum preparation technology of recombined cowhide,the effects of solid-liquid ratio,soybean protein isolate addition and transglutaminase addition on property of recombined cowhide were assessed,and the sensory indexes and mechanical characteristics of the recombined cowhide were determined.The optimum conditions were determined as followed:20 g of shredded leather were mixed with 120 mL of 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution and heated in 100℃water bath for 1.5 h;the mixture was added with 0.4 g of glycerinum,0.2 g of propylene glycol and 0.8 g of starch,after homogenate,the slurry was obtained;the ratio of slurry and water was 3∶1,and the addition of soybean protein isolate and transglutaminase was 10%and 0.5%,respectively.The tensile strength and hardness of the recombined cowhide were moderate,the solubility and transmission were good,and the color was close to the original cowhide.

Under high temperature environment in summer,livestock and poultry are vulnerable to heat stress.After they have suffered heat stress,their production performance is reduced,which seriously affects their breeding efficiency.Based on the development law of livestock and poultry,the nutrition regulation measures aim to reduce the impact of heat stress on the growth process of livestock and poultry via appropriately allocating the nutrient composition and content,and leading the development of livestock and poultry breeding to the health,green,sustainable and high-efficient direction.This article reviews the latest advances in the prevention and control of heat stress from the perspective of regulation of electrolytes,minerals,vitamins and other nutrients,in hoping to provide useful ideas to prevent and control the heat stress in livestock and poultry and to find new measures to minimize the economic losses of animal husbandry production.

In order to study the nutritional and feeding value of chestnut leaves,the content of crude protein,crude fat,crude ash,crude fiber,calcium,total phosphorus,and nitrogen free extract in chestnut leaves collected from Qianxi,Zunhua and Qian′an regions of Tangshan of Hebei Province were determined by using Kjeldahl method,Soxhlet extractor method,high-temperature combustion method,acid-alkali degradation method,EDTA anti-titration method and molybdenum yellow colorimetric method.The nutritional value evaluating indicators of the chestnut leaves were statistically compared with those of Lolium perenne,corn stalk and Leymus chinensis.The results showed that there were no significant differences in the nutritional components content between the chestnut leaves collected from the three different regions;the average contents of crude protein,crude fat,crude fiber,crude ash,calcium,total phosphorus and nitrogen free extract in chestnut leaves were 10.81%,5.44%,21.69%,9.86%,1.82%,0.33%and 52.20%,respectively.The chestnut leaves had higher contents of crude protein,crude fat,calcium and total phosphorus as well as lower content of crude fiber compared to Lolium perenne,corn stalk and Leymus chinensis,indicating its high feeding value for livestock and poultry.

Silage corn is commonly used as the green roughage feed in cattle,sheep and other herbivorous animals.It has good palatability and rich nutrient and can be preserved for a long time.The popularization of silage corn feed not only solves the problem of green feed lack for herbivorous livestock in the spring and winter,but also serves as an important mean to solve the environmental problems caused by improper handling of corn stalks.This article mainly reviews the production process,application in herbivorous livestock and developmental prospects of silage corn fodder,in hoping to provide references for the practical production.

Silaging is a feed preparation method in which large amounts of lactic acid is produced by the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria using carbohydrates of the raw materials as substrates.The generated lactic acid is able to inhibit the growth and propagation of the microorganisms so that the raw materials can be preserved for a long time.Silage has the characteristics such as softness,succulency,acid-fragrant flavor,rich nutrition,good palatability,high utilization efficiency and easy preservation,and it has become an important component of livestock diet.This paper introduces the preparation and utilization technology of silage in the aspects of silaging principle,raw material selection,pit construction,preparation steps and feeding methods,in hoping to provide useful information for the farmers,forage grass producing-enterprises and large-scale livestock farms.

By using the 16-day normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)composite product of MODIS of April to September from 2000 to 2017 and the daily temperature and precipitation data from 1961 to 2017 in Chifeng area of Inner Mongolia,the changing trend of the vegetation coverage in this area and its refection against the climate factors were investigated.The average temperature in Chifeng area exhibited an significant elevating tendency in recent 57 years(P<0.05)with a rate of 0.22℃/10 a.The precipitation was slightly decreased with a rate of 3.38 mm/10 a.The monthly variation of temperature and precipitation expressed a unimodal distribution mode,and the average temperature(22.4℃)and precipitation(118.9 mm)in July were significantly higher than those in other months.Over the past 18 years,the yearly NDVI had increased significantly in Chifeng area(P<0.05)with a rate of 0.002 5/a.The monthly variation of NDVI showed a single peak trend and the peak was observed at July(0.759 4)and August(0.726 2).The NDVI was extremely significantly and positively correlated with the precipitation of April to September,June,July and August(P<0.01)with the correlation coefficients of 0.730,0.724,0.789 and 0.782,respectively.The precipitation of May and September had a significantly positive correlation with NDVI(P<0.05).There was no significantly positive correlation between average temperature and NDVI(P>0.05).

In recent years,the rapid development of large-scale livestock and poultry breeding industry makes the rearing intensities constantly elevate and subsequently results in the increasing ammonia emissions,which seriously affects the health of livestock and poultry and their productive performance.In addition,it also causes air pollution.Therefore,it is of great significance to conduct the researches on ammonia emission reduction of livestock farms for livestock health,animal product safety and the environment improvement.In this paper,a variety of ammonia emission mitigation technologies are reviewed from the following three aspects:endogenous ammonia nutritional regulation of livestock and poultry,in-situ purification of livestock and poultry house and process of waste disposal.The introduced ammonia emission reduction technologies include optimization of feed formula,application of fecal deodorant,establishment of air cleaning infrastructures as well as the solid-liquid separation and surface covering technologies in the process of waste disposal.The information provided by this paper may give a new insight into the selection and application of ammonia reduction technologies.

In order to guide the feeding and management of free-range Zhenning yellow chickens,reduce the feeding cost,improve the survival rate and uniformity,and obtain good economic benefits,according to the variety characteristic of Zhenning yellow chickens and seasonal climate features of Ninghai County of Zhejiang Province,we summarize the technical points of feeding and management of free-range Zhenning yellow chickens,in hoping to provide references for the chicken farmers.

The aim of the present study was to explore an innovative weed control mode in orchard named"orchard-goose integration mode".Under this mode,the field evenness and density of the weed in pear orchard was significantly impacted:the Calystegia hederacea,Amarantus viridis and other goose preferred weed were markedly reduced,and the Duchesnea indica and Potentilla chinensis were greatly increased;in summer,the grazing density of ten goose per 667 m2 could achieve a relative balance between goose feed intake and growth of weed in pear orchard.

In Tibet agricultural area,the prior treatment of the culling cows for the purpose of short-term fattening is closely associated with the fattening effect.Before fattening,the stress relieving measures should be taken for the newly introduced culling cows.After that,the presence of metal sundries or plastic bags in rumen should be checked and removed.Furthermore,the anthelmintic and stomach-invigorating measures are also essential.During the short-term fattening process,scientific forage collocation and good feeding environment can improve the animal welfare and fattening efficiency of the fattening cow,which is helpful for improving the fattening economic benefit.

In the teaching process of Biostatistics,the practical application should be set as the fundamental teaching thought;according to the orientation of the training goal of different specialties,the undergraduates should be taught in accordance with their aptitude,the educational idea should be updated,the practical training should be enhanced,and the teaching methods and means should be reformed and explored.Via the constantly reform and exploration,the undergraduates will obtain basic quality in scientific research,such as data collecting,collating,analyzing and even scientific conclusions drawing,which will lay a solid theoretical foundation for their future participation in scientific research.

The experimental course of Animal Biochemistry is a very important curriculum for undergraduates majoring in animal science and veterinary medicine.In this paper,the present situation and existing problems of experimental teaching of Animal Biochemistry were analyzed.Combined with the cultivation objectives and requirements for undergraduates,suggestions on reform and exploration on experimental teaching of Animal Biochemistry were proposed from the aspects of teaching content,teaching mode and evaluation method,in hoping to improve the teaching effect and quality of the experimental course as well as enhance the undergraduates′innovative ability in scientific research and comprehensive quality.

SPOC is a newly emerged educational model in post-MOOC period which renders online open class resources for the small-scale users such as a single university and even a single class.It is favorable for the fusion of MOOC and classroom teaching.Under the background of rapid development of educational information,how to organically integrate the blended teaching model of SPOC with the specialized courses teaching has become a new exploring direction for teachers.Here,we firstly analyzed the suitability of the application of SPOC model in Genetic Engineering of biological major;furthermore,we built the SPOC-based blended teaching model in Genetic Engineering to promote the teaching reform process of this course in the new situation.

To meet the requirement of the new times society on talents′practical and applicative ability,the development of employment-oriented higher vocational education is the inevitable choice for cultivating practical typed and high-skilled typed talents in higher vocational colleges.The aims of the connotative development are to realize the sustainable development of education through training and providing qualified skilled talents for enterprises and institutions.This paper discusses the characteristics of education in high vocational colleges and the properties of connotative education development as well as its corresponding development measures.

Combining the teaching contents and characteristics of Technology of Prevention and Treatment of Common Diseases of Livestock and Poultry in higher vocational college and the related teaching practice under the background of freshmen′s professional experience,this article expounds the exploration and experience of the key skill cultivating of Technology of Prevention and Treatment of Common Disease of Livestock and Poultry in Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College from the following aspects:establishment of teaching materials,improvement of teaching contents,methods and means,stimulation of students′interests,emphasis on operational training,and reform of examination methods,in hoping to promoting the teaching quality improvement of this course.

Medicinal Chemistry contains numerous knowledge points and involves a wide range of contents,resulting in the learning difficulty for students.Traditional teaching methods restrict students′thinking and are not favorable to cultivate their interests in learning.The problem-based teaching method is an improvement over the traditional methods of teaching.It emphasizes students′participation in class,problem discussion and positive thinking,and guides to cultivate the self-study abilities of students.The application of the problem-based method in teaching of Medicinal Chemistry can help students establish their self-study and lifelong learning abilities,which is a beneficial exploration on cultivating innovative pharmaceutical talent.

There are some drawbacks in the traditional teaching model of higher education in domestic colleges and universities,for instance,the undergraduates lack learning enthusiasm and their innovative thinking and practical ability is insufficient and weak.In order to solve these above problems,we try to use some methods,including E-learning,small group discussion learning,flipped classroom and other teaching model learned from Massey University in New Zealand in Animal Biochemistry teaching and learning.The results show that the application of New Zealand teaching model can improve the undergraduates′interests and enthusiasm for learning as well as cultivate their comprehensive ability;but it does not correspond with the current quality assessment pattern of domestic higher education.

Allotriophagia,a complex disease caused by metabolic disorders,always occurs in confined cattle population.The diseased individual has abnormal appetite and abnormal feeding behaviors.The deficiency of minerals,vitamins,proteins and amino acids as well as parasitic diseases,longtime-confinedness and a lack of physiologic exercise are considered as the causative factors for this disease.Allotriophagia always results in abnormal digestive function,growth stagnation and even death of bovine.The main causes,clinical symptoms as well as treatment and prevention measures of this disease were analyzed in this paper.

Mastitis is one of the most frequently observed diseases in dairy cow farms in China.This disease seriously affects the milk yield and dairy products quality and causes high economic losses in the dairy cow population.There is evidence that nutrients deficiency can increase the risk of subclinical mastitis in dairy cow.Trace element selenium is reported to be able to improve immune function of the mammary gland,which is of great significance to the udder health and subclinical mastitis control in dairy cows.This article elaborates the association of selenium deficiency with occurrence of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows,in hoping to provide useful information for preventing this disease through regulating the udder immune function.

The parasitic diseases seriously affect the health of goats.In the present study,the fecal samples of Arbas white cashmere goats from seven towns of Otog Banner of Inner Mongolia were collected and screened for the presence of parasitic oocysts.In addition,the serum biochemical parameters of the goats with diarrhea and the healthy ones were determined and statistically compared.The results showed that coccidiosis and nemathelminthiasis were the dominant parasitic diseases in Arbas white cashmere goats in this region;the goats with diarrhea had significantly or extremely significantly higher serum content of TG(P<0.05),ALT(P<0.05),AST(P<0.05),ALP(P<0.05),TC(P<0.01)and CK(P<0.01)compared to the healthy ones,while they had significantly lower serum content of TP(P<0.05),ALB(P<0.05)and GLU-God(P<0.05)than the healthy ones.

In recent years,an outbreak of respiratory tract diseases occurred extensively in the beef cattle population in Chongqing area.Due to the unclear analysis of etiology and inappropriate control measures,the mortality rate of cattle constantly raised.Combined with the actual situation of cattle breeding in Chongqing area,we expound the causative factors of the respiratory tract diseases in beef cattle in this region and put forward the comprehensive control measures for this disease,in hoping to provide effective references for the breeding workers.