The aims of the present study were to observe the histological structure of feather follicles of Chrysolophus pictus in embryonic period and its morphological changes, and to provide a histological base for the investigation of molecular regulation mechanism of Chrysolophus pictus feather follicles development. The development characteristics of Chrysolophus pictus embryos with 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18-day embryonic ages were observed, respectively. The back skin of Chrysolophus pictus embryos with above-mentioned embryonic ages were collected respectively and were used to prepare paraffin sections which were subsequently stained using a standard HE staining method. The morphological structure of feather follicles was observed using an optical microscope. The feather buds development of Chrysolophus pictus embryo with 9-day embryonic age was initially observed, and the pigment deposition in feather follicles was found. In 16-day embryonic age, the development of feather follicles was basically completed, and the body surface of Chrysolophus pictus embryo was covered with feather. The results of the study may provide a histological base for clarifying the molecular regulation mechanism of feather development of Chrysolophus pictus.

In order to study the microstructure of different parts of the bovine pharynx, the histological structure of pharyngeal tissues of a 3.5-year-old bull was histologically observed. The bull pharynx tissue was collected and was used to prepare paraffin sections. The paraffin sections were subsequently stained using HE staining and PAS staining method to observe the tissue morphology and cell types of different parts of pharynx. Bovine nasopharynx mucosa layer belonged to pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium structure, among which, there were a large number of goblet cells but no cuticle; laryngopharynx and oropharynx belonged to stratified squamous epithelium structure, among which, cuticle was observed but goblet cells were absent.

The study was conducted to compare the performance of montmorillonite in absorbing AFB_1 and ZEN in vitro.Commercially available ELISA kits were used to assess the adsorption efficiency of montmorillonite for AFB_1 and ZEN under the condition of pH value 3.0 and 6.5, respectively. The results showed that under the condition of pH value 3.0, the adsorption rate and adsorption capacity of montmorillonite for AFB_1 were 88.00% and 440.00 μg/g, and those for ZEN were 7.50% and 37.50 μg/g; under the condition of pH value 6.5, the adsorption rate and adsorption capacity of montmorillonite for AFB_1 were 84.00% and 420.00 μg/g, and those for ZEN were 6.60% and 33.00 μg/g. It was demonstrated that montmorillonite performed well in absorbing of AFB_1 in vitro; however, it showed poor ability in absorbing ZEN.

This experiment was conducted to assess the supplementation of Lactobacillus fermentum F-6 with different levels in basal diet on serum antioxidant capacity and volatile fatty acid（VFA） in intestine of broiler chickens. A total of 240 1-day-old healthy AA broiler chickens were included in this study and were randomly divided into 4 groups（3 experimental groups and 1control group）. No significant differences were observed in initial body weight between the chickens of different groups（P〉0.05）.The same basal diet was supplied for each group; however, the basal diet of the three experimental groups was supplemented with2.0×10~5, 2.0×10~6 and 1.0×10~7 CFU/m L of Lactobacillus fermentum F-6, respectively. No additions of Lactobacillus fermentum F-6 were made in basal diet of the control group. The serum content of MDA and SOD as well as content of VFA in intestine of 21-day-old and 42-day-old broiler chickens in each group were determined. The results showed that the serum content of SOD of21-day-old chickens of experimental group 3 was significantly higher than that of control group（P〈0.05）; the serum content of SOD of 42-day-old chickens in experimental group 2 and 3 were significantly higher than that in control group（P〈0.05）; the content of acetic acid and total volatile fatty acid（TVFA） in cecum and ileum of 21-day-old and 42-day-old broiler chickens of all experimental groups were significantly higher than that in control group（P〈0.05）; except for experimental group 1, the content of butyrate in cecum and ileum of 21-day-old and 42-day-old broiler chickens of the other experimental groups were significantly higher than that of control group（P〈0.05）. It was demonstrated that the supplementation of Lactobacillus fermentum F-6 in basal diet was able to improve the serum antioxidant capacity and increase the level of VFA in intestine of broiler chickens, which was potential to be developed as a new type of additive.

A method for determination of organic carbon and organic matter in animal manure was established in this study, which was subsequently used to assess the content of organic carbon and organic matter in animal manure samples collected from 16 intensive livestock and poultry farms in Beijing. We found that the content of organic carbon and organic matter varied in manure samples from different animal species. The highest（35.15%） and lowest（15.14%） content of organic carbon were found in porcine manure sample and bovine manure sample, respectively. Whilst, the highest（70.76%） and lowest（32.58%） content of organic matter were observed in chicken manure sample and bovine manure sample, respectively. The correction equation for determination of organic carbon and organic matter in animal manure established in this study was： w（OC） = 0.5129w（OM）-2.3377, and R~2 was 0.9255.

In order to investigate the epidemiology of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3（BPIV3） infections in dairy farms in Inner Mongolia, a serological survey was conducted by ELISA method targeting at BPIV3 antibody. The results showed that the samples collected from all of the six surveyed dairy farms were positive for the BPIV3 antibody. Among the six dairy farms, the highest positive rate was 100%（15/15）, the lowest positive rate was 90.90%（20/22）, and the average positive rate was 95.20%（119/125）.

In order to compare the differences of main production performance between Inner Mongolia Erlangshan cashmere goat and Mongolia Brown cashmere goat, sixty cashmere goats for each variety were selected and their main production performance were determined and statistically analyzed. The results revealed that the body slanting length, chest circumference and cashmere yield of Erlangshan cashmere goat were very significantly higher than those of Mongolia Brown cashmere goat（P〈0.01）, and the cashmere fibre diameter and body weight of Erlangshan cashmere goat were significantly higher than those of Mongolia Brown cashmere goat（P〈0.05）; there were very significant correlation between height at withers, body slanting length, chest circumference and body weight in both varieties（P〈0.01）, and the highest correlation value was observed in chest circumference;while there was a positive correlation between cashmere fibre diameter and cashmere yield in both varieties, no statistical significances were observed（P〈0.05）; very significant correlation between cashmere fibre length and cashmere yield in Erlangshan cashmere goat was found（P〈0.01）; there was a negative correlation between height at withers, body slanting length and cashmere fibre length in both varieties; a negative correlation between chest circumference and cashmere fibre length in Mongolia Brown cashmere goat was also observed. It was demonstrated that the comprehensive production performance of Inner Mongolia Erlangshan cashmere goat is superior to that of Mongolia Brown cashmere goat.

The aim of the present study was to determine the dominant species of bacteria associated with bovine mastitis in Tongliao City of Inner Mongolia. Three quarter milk samples were collected from dairy cows with clinical mastitis and were used to isolate pathogenic bacteria by conventional method. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolates was conducted using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The results revealed that a total of 14 strains were isolated from the 3 samples and they were subsequently phenotypically identified as Streptococcus agalactiae. While reduced susceptibility to streptomycin and sulfadiazine were observed, kanamycin, gentamicin and midecamycin are found as susceptible drugs for the isolated Streptococcus strains.

[Objective]This study was aimed to evaluate the popularization value of early weaning scheme of Chinese Holstein calves in alpine area. [Methods]A total of 16 newborn（within 1 week） Chinese Holstein calves with similar body weight were selected and randomly divided into two groups with 8 calves for each group. The experimental group was weaned with the early weaning scheme, and the control group was weaned with the routine scheme. The experimental period lasted for 90 d. [Results]The results revealed that the daily weight gain of 60-day-old and 90-day-old calves in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control group（P〈0.05）; the weight gain of 90-day-old calves in experimental group was significantly higher than that in in control group（P〈0.05）; the diarrhea incidence of 30-day-old calves in control group was 100%, and the incidence of recurrence of diarrhea was 75%; the diarrhea incidence of 30-day-old calves in experimental group was 50%, and the incidence of recurrence of diarrhea was 50%; compared with control group, the feeding cost of experimental group during the experimental period was reduced by 32.52%. [Conclusion]It is concluded that the application of early weaning scheme of Chinese Holstein calves in alpine area has feasibility. The weaning scheme is helpful for increase benefit of enterprise and dairy farmers and is worthy of extending.

The creatine kinase plays an important role in bovine energy metabolism. When inflammation occurs, there will be a locally-specific increase of CK. According, the creatine kinase may serve as a potential marker of bovine diseases. In this study, a total of 54 mutually overlapped primers were designed and synthesized according to the published amino acid sequence of bovine creatime kinase isoenzyme CK-BB and the codon usage preferred by E. coli（BL21）. A total of 6 DNA fragments of CK-BB gene,including CK-BB1, CK-BB2, CK-BB3, CK-BB4, CK-BB5 and CK-BB6, were synthesized by assembled PCR assay. Using the mixture of the 6 fragments as template, the second round PCR was conducted with head primer ck-1 and tail primer ck-54, and the amplifying product was connected with vector p ET28 b. The positive recombinants were subsequently identified, cloned and sequenced. A correct synthetic CK-BB gene was obtained by proofreading PCR assay, which lays a foundation for large-scale preparation of bovine isoenzyme CK-BB.

The data of animal husbandry production were collected from the comprehensive service center for agriculture and animal husbandry of Zhongba County of Tibet and the comprehensive service center for agriculture and animal husbandry of 13 towns dominated by Zhongba County. Based on the collected data, the situation of livestock production and its output value in Zhongba County during 2013 to 2015 were analyzed. We found that the carrying capacity of pasture land in Zhongba County was gradually decreased from 2013 to 2015, the ratio of reproducible female livestock was increased, and the economic income produced by animal husbandry production of farmers and herdsmen was raised steadily.

Qinghai Province is an important part of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, where the distribution of Tibetan population is relatively concentrated. The Tibetan medicine is commonly used in Qinghai Province and the Tibetan medicine industry has become one of the characteristic industries in this region, which makes a huge contribution to the Qinghai-Tibet Province regional economic development. Here, we introduced the development status of the Tibetan medicine industry in Qinghai Province,analyzed the outstanding problems existing in the Tibetan medicine industry, and put forward some reasonable suggestions for the sustainable development of Tibetan medicine enterprises.

＂Zhangzagu＂ is a dominant hybrid foxtail millet species with advantages of high yield, water saving and impoverishment tolerance. Its straw can be developed as a source of forage and feed for animal feeding. The crude protein content of the straw of ＂Zhangzagu＂ is approximate 6.22%-7.35%. It is even higher in dough stage and reaches about 11.99%-13.34%, which is higher than that of other forage grasses. While the nutritive value of the straw of ＂Zhangzagu＂ is similar with alfalfa, its yield is higher than alfalfa. Foxtail millet contains abundant and balanced nutrition. A total of 8 essential amino acids are found in foxtail millet,except for lysine, the content of the other essential amino acids is all similar with that of egg. It is demonstrated by an amount of feeding experiments that the straw of foxtail millet can partially replace the foreign and native forage and straw as feed for breeding of sheep, bovine and rabbit. The application of ＂Zhangzagu＂ as a source of forage and feed is recommended to be widely extended in the regions where other forage is not suitable to cultivate due to drought, which may contribute to the grain production,development of animal husbandry and ecological protection in the new period.

Ethanol extracts of Artemisia annua L. contains many kinds of nutritional and biologically active components, including terpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, aromatics, fatty acids, steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc. Supplementation of ethanol extracts of Artemisia annua L. in ruminant diet is able to increase the CLA content in their milk. Here, we reviewed the nutritional and biologically active components, extraction conditions, detection methods and proper supplementation level in animal diet of ethanol extracts of Artemisia annua L, so as to provide references for the large scale production of CLA-enriched milk.

The anti-nutritional factors are widely distributed in forage plants, which are toxic and hazardous for animals. The toxicity of these natural components may be enhanced when they enter the body of animals by feed intake. The anti-nutritional components from forage and feed can result in reduction of animal products quality and cause severe disease and even death.Here, we introduced the harm of several common anti-nutritional factors, including nitrate, nitrite, glycosides and gossypol in forage and feed of sheep.

The establishment of soil seed bank is an important basis for the investigation on vegetation succession, regeneration and restoration of desert steppe. The research method and research content on soil seed bank of desert steppe were reviewed in this paper, and its research trend in future was also prospected, so as to provide scientific information for its further study.

In this paper, based on the objectives of talent cultivation for application-oriented animal science major, the characteristics of Poultry Production and the teaching content needed to be adjusted were analyzed. Combined with the status and trends of the poultry industry development in China, the changes in teaching content of Poultry Production were explored to effectively improve the teaching effect.

Performance of bilingual teaching in Animal Physiology for the major of agronomy and animal husbandry is considered as the inevitable tendency of higher education reform, which will be helpful for the enhancement of career competitiveness of graduates from agronomy and animal husbandry major. It requires bilingual teachers not only to be proficient in their professional knowledge, but also to have an ability to listen, speak, read and write English expertly. The bilingual teaching materials should be selected for the students with consideration of the regional characteristics of our college. In addition, based on the features of the major of agronomy and animal husbandry, the preparation of lesson plans and the implement of bilingual teaching of Animal Physiology were preliminary discussed in this paper.

The case teaching method is widely applied in teaching of various curriculums of veterinary medicine major. Based on the characteristics of Veterinary Surgery and Operative Surgery, the case teaching method was applied in the process of its teaching practice, and the selection of clinical cases, application and precautions of this teaching method were summarized, so as to provide references for the improvement of teaching effect.

Taking the Key Plan of Educational Science of Heilongjiang Province ＂ Strategy Research of Practice and Innovation Ability Training for Undergraduates in the Major of Veterinary Medicine＂ as an implement platform,in an attempt to train the undergraduates to achieve the excellent innovative and practical ability and to enhance the combination between education for undergraduates in the major of veterinary medicine and the demand of development of modern animal husbandry industry, the factors affecting the quality of practice teaching were analyzed, the improving measures were proposed, and the training model of practice and innovation ability for undergraduates in the major of veterinary medicine was established. The established training model is helpful for the improvement of practical ability of undergraduates and makes the undergraduates to better adapt to the demand of modern animal husbandry industry for veterinary talents.

The Genetics Experiment is a compulsory specialized basic course for undergraduates in bioengineering major. In this paper, the current situation and existing problems in teaching of Genetics Experiment were analyzed, and the corresponding reform measures were proposed. The practice of the teaching reform could be helpful for enhancing teaching efficiency and the quality of Genetics Experiment, improving learning initiative and innovation of undergraduates, cultivate applied talents with high quality, and could provide experiences for teaching reform of Genetics Experiment for undergraduates in bioengineering major.

Animal Breeding is a compulsory specialized basic course, which plays an important role in the curriculum system of animal science specialty in universities. According to the requirements of talent cultivation objectives of local application-oriented undergraduate universities, some measures, including promoting the level of teachers, optimizing and updating teaching contents, improving teaching methods and teaching means, stimulating the learning interests of students, strengthening practical teaching, combing teaching with scientific research, etc., were carried out to effectively improve the teaching quality and effect of Animal Breeding.

College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program（SIETP）is a new form for cultivating students′innovative ability in the economic transformation background of our country. Taking the Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University as an example,the problems existing in the implementation process of SIETP were analyzed, and some suggestions were also proposed,so as to provide theoretic references for the future implementation of SIETP.

On the basis of the original practical teaching system, a novel practical teaching system for biotechnology specialty consisting of four basic modules, including experimental teaching, intramural practical teaching, extramural practical teaching and extracurricular scientific research training were established. The practice has shown that the new practical teaching system is helpful for the improvement of the students′ practical ability and comprehensive quality.

Laboratory animals are important subjects and tools for teaching and research in colleges and universities, which is the necessary link of translational medicine. With the innovative development of science and technology, the species and strains of experimental animals used in colleges and universities have been remarkably increased. The emergence of biosafety incidents caused by inappropriate management of laboratory animals has become increasingly frequent,which poses a serious threat to human health and ecological environment. We pointed out the potential biosafety hazard brought by experimental animals in colleges and universities, analyzed the problems existing in biosafety control of experiment animals, and proposed some measures and advices on copping with biosafety hidden danger of laboratory animals.

In recent years, the biological function of lecithin is arousing more and more public attention. Lecithin shows good performance in regulating metabolism, enhancing physical fitness, strengthening brain function and regulating blood lipid, which is widely applied in various fields. The research progress on biological function and application of lecithin were reviewed, so as to provide references for the deeper understanding of lecithin.

The silkworm artificial diet contains an abundance of protein, carbohydrate and other nutrients. The spoilage of the silkworm artificial diet is commonly occurred, which is mainly due to the silkworm rearing environment of high temperature and humidity. The spoiled diet usually affects the feeding habits and health of silkworm. Accordingly, it is necessary to add preservative in artificial diet of silkworm. In this paper, the main types of preservative used in silkworm artificial diet and their application and research status were reviewed, and the development and application of new type of diet preservative are prospected.

In the past 30 years, the investigation of ancient DNA has been vigorously developed. Under the background that highthroughput sequencing technology is widely employed, the ancient DNA plays an important role in clarifying the mechanism of origin, domestication, evolution and phylogenetic reconstruction of plants and animals. In this paper, the research progress on application of high throughput sequencing technology in investigation of ancient DNA was reviewed, the existing problems in study of ancient DNA were summarized, and the development of ancient DNA study in future was prospected.

The retained fetal membranes（RFM） is one of the most common obstetric diseases of dairy cow, which poses a great threat to the development of dairy cattle farming industry and brings huge economic loss. In this paper, combining the scientific literatures and reports on retained fetal membranes of dairy cow published in recent years at home and abroad with the actual production situation in domestic dairy cow farms, the etiology of retained fetal membranes of bovine are reviewed, so as to provide theoretical basis for the effective prevention and treatment of this disease.

A total of 150 non-immunized 4-7 months old sheep from 15 raising households of Suide County of Shannxi Province were included in this study to compare the immune effect of different immune methods for foot and mouth disease. All of the selected sheep were singly vaccinated with inactivated foot and mouth disease vaccine. Subsequently, 30 of the vaccinated sheep were subjected to booster immunization with the same vaccine. The antibody against foot and mouth disease virus in singly immunized and booster immunized sheep were determined. The results revealed that the qualified rate of antibody level in singly immunized sheep was 55.33% and that of booster immunized sheep was 93.33%. It was indicated that the immune effect of booster immunization method is superior to that of single immunization.