【Objective】Conduct genetic analysis of the main nutritional quality traits of maize stems at the molecular level，to provide theoretical basis for genetic improvement of the main nutritional quality traits of maize stems.【Methods】The study used 381 different types of maize inbred lines as associated populations and planted randomly in the experimental field of the Hebi Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Henan Province in 2016 and 2017. The nutritional quality traits acid washing fiber（ADF），neutral washing fiber（NDF），and digestibility（IVDMD） were investigated during the heading，filling，and maturity stages. Using the Maize SNP50 gene chip，461 053 high-quality SNPs were obtained for genome-wide association analysis.【Results】Using the generalized linear model（GLM） analysis，a total of 392 significantly correlated stem nutritional quality traits SNPs（P<1.08×10^-7） were detected on 10 chromosomes of maize during different growth stages of the two years，with phenotypic variation interpretation rates of 9.69% -17.34%. 97 SNPs were found to be independently associated more than twice，resulting in a total of 77 candidate genes associated with stem nutritional quality traits. Using the mixed linear model（MLM）analysis，a total of 257 significantly correlated SNPs were detected over the two years（P<2.17×10^-6），with phenotypic variation interpretation rates of 9.82% -20.20%. 17 SNPs were found to be independently associated more than twice，resulting in a total of 82 candidate genes. Among them，10 overlap with GLM model candidate genes. A total of 159 candidate association genes were identified by GLM and MLM，among which 43 candidate genes were detected twice or more. Zm00001d021261 was found to be associated with ADF，NDF，and IVDMD in different years 31 times at multiple loci. This gene encoded ATP binding protein and chloroplast sensor kinase，had the highest expression in leaves at maturity stage. Zm00001d021255 was found to be associated with stem nutritional quality traits 10 times at two loci. This gene encoded cysteine rich receptor like protein kinase 25，which was only expressed in developmental internodes and female panicles，can be further studied and validated.【Conclusion】Using GLM and MLM models could quickly and effectively associate significant loci related to maize stem nutrient quality. HC-SNP could be screened through repetitive significant loci，and then associated gene enrichment regions could be excavated.

【Objective】To explore the effects of continuous application of soil conditioner quicklime and organic fertilizer on the growth，development，and yield components of maize in acidic soil in the southeastern region of Liaoning.【Methods】From 2019 to 2021 field experiments were conducted in Fengcheng City，Liaoning Province. Four treatments were set up including no application of soil conditioner（CK），quicklime（CaO），organic fertilizer（Organic），and organic fertilizer+quicklime（Organic+CaO）. The effects of continuous application of soil conditioner on maize plant traits，dry matter accumulation，yield components，and other indicators were analyzed.【Results】From 2019 to 2021，the maize yield of CaO treatment were all higher than CK. The yield of Organic and Organic+CaO treatments were higher than CK in the first two years and were lower than the CK in the third year of continuous application. The yield increase of CaO treatment were in the range of 2.12% to 19.74%. The yield increase rates of Organic+CaO treatment were 15.74% and 7.89% in the first two years，respectively. But there was no yield increase effect in the third year of application. The year，soil conditioner，and their interaction had extremely significant effect（P<0.01） on maize yield. The yield of CaO and Organic+CaO treatments were significantly higher（P<0.05） than CK and the Organic treatments. The ear number of CaO treatment was significantly higher（P<0.05） than CK. CaO and Organic+CaO treatments had significantly higher（P<0.05） kernel number per ear and kernel number per hectare than that of CK and Organic treatment. 1 000-kernel weight in Organic+CaO treatment was significantly higher（P<0.05） than all other treatments. Yield was significantly positively correlated（P<0.05） with kernel number per ear （R²=0.614） and kernel number per hectare （R²=0.746）. Continuous application of soil conditioner could improve plant height，ear height，and the ratio of ear height to plant height of maize. And the effect on ear height was more than the effect on plant height. Leaf area index （LAI） increased rapidly in early growth stages and decreased slowly in later growth stages. The effects were more obvious for Organic+CaO and Organic treatments. Applying soil conditioner promoted the dry matter accumulation and post floral dry matter accumulation of all the growth stages. The effect of Organic+CaO treatment was better than that of Organic and CaO treatments.【Conclusion】Continuous application of CaO and Organic+CaO on acidic soil promoted the maize growth and development. However，from the yield prospective，when using Organic+CaO as soil conditioner in the southeastern region of Liaoning，continuous application for more than two years should be avoided.

【Objective】Identify the phenotypic traits of different types of barley germplasm resources，to provide basis for breeding practice.【Methods】The diversity of 8 qualitative traits including seedling habits，leaf posture，plant type，ridge type，awn type，awniness，naked/cover and grain color of 99 barley germplasm resources were analyzed by descriptive statistics.Using descriptive statistics，correlation analysis，cluster analysis，and principal component analysis，10 quantitative traits including plant height，growth period，tiller number，main spike length，main spike grain number，main spike grain weight，spike number per plant，grain number per plant，grain weight per plant and 1 000-grain weight were analyzed.【Results】 There were abundant variations in the 8 qualitative traits. The variation range of 10 quantitative traits was 9.08%-43.16%，among which the variation coefficient of main spike grain number was the highest，and the variation coefficient of growth period was the lowest. Correlation analysis showed that there were significant（P<0.05） or extremely significant（P<0.01）correlations among multiple traits of the 99 barley germplasm. The germplasm population was divided into 4 categories by cluster analysis. The 15 accessions in theⅠcategory had the characteristics of high stem，long main spike and long growth period. The 56 accessions in the Ⅱ category had the characteristics of low stalk，high spike number per plant，high tiller number and long main spike. The 26 accessions in theⅢcategory had the characteristics of high main spike grain weight，high main spike grain number and low 1 000-grain weight. There were 2 accessions in the Ⅳ category，characterized by high grain number per plant，high grain weight per plant，low 1 000-grain weight. Principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the three principal components reached 72.39%.【Conclusion】 There were abundant genetic variations in 18 phenotypic traits of 99 barley germplasm resources，which could be divided into 4 categories. Breeding selection could be based on group characteristics.

Chickpeas have high nutritional value and are the third most important bean crop in the world.Chickpea distribution range,nutritional value and medicinal value are reviewed in this paper.Previous research undertaken on chickpeas is introduced,current problems and the development of countermeasures are described,and the future development of chickpeas in China is considered.The review provides a reference for research chickpeas.

【Objective】The drought tolerance and salt tolerance of 16 maize varieties at germination stage were evaluated.【Methods】Five treatments including 15% PEG-6000 drought stress,20% PEG-6000 drought stress,220 mmol/L NaCl salt stress,300 mmol/L NaCl salt stress and control（water）were set up. The drought tolerance and salt tolerance of 16 maize varieties were evaluated by weighted membership function value method. The GGE map was used to distinguish the tolerance of varieties. At the same time,the similarity and discrimination ability of different stress treatments in variety evaluation were analyzed.【Results】The weighted membership function value method evaluation results showed that,Yidan 131 and Zhenjin 308 were drought tolerant and Yidan 81 was salt tolerant;the GGE map was used to distinguish different stress treatments,the results showed that 15% PEG-6000,20% PEG-6000 and 300 mmol/L NaCl were positively correlated. The comprehensive evaluation of drought tolerance and salt tolerance of 16 maize varieties showed drought tolerance：Yidan 131,Yidan 81 and Zhenjin 308,and salt tolerance：Yidan 81,Yidan 507 and Shengfeng silage No.2.【Conclusion】Yidan 131 was a drought tolerant maize variety,and Yidan 81 was a drought and salt tolerant maize variety.

【Objective】Sugarbeet paired maintainer lines and male sterile lines′ cytoplasmic types were determined in order to provide theoretical basis and technical advice for breeding sugarbeet maintainer lines and male sterile lines.【Methods】40 sugarbeet test materials were identified using the generated VNTR specific primers TR1, TR2, TR3,and TR4, and the cytoplasmic types were separated according to the particular bands, which was combined with the research of fertility features in the field.【Results】Among the 21 materials to be selected for sterility type,the materials conforming to be Owen type were N9849-17-1,N9865-103-C1, N9857-5-1-TH1-400, MS321-C27-1-80, MS331-N70, MS343-80, MS117-3-6-4-2, MS301-500, MS351-80, MS327-70-80, MS333-70-80, MS335-N70, 2068B-2, MS151-1-16-301-400, MS317-1-8-301, MS313-506-600 and MS320-7-605-1-84. MS329-N70 was cytoplasm type N1 and MS323-503-600 was N2. Among the 19 fertile materials to be selected, 960767-201TH-1, 960764-1-11-1-1-400, OT322-C7-70-80, OT332-N70, OT352-80, OT328-70-80, BS301-13-9, OT352-80-1, OT342-80 and OT152-1-6-301-400 were found to be in line with the cytoplasm type N1, and OT302-500 was found to be in line with the cytoplasm type N2. 960766-1077-c1, OT344-80, OT118-4-5-4-4 and OT324-501-600 were Owen type. Six materials with inconsistent molecular identification results were MS351-80-1, MS341-80, OT152-1-1-1-C301, OT330-N70, OT334-70-80, and OT336-N70. The results of field investigation revealed that 960766-1077-c1, OT344-80, OT118-4-5-4-4 and OT324-501-600 were semi-fertile with Owen cytoplasmic types. MS329-N70 and MS323-503-600 were semi-sterile type Ⅱ and were not Owen cytoplasmic type.【Conclusion】The VNTR specific primers developed could be utilized to distinguish the cytoplasmic types of sugarbeet maintainer lines and male sterile lines. The results were consistent with the results of the field fertility feature identification.

【Objective】Establish a maize genetic transformation system to cultivate maize lines with herbicide tolerance and address the issue of weed damage in maize.【Methods】Herbicide tolerance gene（ CP4 -EPSPS）was transformed into immature embryos of maize inbred line B73 by agrobacterium mediated transformation. The transgenic plants were identified by PCR and qRT-PCR. Low copy transgenic events were screened by ddPCR,followed by phosphinothricin tolerance test.【Results】12 of the 181 acquired tolerance lines tested positive. The exogenous herbicide tolerance gene（ CP4 -EPSPS）of the transgenic plants expressed normally at the transcriptional level. Five low copy lines were selected from the transgenic plants. All the transgenic plants were phosphinothricin tolerant in the tolerance test. T ₁ seeds from the 5 transgenic low copy lines were harvested.【Conclusion】Established a maize genetic transformation system mediated by Agrobacterium transformation using B73.

【Objective】To explore the accumulation of deoxynivalenol（DON） in the kernels of different wheat varieties under natural disease conditions and the effect on Fuasrium diseased kernel rate（FDK） and test weight，so as to provide reference for breeding wheat varieties resistant to Fuasrium.【Methods】The content of DON，3A-DON（3-acetyldeoxynivalenol） and 15A-DON（15-acetyldeoxynivalenol） in the kernels of 65 wheat varieties from different sources were tested by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（LC-MS/MS） to analyze the difference in Fuasrium diseased kernel rate（FDK） and test weight （TW） under different DON content.【Results】The FDK of the 65 wheat varieties ranged from 0.20% to 7.80%. The content of DON was 0.11 to 4.26 mg/kg. The test weight was 703.00 to 791.70 g/L. With correlation coefficients of 0.514，0.549，0.529 and 0.521，respectively，FDK was significantly positively correlated with the contents of DON，3A-DON，15A-DON and DON-Total（P<0.01），and was significantly negatively correlated with test weight（P<0.05），with correlation coefficients of -0.254. With correlation coefficients of 0.999，0.911 and 0.899，respectively，the kernel contents of DON，3A-DON，15A-DON had significant positive correlation（P<0.01） with DON-Total，and significant negative correlation with test weight（P<0.01），with correlation coefficients of -0.502，-0.504 and -0.481，respectively. In terms of the source of the varieties，the kernel accumulation of DON was lowest in Jiangsu（1.51 mg/kg），followed by Anhui（2.06 mg/kg），Henan（2.75 mg/kg） and Shandong（2.98 mg/kg）. The content of 3A-DON was lowest in Jiangsu（0.047 mg/kg），followed by Anhui（0.075 mg/kg），Shandong（0.111 mg/kg） and Henan（0.113 mg/kg）. The content of 15A-DON was lowest in Jiangsu（0.059 mg/kg），followed by Anhui（0.090 mg/kg），Shandong（0.132 mg/kg）and Henan（0.141 mg/kg）. The content of DON-Total was lowest in Jiangsu（1.61 mg/kg），followed by Anhui（2.23 mg/kg），Henan（3.00 mg/kg）and Shandong（3.23 mg/kg）. The number and proportion of varieties with DON no more than 2 mg/kg in wheat kernels were as follows：Anhui（18，64.29%）>Jiangsu（13，61.90%）>Shandong（2，22.22%）>Henan（1，14.29%）. The average test weight was highest in Jiangsu（758.57 g/L），followed by Anhui（751.90 g/L），Henan（739.71 g/L） and Shandong（735.27 g/L）. In terms of the characteristics of different varieties，eight wheat varieties with DON no more than 2 mg/kg and test weight no less than 770.00 g/L were selected. Among these，there were seven semi winter varieties including Huaimai 40，Huaimai 44，Nongmai 152，Quanmai 725，Womai No. 9，Xunong 029 and Huaimai 45，one spring variety，Guohong No. 6.【Conclusion】The kernel FDK，DON contents and test weight of the 65 wheat varieties were quite different. With the increase of FDK，the kernel accumulation of 3A-DON，15A-DON and DON-Total increased gradually，and the average test weight decreased. Huaimai 40，Huaimai 44，Nongmai 152，Quanmai 725，Womai No.9，Xunong 029，Huaimai 45，and Guohong No. 6 had better resistance to Fuasrium disease.

【Objective】To screen soybean varieties with high yield,superior quality and strong resistance suitable for planting in the north foot of Yinshan Mountains.【Methods】Variety comparison experiment was conducted on 20 soybean varieties provided by the Institute of Hulun Buir Agricultural Science to analyze the yield and quality traits. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate different soybean varieties.【Results】Cluster analysis divided the 20 varieties into three categories. The first category（Mengdou 50,Dengke No. 5,Mengdou 49,Dengke No. 1,Mengdou 58,Mengdou 912,Mengdou 57,Mengdou 42,Mengdou 1137,Mengdou 43,and Mengdou 160） comprehensively displayed the characteristics of high yield and high fat content,that was,high yield and superior quality. The second category（Mengdou 53,Mengdou 54,Mengdou 343,Mengdou 46,Mengdou 48,Mengdou 15,Neidou No. 4） had low yield and moderate quality. The third category（Dongnong 690） had high yield and low fat content. Principal component analysis showed that the yield factor and grain factor had contribution rates of 45.298% and 41.496%,respectively. The effective pods per plant,total seeds per plant,yield per plant,plot yield,fat content,and 100-seed weight all had high contribution.【Conclusion】Based on the results of principal component comprehensive evaluation ranking and cluster analysis,combined with comprehensive factors such as variety growth period and resistance,eight soybean varieties with good comprehensive performance were selected,including Mengdou 50,Mengdou 43,Mengdou 1137,Dengke No. 5,Mengdou 42,Mengdou 58,Mengdou 49,and Dengke No. 1. These soybean varieties were suitable for demonstration and promotion planting in the north foot of Yinshan Mountains.

【Objective】Investigate the effects of different tillage methods on soil moisture,heat dynamics as well as maize dry matter accumulation and yield,to provide theoretical support for maize production in dry farming regions of Inner Mongolia.【Methods】Using random block design,four tillage methods were set up,including conventional ridge cropping（CP）,straw off-field no-tillage（NT）,straw mulching no-tillage（RNT）,and straw mulching strip tillage（RST）. Throughout the maize growth stages in 2021—2022,the soil temperature,soil moisture content and maize dry matter accumulation were monitored and measured. Yield was determined at harvest.【Results】Compared with CP,NT,RNT and RST reduced the average soil temperature and 0-5 cm soil active accumulated temperature in the maize growth stages. The 0-5 cm average soil active accumulated temperature of NT and RNT significantly decreased by 69.81 and 127.52 ℃（ P<0.05）,respectively in the two years,while RST only decreased by 18.94 ℃ with no significant difference（ P>0.05）. RNT and RST significantly increased soil water content during the maize growth period,with RNT increasing 107.75 and 74.14 mm and RST increasing 71.50 and 37.89 mm compared to CP and NT,respectively. RST increased maize emergence by an average of 1.58%,9.28% and 9.11% compared to NT,CP and RNT respectively. Both dry matter accumulation and yield at maize maturity stage were RST>NT>CP>RNT in the two years. In comparison to CP,NT and RNT,the dry matter accumulation in RST increasing by 11.68%,4.47% and 12.69%,yield increased by 6.06%,4.22% and 7.21%,and water use efficiency（WUE） increased by 7.63%,5.61% and 6.52%,respectively.【Conclusion】Straw mulching strip tillage had better effect in temperature increasing and soil moisture preserving,significantly increased maize dry matter accumulation and yield,was one of the tillage methods to increase maize yield and efficiency in dry farming regions of Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】To screen excellent millet varieties suitable for planting in the dry farming area of the Loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia.【Methods】Using 8 millet varieties as research objects and split plot experiment design，two treatments of pre-seedling supplementary irrigation and water deficit were set up. The growth characteristics and photosynthetic characteristics of millet varieties were compared and analyzed by principal component analysis.【Results】Pre-seedling supplemental irrigation significantly affected the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of millet varieties. Compared with water deficit treatment，Jinmiao K1 had the highest （6.56%） seedling emergence rate，followed by Zhangzagu No. 13（4.44%）；Jinmiao K1 and Zhangzagu No. 13 had better plant height performance，at 30.5 cm and 30.3 cm，respectively，increased by 15.21% and 6.27% and were significantly different from other varieties（P<0.05）；Zhangzagu No. 13 had better stem diameter and dry matter accumulation at 5.45 mm and 0.598 g，respectively，increased by 12.60% and 5.65%，and were significantly different from other varieties（P<0.05），followed by Jinmiao K1，which increased by 16.56% and 4.98%，respectively. Under the water deficit treatment，the leaf area index of Zhangzagu No. 13 and Jinmiao K1 were less affected by drought at 0.94 and 0.83，respectively；the relative chlorophyll content of Zhangzagu No. 13 was the highest at 51.18. The stomatal conductance of Zhangzagu No. 13 and Jinmiao K1 was better under both treatments，significantly higher than that of other varieties（P<0.05），4.45% and 4.36% higher under pre-seedling supplemental irrigation treatment than water deficit treatment，respectively. The net photosynthetic rates of Jigu 168 and Jinmiao K1 were significantly higher than that of other varieties（P<0.05）. Under water deficit treatment，Zhangzagu No. 13 had the best net photosynthetic rate at 33.18 μmol/（m²·s），which was 1.99% lower than that of pre-seedling supplementary irrigation. The transpiration rates of Zhangzagu No. 13 and Jinmiao K1 were better and significantly higher than that of other varieties（P<0.05），4.39% and 3.79% higher under pre-seedling supplemental irrigation treatment than water deficit treatment，respectively. Zhangzagu No. 13 and Jinmiao K1 had better water use efficiency under both treatments. Water deficit led to an increase in leaf photosynthetic water use efficiency，the two varieties increased by 11% and 7%，respectively.【Conclusion】Zhangzagu No. 13 and Jinmiao K1 could be promoted as the dominant varieties of millet for drought resistance and seedling protection in the dry farming area of the Loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】To screen varieties of dryland spring maize suitable for planting in Shanxi Province.【Methods】From 2020 to 2021，four spring maize varieties with good growth and high yield were selected as experimental materials and tested at two test sites of Chaoyang Town，Shouyang County and Dongyang Town，Yuci District in Jinzhong City. Using single factor randomized block design，the agronomic traits，photosynthetic characteristics，and dry matter accumulation of spring maize varieties were compared and the correlation analysis on yield and yield components were performed.【Results】At the test site in Chaoyang Town，Shouyang County，Dafeng 30 and Dika 159 had excellent agronomic traits，strong photosynthetic characteristics，high dry matter accumulation in leaves and panicles，and low dry matter accumulation in stems. The average yield increased by 3.59% and 1.70% compared to Taiyuan No. 9（CK），respectively. At the test site in Dongyang Town，Yuci District，the photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation of Dafeng 30 were significantly higher than those of Jindan 86 in the early growth stage，while there was no significant difference between the two in the later growth stage. Compared with Jinboshi 806（CK），the average yields of Dafeng 30 and Jindan 86 increased by 4.13% and 3.69%，respectively. The yield of spring maize was negatively correlated with bald tip length，but positively correlated with ear length，number of grains per ear，100-grain weight，and yield per plant.【Conclusion】Dafeng 30，Dika 159，and Jindan 86 were suitable for large-scale demonstration and promotion planting in the dryland spring maize planting areas of Shanxi.

【Objective】The impacts of various treatments on the structure and diversity of soil microbial communities on continuous cucumber cropping were investigated to select appropriate soil improvement measures.【Methods】The soil that had been continuously cropped cucumbers for 12 years was treated with straw returning,wheat filling,anti-continuous cropping biological fertilizer,and lime nitrogen disinfection. The Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform was used to conduct a 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing of soil microorganisms.【Results】 Compared with the control,Chao1 index,Simpson index of the four treatments all increased,with straw returning and anti-continuous cropping biological fertilizer treatment increased significantly（ P<0.05）. At the bacterial phylum level,different treatments had no effect on the community composition. However the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes increased significantly（ P<0.05）in the treatments of straw returning,wheat filling,and anti-continuous cropping biological fertilizer. In the treatment of wheat filling and lime nitrogen disinfection,the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes increased significantly（ P<0.05）. In the treatment of anti-continuous cropping biological fertilizer and lime nitrogen disinfection,the relative abundance of Acidobacteria reduced significantly（ P<0.05）. At genus level in the four treatment,the relative abundance of dominant bacteria Bifidobacterium was significantly reduced（ P<0.05）with the appearence Thermopolyspora and Thermomonospora. In wheat filling,the relative abundance of the dominant bacteria Steroidobacteria increased significantly（ P<0.05）. In straw returning and anti-continuous cropping biological fertilizer,the relative abundance of dominant bacteria chryseolinea, cellvibrio and flavisobacter increased significantly（ P<0.05）.【Conclusion】In continuous cucumber cultivation,the four improvement measures affected the composition,richness,and diversity of the soil bacterial community. The optimum treatment was adding anti-continuous cropping biological fertilizer,followed by straw returning.

【Objective】To elucidate the impacts of tillage methods on the development of saline-alkali farmland and maize growth by examining the growth and development of maize roots under deep ploughing straw returning.【Methods】From 2021 to 2022,two tillage methods,shallow rotation no returning（CK）and deep ploughing straw returning（DPR）,were set up on mild,moderate and severe saline-alkali land. The local main maize varieties DK159 and JSH257 were used as experimental materials to analyze the effects of different treatments on soil physical and chemical properties,maize root growth status and yield.【Results】Compared with CK,the bulk density in DPR soil decreased,water content increased,alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen,total N,available P,available K and organic matter content increased significantly（ P<0.05）. The soil total salt content and pH value decreased by 5.48%-48.98% and 1.25%-13.71%,respectively. The root length,root surface area,average root diameter and root volume of DPR maize significantly increased（ P<0.05）. The root indexes improved most in the mild saline-alkali soil,with increases of 62.13%,62.99%,26.46% and 69.67%,respectively. In comparison with the CK,the yield of maize increased by 14.08%-33.61% with the highest increase in moderate saline-alkali soil.【Conclusion】Deep ploughing straw returning effectively improved soil physical and chemical properties,reduced soil total salt content and pH value. With the decrease of total salt content,maize root length and root volume increased significantly,increasing root surface area,improving the ability of maize plants to utilize soil nutrients,and ultimately increasing yield.

【Objective】To detect virus diseases of tomato and pepper in the primary protected vegetable production areas in Inner Mongolia,in order to identify the current dominant viral species,distribution,and infection status,as well as to assess the severity and prevalence of several significant virus diseases.【Methods】 From 2021 to 2022,tomato and pepper suspected virus disease samples were collected from the main protected vegetable production areas in Inner Mongolia including Chifeng City,Hohhot City and Baotou City. RT-PCR was used to identify the pathogens.【Results】A total of 327 virus infected samples were collected and 15 viruses were detected,including 12 in Chifeng City,8 in Hohhot City,and 7 in Baotou City.

【Objective】 Analyze the international trade situation of China′s agricultural products before and after the Sino-US trade friction and the impact of Sino-US trade friction on the international trade of China′s agricultural products,so as to provide references for the long-term stable development of China′s agriculture.【Methods】 Based on the data of China′s agricultural trade volume with the United States,China′s agricultural trade volume,and China′s import volume and transaction volume of major agricultural products from the United States published by the Ministry of Commerce,statistical analysis and literature research methods were used to analyze the situation and structure of international trade import and export of China′s agricultural products.【Results】 Sino-US trade friction had a huge impact on China′s agricultural international trade. On the one hand,China′s imports of major agricultural products in the United States have dropped from 32 855 600 tons of soybeans in 2017 to 16 943 600 tons in 2019,and wheat imports from 1 549 100 tons in 2017 decreased to 361 400 tons in 2018;China′s import transaction volume with the United States dropped from 31.741 billion US dollars in 2017 to 20.523 billion US dollars in 2019. The Sino-US trade friction has posed a certain threat to China′s food security and agricultural market stability;on the other hand,Sino-US trade frictions have prompted China to adjust its foreign trade structure and accelerate the diversified development of agricultural trade.【Conclusion】 By improving the import and export structure of international agricultural products trade,reducing its trade dependence on the United States,developing the EU and Southeast Asian markets,actively exploring new international trade markets and adopting a diversified market structure,China can improve the competitiveness of its own agricultural products while ensuring food security.

【Objective】To clarify the molecular mechanism of salicylic acid induced rice blast resistance.【Methods】Using Hwayoung rice seedlings as test material,the in vitro inhibitory effect of salicylic acid on Magnaporthe oryzae was evaluated. Rice seedlings were induced by salicylic acid(sterile water as control)and then inoculated with Magnaporthe oryzae JC2. The changes in histone acetylation and gene expression related to rice disease course were studied.【Results】Salicylic acid had no significant inhibitory effect on the in vitro growth rate,spore quantity,and spore germination rate of Magnaporthe oryzae. The histone modification levels of H3K9ac and H4K5ac showed an increased trend when the rice seedlings were induced by different concentrations of salicylic acid,and the resistance to rice blast was also improved. Compared with the control plants,in 0.05 mmol/L salicylic acid induced and inoculated 2 d plants(sampled 24 h after inoculation),the expression levels of OsPR1b、OsPAL、OsNH1 and WRKY13 increased extreme significantly(P<0.01).【Conclusion】After rice plants were induced by salicylic acid,the histone acetylation modification level was elevated and the resistance to rice blast was improved.

Plant height is an important indicator of the ideal plant type of maize and closely related to yield. It affects plant photosynthetic utilization，lodging resistance，harvest index，etc. By altering cell division and elongation，phytohormones change the length and quantity of maize internodes，modifying maize plant height to achieve the effect of dwarfing crops. This paper reviewed the research progress in recent years on the mapping and cloning of QTL/genes that control maize plant height and the formation of dwarf mutants under the regulation of hormones（GA₃，IAA，BR），in order to provide references for the production and application of maize breeding.

【Objective】To explore the spatio-temporal evolution of the main food crops planting structure in the three northeastern provinces.【Methods】Using the decision tree method,based on MOD13Q1 data,combined with crops phenology data and land use data in the three northeastern provinces,the landscape index was used to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution of the planting structure of the main food crops in the three northeastern provinces—maize,rice and soybean.【Results】From 2000 to 2015,the average patch area of maize and soybean in the three northeastern provinces continued to increase,the patch density continued to decrease,and the patch aggregation degree increased on the whole. From 2000 to 2010,the average patch area of rice continued to increase and the patch density continued to decrease. From 2010 to 2015,the average patch area of rice decreased and the patch density increased. From 2000 to 2015,the patch aggregation degree of rice has been in a stable state.【Conclusion】From the perspective of planting structure,soybean was the most important crop in the three northeastern provinces in 2000,and maize was the most important crop in the three northeastern provinces from 2005 to 2015. From the perspective of planting pattern,the planting of maize and soybean in the three northeastern provinces has been relatively concentrated,and the rice planting showed a slight fragmentation phenomenon from 2010 to 2015,but it was relatively concentrated overall.

【Objective】To screen naked oat varieties（lines） suitable for cultivation in Ulanqab City,Inner Mongolia and lay a theoretical foundation for the introduction of oat varieties,breeding,demonstration and promotion of new varieties in the area.【Methods】Using 12 newly bred naked oat varieties（lines） in China as experimental material,in single factor randomized block experiments,the growth period,main agronomic traits,yield and quality traits of the different oat varieties（lines） were analyzed.【Results】All of the 12 naked oat varieties（lines） tested could mature normally in the local area. The varieties（lines） with better main agronomic traits were：201229-1-2,Zhangyou No.8,Bayou No.18. Bayou No.18 had better performance in plant height（136.10 cm）,main panicle length（22.03 cm）,grain weight per spike（2.94 g）,tiller number（3.58） and 1000-grain weight（30.14 g）. 201229-1-2 performed better in tiller number（4.20）,spikelet number（35.73） and grain weight per spike（2.06 g）. Zhangyou No.8 had better performance in 1 000-grain weight（30.14 g）. The varieties（lines）with better yield performance were Bayou No.18,201229-1-2 and Baiyan No.16,at 3 250.05,3 330.00 and 3 157.80 kg/hm ²,respectively. The varieties（lines） with better quality traits were Zhangyou No.9（highest protein content at 16.57%）,Jinyan No.18（highest β-glucan content at 5.00%）,Weiduyou No.5（highest starch content at 61.98%）,and 201229-1-2（highest crude fat content and grain bulk density at 5.51% and 709.00 g/L）. Principal component analysis showed that the comprehensive scores of Bayou No.18,Baiyan No.16,Zhangyou No.8,and 201229-1-2 were higher,with relatively prominent yield traits and nutritional quality traits.【Conclusion】The naked oat varieties（lines） with better comprehensive traits were Bayou No. 18,Baiyan No. 16,Zhangyou No. 8,and 201229-1-2. They were suitable for promotion and cultivation in Ulanqab City,Inner Mongolia,with Bayou No. 18 being particularly prominent.

【Objective】To quantitatively analyze the yield gap of wheat following rice in Anhui Province and clarify the space for increasing yield and improving utilization efficiency of resource of wheat following rice.【Methods】Four cultivation patterns：super high yield（SH）,high yield and high efficiency（HH）,farmer pattern（FP）and inherent soil productivity（ISP）and three difference levels：first-level yield gap（FP-ISP）,second-level yield gap（HH-FP）,and third-level yield gap（SH-HH） were set up in wheat following rice areas along the Huai River,between Yangtze River and Huai River,and along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province from 2017 to 2020. The dry matter accumulation and leaf area index of over-wintering stage,jointing stage,anthesis stage,filling stage and maturity stage were determined and the effective ear number,kernels per ear,1 000-grain weight and economic coefficient,as well as yield were measured at maturity stage.【Results】Along the Huai River,between Yangtze River and Huai River,and along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province,the first-level yield gap（FP-ISP） of wheat following rice was the largest,with an average of 3 009.6 kg/hm ². The second-level yield gap and the third-level yield gap were 768.5 and 758.0 kg/hm ²,respectively. Yield gaps varied among different wheat following rice planting regions,with the first-level yield gap decreased gradually from north to south,the second-level yield gap increased slightly from north to south,and the third-level yield gap in the north slightly higher than that of the south. The yield gap of the different levels varied greatly among different years. The effective measures to narrow the first-level yield gap were to increase the effective ear number,kernels per ear,biological yield,economic coefficient and leaf area index in jointing stage.The effective measures to narrow the second-level yield gap were the enhancement of kernels per ear,biological yield and dry matter in anthesis stage. The effective measures to narrow the third-level yield gap were to increase the effective ear number and economic coefficient. Sink number,sink volume,leaf area index in over-wintering stage and jointing stage and dry matter accumulation after flowering were extremely significantly positive correlated（ P<0.01） with the yield of wheat following rice. Nitrogen agronomic utilization efficiency,light and accumulative temperature utilization efficiency increased with the improvement of yield.【Conclusion】Increasing grain sink number,expanding sink capacity and improving grain sink quality were the effective means to narrow the yield gap and increase yield of wheat following rice in Anhui Province.

【Objective】Analyzing the heterotic pattern of superior maize breeding lines L239 and L7221 to reveal the genetic resources of superior varieties and to provide reference for maize breeding in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. 【Methods】The genetic diversity of L239 and L7221 in 42 maize inbred lines was analyzed by SSR molecular marker technology to determine the heterosis pattern of maize in Huang-Huai-Hai region.【Results】Analysis of 42 maize inbred lines showed that the allele number of the 56 primers was 2-9，and the polymorphism information content was 0.43-0.86. The genetic distance between L239 and CA375 was shortest at 0.50. The genetic distance between L7221，LX9801 and Nongda 178 were shorter at 0.43 and 0.56，respectively. According to the genetic similarity analysis of 42 maize inbred lines，L7221 mainly belonged to Tangsipingtou group，and L239 mainly had closer relationship with the germplasm resources of the improved Reid group.【Conclusion】L7221 was closer to many inbred lines of Tangsipingtou group，and L239 was closer to many inbred lines of improved Reid group. The L239 and L7221 heterosis pattern was improved Reid group×Tangsipingtou group.

【Objective】The CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to edit the BvCENH3 gene in sugar beet aiming to establish an efficient genome editing system.【Methods】Taking sugar beet BvCENH3 gene as the editing target,double candidate targets were selected to construct gene editing vector. Transgenic sugar beet plants were produced through agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Next generation sequencing technology was utilized to identify the mutation types and droplet digital PCR was employed to screen low-copy mutant plants.【Results】82 transgenic sugar beet plants were obtained,40 of which were successfully edited,with an editing efficiency of 48.78%. Target 1 was more efficient than target 2. There were five mutation types,including single base substitution（T→G、A→C） and base deletion（TC、TCTC deletion）. 23 low-copy edited plants were selected,with BvCENH3 insertion copy numbers ranging from 1.1 to 1.9.【Conclusion】Successfully edited BvCENH3 in sugar beet with 40 BvCENH3 gene mutants obtained. Preliminary established sugar beet genome editing system,laying theoretical and technical foundations for sugar beet haploid breeding.

【Objective】To determine the control effect of 41.7% Lufuda SC different application methods on root-knot nematode of tomatoes.【Methods】41.7% Lufuda SC at a dosage of 0.030 mL/plant was used to irrigate the root,spray on ridge surface,and broadcast on strip surface. 20% fosthiazate FW for root irrigation,10% fosthiazate GR at 30 kg/hm ² soil spraying and water were used as controls. The effect of different treatments on root-knot nematode control was recorded.【Results】The population declining rates of root-knot nematode by 41.7% Lufuda SC treatments to irrigate the root,spraying on ridge surface and broadcasting on strip surface were 46.39%,23.21%,and 22.95% respectively. The control effects were 64.19%,59.74% and 50.22% respectively. The population declining rates for 20% fosthiazate FW and 10% fosthiazate GR were 42.67% and 29.89%,the control effects were 62.21% and 48.46% respectively. 41.7% Lufuda SC on root irrigation enhanced yield by 27.07% compared to water treatment.【Conclusion】For 41.7% Lufada SC,irrigation on roots method had much better effect in tomato root-knot nematode control than spraying on ridge surface,broadcasting on strip suface and all controls,increased yield significantly as well.

【Objective】 In order to reveal the physiological response of different sugar beet varieties to saline-alkali stress and screen salt-alkali tolerant varieties.【Methods】 15 main sugar beet varieties were used as materials to simulate the effects of different degrees of salt-alkali stress（control,light,moderate and severe saline-alkali soil）on the growth and physiological indexes of sugar beet seedlings under natural soil conditions.【Results】 Compared with the control,the seedling emergence rate,fresh weight,dry weight and chlorophyll content of 15 sugar beet varieties decreased in varying degrees with the increase of salt-alkali stress.The five varieties of seedling emergence rate decreasing slightly： were MA3001,MA2070,KWS1176,KWS9149,MA079,and the five varieties of fresh weight decreasing slightly： were MA3001,KWS1176,KWS2323,NEI2499,BETA379,and the five varieties of dry weight decreasing slightly：were KWS1176,BETA5043,MA3001,MA079,BETA379.The decreases of MA3001 and KWS1176 were smaller so that these were the salt-alkali tolerant varieties.The plasmalemma permeability and MDA content in leaves of 15 sugar beet varieties increased with the increase of salt-alkali stress，and small the increase ofor the salt-alkali tolerant sugar beet seedlings was smaller.With the increase of salt-alkali stress，the SOD activity of 15 sugar beet varieties was different，and the POD activity of different varieties showed a single peak curve change，and SOD activity and POD activity of salt-alkali tolerant varieties decreased slightly in severe saline-alkali soil.【Conclusion】 MA3001 and KWS1176 are salt-alkali tolerant sugar beet varieties.They can effectively reduce the membrane lipid peroxidation and the plasmalemma permeability of leaves by strengthening the activity of antioxidant enzymes，thereby improving the salt-alkali tolerance of sugar beet seedlings.

【Objective】The effects of microbial fertilizer mixed with chicken manure on the growth of apple seedlings and the improvement of saline-alkali soil in apple field were studied in order to provide theoretical basis for the improvement of saline-alkali soil in apple field in Gansu Province.【Methods】Five treatments were set up：no fertilizer（blank，T0），single microbial fertilizer（control，T1），50 g/（kg soil） chicken manure+microbial fertilizer（T2），75 g/（kg soil） chicken manure+microbial fertilizer（T3），100 g/（kg soil） chicken manure+microbial fertilizer（T4）. At 30，60，90，and 120 d，the effects of various treatments on apple seedling development，root activity and soil pH value，total salt content，bulk density，enzyme activities were studied.【Results】Combined application of chicken manure and microbial fertilizer，the leaf area of apple seedling leaves had no significant change（P>0.05）. At 120 d，in T4 treatment，the leaf SPAD value of apple seedling was the largest，15.75% and 12.88% higher than that in T0 and T1 treatment，respectively. The soil total salt content，pH value，and bulk density were the lowest， 15.51%，6.53%，and 23.82% lower than T0 treatment，and 14.20%，3.49%，and 20.34% lower than T1 treatment，respectively. At 120 d，in T3 treatment，apple seedling had the highest root activity，12.15% and 4.41% higher than those in the T0 and T1 treatments，respectively. The ALP activity，S-UE activity and NAG activity of saline-alkali soil in apple field were the highest，increased by 65.52%，29.96% and 116.38% respectively compared with T0 treatment and 17.07%，14.95% and 34.23% respectively compared with T1 treatment.【Conclusion】The growth of apple seedlings and saline-alkali soil were improved by the treatments of 75 g/（kg soil） chicken manure+microbial fertilizer and 100 g/（kg soil）chicken manure+microbial fertilizer. The longer the treatment period，the more pronounced the effects on apple seedling growth and soil improvement were.

【Objective】Explore the fertilization effect of oats in the northern Yinshan Mountain,and provide scientific basis for the rational fertilization of dryland oats in the northern Yinshan Mountain.【Methods】Based on the long-term positioning experiment（started in 2004）of Wuchuan dry farming experimental station in Inner Mongolia,the effects of different fertilization measures on oat yield,plant nutrient absorption and oat water and fertilizer utilization efficiency under long-term fertilization conditions were studied.【Results】Oat yield,1 000-grain weight,plant high,panicle length and spikelet number per plant could be significantly increased under the combination use of chemical and organic fertilizer（NPK+O） and balanced fertilization（NPK）.The grain yield under NPK+O and NPK conditions could be increased by 49.86% and 38.97% compared with oat planted without fertilization（CK）.The oat LAI,biomass,and amount of absorption of N,P,and K could be significantly increased under NPK+O and NPK treatments,the maximum LAI,and biomass were 2.62 and 6 066 kg/hm ²,respectively.The max amount absorption of N,P and K was 115.28,26.77 and 132.92 kg/hm ²,respectively.Combined application of NPK+O and NPK could significantly increase the water use efficiency in oats,reaching 8.17 and 7.84 kg/（hm ²·mm）,respectively,which were 46.5% and 40.0% higher than CK.The use efficiency of N,P ₂O ₅,and K ₂O under NPK was 36.37%,17.93%,and 59.92%,respectively.Each 100 kg oat absorbed N 3.38-6.21 kg,P ₂O ₅ 1.09-1.49 kg,K ₂O 3.98-7.43 kg,with a value of 4.93,1.31,and 5.77 kg,respectively.【Conclusion】The combination use of chemical and organic fertilizer（NPK+O）and balanced fertilization（NPK）could significantly increase yield,nutrient absorbs,water and fertilizer utilization efficiency of oats,which were nutrient management models for high efficient resource utilization and oat yield increase.

【Objective】 To determine the ecological adaptive capacity and rooting type of Portulaca oleracea L. for its better develop and utilize.【Methods】 The anatomical vegetative organs and cuttings rooting were observed by paraffin section.【Results】 The roots and stems of purslane were stout and contained more parenchyma.The root had secondary structures such as pericarp and secondary vascular tissue,and xylem was well developed.There were scattered vascular bundles in the stem,and cortex and marrow were more developed.The leaves were typical heterofacial,with mucinous cells,and the main veins were arranged with two external tough vascular bundles.There were annular fiber bundles outside petiole and main vascular bundle.Crystals were found in parenchyma cells of roots,stems and leaves.Adventitious roots of stem cuttings originated from parenchyma cells near the interfascicular cambium or phloem.【Conclusion】 The vegetative organs of Portulaca oleracea L. had the characteristics of resistance to dry and salt.The root of stem cuttings was the original type of inducing root and easy to take roots.

Cyperus esculentus is a multi-purpose commercial crop that incorporates grain and oil,feed,food,medicine,and greening,as well as an ecological crop that prevents windstorms and fastens sand,enhances soil fertility,and improves marginal land use efficiency. As a result of its favorable environmental and economic effects,it has been well developed. This paper discussed the characteristics,planting and yield,main nutrient composition,development and utilization of Cyperus esculentus,as well as the challenges that have afflicted its development and the prospects for its industrial development.

【Objective】 To screen new varieties of sugarbeet with high quality and disease resistance in Ta′e Reclamation Area in Xinjiang.【Methods】 In the 4-year continuous cropping disease nursery of sugarbeet,a randomized block arrangement design was used to conduct a plot comparison test. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The local main growing variety Beta796 was used as the control variety. The 9 introduced sugarbeet varieties KWS7748,KWS9968,KWS9899,KWS9962,KWS0066,KWS3410,KWS3354,Beta468,KWS5599 were comprehensively analyzed for their variety adaptability,disease resistance,root yield and sugar yield and other traits.【Results】 The KWS7748 and Beta468 had outstanding performance in disease resistance,root yield,sugar yield and other traits,which were better than the control variety Beta796. The root yield and sugar yield of variety KWS7748 were 43.15% and 43.50% higher than Beta796,and the root yield and sugar yield of Beta468 were 25.83% and 34.47% higher than Beta796,respectively.【Conclusion】 KWS7748,Beta 468 were suitable for cultivation in Ta′e Reclamation Area and could be promoted in the area.

【Objective】 The effects of low temperature on the germination indexes of different watermelon materials were studied,and the low temperature tolerant germplasm materials were screened to provide theoretical reference for the breeding of low temperature tolerant watermelon varieties.【Methods】Thirty-nine watermelon varieties（lines）and combinations were used as experimental materials,and a few incubators were used to simulate different low temperature stresses（15/10 ℃,15 ℃ and 17 ℃）.The effects of low temperature stress on germination potential,germination rate,radicle length,vigor index,chilling injury index and recovery ability of watermelon seeds were analyzed,furthermore,and the low temperature tolerance of different watermelon materials was evaluated by pole-sorting method.【Results】Germination potential,relative germination rate,relative radicle length and relative vigor index were decreased under low temperature stress,and the inhibition was more obvious with the decrease of stress temperature.The germination potential,relative germination rate,relative radicle length and relative vigor index of watermelon seeds were significantly correlated with the comprehensive evaluation score of low temperature tolerance,and the relative vigor index and the evaluation scores exhibited the highest correlation（ r=0.949）.Different watermelon materials had different tolerance to low temperature during germination.At 17 ℃,there were significant differences in germination potential,relative germination rate,relative radicle length and relative vigor index among different watermelon materials.The four indexes and chilling injury index were selected and the comprehensive evaluation score of each watermelon material was obtained by using the pole sorting method.The results showed that the comprehensive evaluation score of 170-1 was higher than 5,which was a low temperature resistant material.The comprehensive score of Qianli 4,Sumi 1667,Qianli 1,reciprocals of Qianli 4,Qianmei 1,135-2,161-5,17A-81×17A-82 were lower than 2,which were low temperature sensitive materials,anothers were medium low temperature resistant materials.【Conclusion】Low temperature inhibited the germination of watermelon seeds,17 ℃ could be used as the suitable temperature for identification of low temperature tolerance of different watermelon materials at germination stage,watermelon materials with different low temperature tolerance could provide experimental materials for breeding of low temperature tolerant varieties and basic theoretical research.

【Objective】To reveal the effects of potassium deficiency on the growth and development of Lactuca sativa L..【Methods】The soil-less substrates were used for cultivation,and morphological indexes such as number of leaves,root length,leaf length,leaf width,underground fresh weight,above-ground fresh weight,underground dry weight,above-ground dry weight,leaf area and root-crown ratio were determined under the treatment of no potassium deficiency（CK）,50% potassium deficiency and 100% potassium deficiency.【Results】The effects of different degrees of potassium deficiency on the growth status of lettuce was most obvious on the 28 ^th day.The lettuce grown with no potassium nutrient solution had the best growth,with the largest number of leaves,leaf length,leaf width,leaf area,root length,weight,and the highest water content. Lactuca sativa L. treated with 100% potassium deficiency nutrient solution had the smallest plant,the smallest number of leaves,the largest leaf length,leaf width,leaf area, root length,weight,and the smallest water content.The plant growth of lettuce that was treated with 50% potassium deficiency nutrient solution was in the middle.【Conclusion】Potassium could promote the growth and development of Lactuca sativa L.,and increased the root length,leaf length,leaf width,leaf area,weight,and lettuce is sensitive to potassium.

【Objective】 To explore the effects of sheep dung anaerobic and aerobic composting extracts on tomato yield,quality and soil nutrient content in greenhouse. 【Methods】 To compare and analyze tomato plant traits,fruit traits,yield,quality and soil nutrient content in greenhouse,5 treatments were conducted,no fertilizer（CK）,organic fertilizer（F1）,sheep dung anaerobic composting extract（F2）,sheep dung aerobic composting extract（F3）,and single fertilizer（F4）. 【Results】 Plant height（173.60 cm）,stem diameter（16.48 cm）,fruit transverse diameter（78.02 mm）,fruit longitudinal diameter（57.68 mm）,average single fruit weight（0.20 kg）,yield（138 000 kg/hm ²）,fruit soluble total sugar content（6.05%）,center sugar content（5.50%）in F2 treatment were significantly different from other treatments（ P<0.05）,and the soil organic matter content（71.00 g/kg）,total nitrogen content（3.55 g/kg）,hydrolyzable nitrogen content（262.00 mg/kg）,available phosphorus content（277.60 mg/kg）,available potassium content（535.00 mg/kg）,the total amount of water-soluble salt（0.70 g/kg）were also significantly different from other treatments（ P<0.05）. Leaf width（15.20 cm×8.50 cm）,plant width（50.00 cm×55.00 cm）,relative chlorophyll content（73.45%）and fruit VC content（27.60 mg per 100 g fresh fruit）in F3 treatment were significantly different from other treatments（ P<0.05）,and the total potassium content of the soil（26.00 g/kg）and pH value（7.91）were also significantly different from other treatments（ P<0.05）. Compared with other treatments,the total acid content（4.80 g/kg）and soluble solid content（7.50%）of tomato in F1 treatment were significantly different（ P<0.05）,and the soil total phosphorus content（1.66 g/kg）was also significantly different from other treatments（ P<0.05）. 【Conclusion】 After applying sheep dung anaerobic composting extract and aerobic composting extract,greenhouse tomatoes grew better,yield increased,and quality improved. The composts also had a positive effect on the improvement of soil nutrients in the greenhouse.

【Objective】To evaluate the resistance to ring rot for apple and pear fruits in Hohhot of Inner Mongolia,and provide information for the breeding of disease resistance apple and pear cultivars in cold and drought area.【Methods】Taking Qiuxiang and Fuji as control,after inoculating the fruit of apple and pear with Physalospora piricola,the disease susceptibility rate,lesion diameter and lesion expansion rate were measured to evaluate the resistance of 7 kinds of apple and pear fruits(Jinhong,Shennong No.2,Lvhongbao,Jixinguo,Huoyanhaitang,Pingguo pear,Zaosu pear)in Hohhot to the disease. The micro structure of the resistant and the susceptible cultivar were compared by election microscopy.【Results】Pingguo pear,Huoyanhaitang were super susceptible cultivars to ring rot,Lvhongbao,Jinhong,Jixinguo and Zaosu pear were medium susceptible cultivars,Fuji and Qiuxiang were medium resistant cultivars,and Shennong No.2 was super resistant cultivar. The results of microstructural observation showed that Huoyanhaitang was susceptible cultivar and Shennong No.2 was resistant cultivar.【Conclusion】The Huoyanhaitang and Pingguo pear were super susceptible cultivars to ring rot,while Shennong No.2 was super resistant cultivar in Hohhot.

Taking 57 new spring wheat strains as test materials, and Yongliang4 （CK1）, Nongmai2 （CK2） , Nongmai5 （CK3） as the control, the growth period of wheat, disease resistance, grain traits and plant agronomic traits and grain yield, the correlation of agronomic traits and grain yield and contribution of yield components were studied. The resuhs showed that the new varieties of increased yield were 2017j22, 2017j51 and 2017j52 compared with the three controls. In terms of tile growth period, these three strains have a growth period of nearly 90 days. In terms of disease resistance, leaf＇ rust is light or mediunl in these three strains. From the agronomic characters analysis, the three strains were characterized by groups, plant height between 75.3-82.1 era, plant number between 649.5-733.5 ten thousand/hm^2, tiller number between 466.5-594.0 ten thousand/hm^2, effective panicles between 36.1%-44.4%, the number of spike in 31.1-39.6 ten thousand/hm^2, 1000-grain weight between 38.1-39.7 grams, spike grain number between 35.9-45.5 grains/spike. At the same time, the cmTelation between grain number and grain yield was the largest, and the correlation coefficient reached 0.432.The diameter analysis showed that the number of grain per spike was the greatest contribution to grain yield, which was 1.846. The second was the nmnber of spike,and the contribution rate was 1.205. The indirect effect of the yield component was negative, and no contribution was shown. According to the analysis resuhs and the ecological conditions of Hohhot, the selection of new varieties of spring wheat should be based on the number of high panicle grains, while the number of panicles should be stable and the 1 000-grain weight should be increased.

【Objective】To determine the effect of reduced glutenin content on starch grain structure and RVA（rapid viscosity analyzer）spectrum characteristics.【Methods】 Investigate the effect of reduced glutenin content on grain structure and starch RVA spectrum characteristics by the Scanning Electron Microscope（SEM） and viscosity analyzer.【Results】Compared with the background parent Shengdao 735,the plant height of Shengdao LG03 was reduced,the number of grains per panicle was slightly reduced,the total protein content was reduced,and there were no significant differences in other agronomic traits.Compared with Shengdao 735,new low-gluten content Shengdao LG03 had no significant change on the morphology of starch granules,but the size uniformity was reduced,and starch RVA curve showed that peak viscosity（PKV）,hot paste viscosity（HPV）,cool paste viscosity（CPV）,breakdown viscosity（BDV）,pasting temperature（PaT）and peak time（PeT）all had downward trend,while consistence viscosity（CSV）and setback viscosity（SBV）increased.【Conclusion】 The decrease of gluten content had little effect on the morphology of rice starch granules,but the uniformity of particle size was reduced,that may be the reason of the changes of starch RVA characteristic values.

【Objective】To reveal the current situation and water-saving potential of main crops irrigation in Hetao Irrigated Area and put forward optimization suggestions.【Methods】The irrigation situation was analyzed by using the survey data and literature data of 310 households in Hanggin Rear Banner.【Results】In this region, wheat, corn and sunflower were irrigated for many times with high irrigation quota, and the average crop irrigation water productivity was only 1.43 kg/m ³.By adopting water-saving planting technology and scientific irrigated in Autumn, the three main crops could save 200 million-315 million m ³ water per year.【Conclusion】Since the irrigation behavior and low water resource utilization efficiency in Hetao irrigated area, large water-saving space can be ture by combining the border irrigation and high efficient water-saving irrigation.

【Objective】 To clarify the effect of topdressing urea on dry matter accumulation and yield of sorghum. 【Methods】 Tongzao No.2 and Tongza 139 as the experimental materials,with randomized block design and three gradients：0（N0）,112.5 kg/hm ²（N1） and 225.0 kg/hm ²（N2） to analyze the effects of topdressing urea by different dosage on dry matter accumulation,proportion of dry matter in each organ,conversion rate of source production capacity after flowering,and yield of sorghum.【Results】 The growth period of sorghum treated with topdressing urea was longer than that without topdressing urea. When 225.0 kg/hm ² urea using,the dry matter accumulation of Tongzao No.2 reached highest,dry matter accumulation reached 19 141.78 kg/hm ² until the maturity stage,dry matter ratio of ear was the highest（56.96%） at the maturity stage,and conversion rate of source production capacity after flowering was the highest（85.32%）,and grain yield reached 5 101.48 kg/hm ². When 112.5 kg/hm ² urea using,the dry matter accumulation of Tongza 139 reached highest,dry matter accumulation reached 23 369.33 kg/hm ² until the maturity stage,dry matter ratio of ear was the highest（55.61%） at the maturity stage,and conversion rate of source production capacity after flowering was the highest（89.87%）,and grain yield reached 7 788.21 kg/hm ².【Conclusion】 When topdressing urea amounts of 225.0 kg/hm ² for Tongzao No.2 and 112.5 kg/hm ² for Tongza 139,which could effectively increased the dry matter accumulation of sorghum and improved the conversion rate of source production capacity after flowering and increased the yield.

【Objective】To identify the characteristics of rust pathogens in Hemerocallis citrina and the rust resistance of different Hemerocallis citrina varieties.【Methods】32 Hemerocallis citrina rust samples were collected from Hunan Province，Gansu Province，Shaanxi Province and Jiangsu Province. The uredinium and urediniospores of Hemerocallis citrina were observed and measured under microscope. One of the Hemerocallis citrina rust sample（yx-30）was then selected and the telia and teliospores were observed and measured. The rust resistance of 50 samples of Hemerocallis citrina germplasm resources to strain yx-26 was identified by artificial inoculation.【Results】The uredinium of Hemerocallis citrina rust samples were mostly on the abaxial side of leaves，forming orange or yellow-brown spots with diameters of 0.28-1.96 mm. The urediniospores were almost spherical or oval，yellow and unicellular and 16.0 to 21.5 μm by 17.2 to 32.4 μm in size. The wall thickness was 1 to 3 μm. The telia of Hemerocallis citrina rust sample was dark brown and flocculent. The teliospores were oval，rod-shaped，yellow，bicellular，with constriction in the middle，and shaped like gourd. The size was 68.0 to 81.0 μm by 19.4 to 22.2 μm. The length of sporocyst stalk was 11 to 16 μm. The rust resistance to yx-26 strain of the 50 Hemerocallis citrina germplasm resources were 11 cultivars with high resistance，21 cultivars with moderate resistance，8 cultivars susceptible，and 10 cultivars highly susceptible.【Conclusion】The morphological characteristics of uredinium of Hemerocallis citrina were similar，while the morphological sizes of urediniospores were slightly different. The telia of Hemerocallis citrina rust sample was dark brown and flocculent. The teliospores were yellow，bicellular and shaped like gourd. The rust-resistant varieties accounted for 3/5 of the 50 samples of Hemerocallis citrina germplasm resources，which could provide reference for the planting of rust resistant varieties of Hemerocallis citrina in different regions.

Plant enzyme nutrition solution is an enzyme preparation that is generally made from natural plant tissues or crop residues such as leaves,flowers,and fruits,which are mixed with brown sugar and water,and then fermented for several months.It contains plentiful probiotics,nutrient elements,natural plant hormones,and organic acids,which can build a good soil micro-ecological environment and have an important ecological combined effect that can promote plant growth and so on. The research status of the plant enzyme nutrition solution on the preparation process,composition and applications was introduced,the prospect was envisioned,and the suggestions were also put forward.

Soil is the environment on which crops depend for survival,the quality of soil directly affects the yield of crops,and the microorganisms in the soil also significantly affect the quality of farmland soil. In order to improve soil quality,it was necessary to clarify the impact of different soil management measures and environmental factors on the richness and diversity of microorganisms in farmland soil. This research reviewed the effects of soil management measures such as no-tillage,straw mulching,fertilizer application,intensive management,pesticides and heavy metal stress,and soil physical and chemical properties,growing seasons,vegetation coverage and other environmental factors on farmland soil microorganisms. Studies believed that no-tillage,straw mulching,fertilizer application,intensive management,vegetation coverage, etc. had a positive impact on soil microbial activity and diversity;different growth seasons of microbes had different effects on them,and microbial growth and metabolism in summer were more vigorous than that in winter;excessive application of pesticides and heavy metal stress would have toxic effects on soil microorganisms and adversely affect farmland soil health.

【Objective】To better understand the cross-compatibility of double-petaled Hemerocallis and provide a reference and basis for breeding of more double-petaled Hemerocallis middendorfii varieties.【Methods】 The pollen germination rate was measured for the Hemerocallis varieties Burgundy 341,Baby′s Eyes and Lacy Doily grown in liquid culture. The benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method was used to determine the stigma acceptability. Using Burgundy 341 and Baby′s Eyes as the female parents,Lacy Doily as the male parent,and Lacy Doily as the female parent,Burgundy 341 and Baby′s Eyes as the male parent,four sets of cross combinations were prepared. F ₁ generation′s morphological traits were noted,and cluster analysis was performed.【Results】Burgundy 341,with an average germination rate of 39.2%,had the highest pollen activity,while Lacy Doily had the lowest,with an average germination rate of 11.3%. All the three varieties had the highest stigma acceptability at 9：00 on the flowering day,the longest duration is Baby′s Eyes,according to the stigma acceptability test. For the crossing sets,Baby′s Eyes×Lacy Doily had the highest fruit setting rate. When Lacy Doily is used as female parent,the fruit setting rate was 0. The F ₁ generation population was divided into two groups using cluster analysis. Seven materials in class Ⅰ with cup-shaped flowers with green eyes that were spotless on the outer perianth segments and ribbed white on the side. Ten materials in class Ⅱ that resembled the female parent Baby′s Eyes,which had long leaves,horn-shaped flowers,wrinkled perianth segment edges,and yellow on the side.【Conclusion】The phenotypic traits of the F ₁ generation population exhibited good diversity and high ornamental value,making them suitable for garden landscaping and planting in Suqian of Jiangsu Province. Burgundy 341,Baby′s Eyes and Lacy Doily are all ideal parent materials.

【Objective】To determine soybean optimal growing period under the condition of increasing boron fertilizer in the southern Daxing′Anling of Inner Mongolia,and to provide technical support and theoretical basis for water and fertilizer management of soybean in this area.【Methods】Using Mengkedou No.9 as the experimental variety,the agronomic characters and yield under traditional cultivation were set as the control,increasing boron fertilizer at flowering stage(BR1),pod setting stage(BR3),seed filling stage(BR5)and flowering+seed filling stage(BR1R3),the input-output accounting was carried out,and the economic benefits were calculated.【Results】There was no significant difference in the number of growth days and main stem nodes between different treatments( P>0.05).The plant height of BR1R3 treatment was significantly higher than that of CK( P<0.05).The number of effective branches in BR1,BR3 and BR1R3 was significantly higher than that of CK( P<0.05).The results of dry matter accumulation and SPAD value of soybean under the different treatments were BR1R3>BR1>BR3>BR5>CK. The dry matter accumulation and SPAD value in BR1R3 increased most significantly( P<0.05),12.5% and 7.2% when compared with CK. There were no significant differences in protein content,fat content and total egg fat content among the treatments( P>0.05). Under the condition of increasing boron fertilizer,the yield of soybean at different growth stages was BR1R3>BR1>BR3>BR5>CK,and BR1R3,BR1 and BR3 were significantly different from CK( P<0.05),the yield increased 497,329 and 234 kg/hm ² respectively.The pod number per plant,grain number per plant and grain weight per plant of BR1R3 treatment were significantly higher than CK( P<0.05). Compared with CK,the efficiency of BR1R3,BR1 and BR3 was 15.5%,12.1% and 7.0% respectively,and the income increased by 1 386.0,1 078.5 and 622.5 yuan/hm ².【Conclusion】The flowering stage and pod setting stage were optimal time for boron fertilizer applying in soybean in the area for income increasing. Increasing the boron fertilizer input simultaneously at flowering stage and pod setting stage had a most significant effect in yield enhancement and a best performance in elevating economic income and efficiency, while no significant effect was observed at filling stage.

【Objective】In order to study the optimal NPK ratio for Brassica chinensis L..【Methods】Part of “3414” fertilizer effect strategy was used to design Brassica chinensis L. fertilization experiment. Combined with the changes of soil nutrient composition,the biomass and soil nutrient content of Brassica chinensis L. were compared under different treatments. 【Results】The fresh weight and NPK content of Brassica chinensis L. Using N ₂P ₂K ₂ fertilization strategy were significantly higher than other treatments. This strategy was highly beneficial to maintain the soil nutrition structure and prevent soil alkalization. It was determined that the N ₂P ₂K ₂ fertilization strategy was better.【Conclusion】 On this basis,the optimal fertilization strategy for Brassica chinensis L. was revised to be 2.373∶2∶2 by curve fitting of nitrogen fertilizer effect on the P ₂K ₂ level. Using the optimal NPK ratio,the fresh weight and NPK content of Brassica chinensis L. were close to the maximum point,making the return the highest.

【Objective】 To provide references for the cultivation and demonstration of ornamental sunflowers in coastal areas of Jiangsu. 【Mothods】 Self-selected ornamental sunflower Yankui No.3,Yankui No.4 and Yankui No.5 were tested using a random block design. The flowering characteristics of the ornamental sunflowers and the relationship with sowing date were investigated by setting two sowing dates in summer and autumn. 【Results】 Sowing dates and varieties had significant effects on the initial flowering stage,flowering time and flowering ratio of discs on secondary branches of ornamental sunflower（ P<0.05）. Compared with summer sowing,autumn sowing significantly prolonged individual flower trays,individual plants and the flowering period of population（ P<0.05）.Yankui No.3 had the longest flowering time in autumn,with 29.9 and 38.6 flowering days per plant and population,respectively. The flowering order of ornamental sunflowers was generally shown as the main disc first,followed by the main discs of side branches,which bloomed from top to bottom,then starting with inverted 1 inverted 2.The ratio of discs on the secondary branches varied according to the sowing date,variety and location of the lateral branches. Overall the ratio on summer sowing was higher than autumn sowing,and the ratio on inverted 1 branches was higher than the inverted 2 branches. 【Conclusion】 Sowing Yankui No.3 in autumn in the coastal areas of Jiangsu could fully realize its ornamental potential.

【Objective】 To explore the salt-reducing effect of microbial fertilizer to different degrees of saline soil and the growth response of winter wheat. 【Methods】 Coastal saline soil was used to create mildly,moderately,and heavily salined soils.Yi'an improved soil remedial 2 bacteria agent was selected. Fertilization gradient of 750, 1500 and 2250 kg/hm ² were set to compared and analyze soil salt content,winter wheat plant height,SPAD value,fresh weight,root length. 【Results】 The application of microbial bacterial fertilizers to different degrees of saline soil had some salt-reducing effect,and the soil salt content decreased by 6.02%-36.27% compared with the control. The mildly salinization treatment with a microbial fertilizer application rate of 1500 kg/hm ² had the most obvious salt reduction effect. Application of microbial fertilizer treatment compared with the control,the plant height of winter wheat increased by 18.01%-33.52%,SPAD value increased by 9.82%-24.30%,fresh weight increased by 10.53%-38.46%,and root length increased by 14.08%-32.19%. When the amount of microbial fertilizer was less than 1500 kg/hm ²,the salt-reducing effect increased with the increase of the application amount,and the growth of winter wheat increased significantly. When the amount was more than 1500 kg/hm ²,the salt-reducing effect increased slowly. 【Conclusion】 Application of microbial fertilizer in salinized soil of different degrees had obvious salt-reducing effect and significantly promoted the growth of winter wheat.