Chickpeas have high nutritional value and are the third most important bean crop in the world.Chickpea distribution range,nutritional value and medicinal value are reviewed in this paper.Previous research undertaken on chickpeas is introduced,current problems and the development of countermeasures are described,and the future development of chickpeas in China is considered.The review provides a reference for research chickpeas.

portulaca oleracea is a wild plant.as medicine,purslane has hypoglycemic、diabetes、protection of blood vessels、diabetes control、antitumor、antiaging、beauty-disweight and antibacterial activity;as food,it has higher nutritionation,it can be made of variety of food products.Therefore,portulaca oleracea is considered drugs-food resource of food-processing and the most promising one of OrganicFoods in the 21st century by nutritionists.This article focused on the nutrition-healthar functions and productdeveloper of portulaca oleracea.

【Objective】To establish an efficient extraction method for solanine from potato peel,explore the application value and prospect of potato peel in plant-derived pesticides,and provide scientific evidence for the comprehensive utilization of solanine as a plant-derived pesticide.【Methods】Potato peel was used as the experimental material. Ultrasound-combined enzyme extraction method,acid enzyme solution extraction method,ultrasound-assisted extraction method,and acid water extraction method,four extraction methods for main component of solanine were compared and optimized. Single-factor experiments and the Box-Behnken experimental design from response surface analysis were used to optimize the extraction methods. The ultrasound-combined enzyme extraction method was optimized for solanine extraction.【Results】 Among the four extraction methods,the extraction efficiency from high to low was ultrasound-combined enzyme extraction method > acid enzyme solution extraction method > ultrasound-assisted extraction method > acid water extraction method. Among them,the content of solanine extract by ultrasound-combined enzyme extraction method was the highest,with α-chaconine at 8.949 mg/g DW and α-solanine at 8.058 mg/g DW,the extraction rate reached 0.850%. Based on the response surface analysis,the optimized regression equation model was established（ Y _{Total content}=2.64-0.56× A-0.31× B+0.20× C+0.19× AB-0.11× AC+0.53× BC-0.74× A ²-0.59× B ²-0.50× C ²）. With the maximum total content as the optimization objective,the optimal conditions were predicted to be enzyme amount at 1.30%,enzymatic hydrolysis time of 1.35 h,and ethanol volume fraction of 70.40%. Under these conditions,the actual total content of solanine extract was 3.149 mg/g DW,the difference with the predicted total content of 2.814 mg/g DW was within 5%,confirming a good correlation between the predicted value and experimental values.【Conclusion】The method of extracting solanine from potato peel by ultrasound-combined enzyme extraction method was established for the first time.The optimal extraction method obtained by response surface analysis optimization is reasonable,and the extraction efficiency of this method is higher,which can be used for industrial extraction of solanine.

Hippeastrum vittatum is a kind of Perennial herb.It has varieties and beautiful flower,which can be widely applied in indoor or garden,and also be a gift for holidays.Amaryllis is very popular in Europe,Japan and Russia etc.Because of that,Amaryllis has broad development prospects.However,There are few extensively research in production and application of Amaryllis in china.In the article,it describes the physiological characteristics and varieties firstly,and Amaryllis cultures to introduce the propagation methods,cultivation techniques and their application in landscape architecture.

Dioscorea opposita Thunb.,also known as yam,is a traditional medicinal and edible crop. Chinese yam polysaccharides are the main active substances in yam,which have effects such as lowering blood sugar,regulating immunity,antioxidation,and anti-tumor. The article summarizes the extraction methods of Chinese yam polysaccharides,discusses the biological activity of Chinese yam polysaccharides,and its research was prospected. In order to provide reference for promoting the production and application of Chinese yam polysaccharides.

In order establish forecast model for returning green stage of Leymus chinensis in Ewenke Autonomous County,the relative soil moisture of soil layer in depth of 20-30cm of April 18th and 28th of the recent 30 years,returning green date and returning green days of Leymus chinensis in recent 22 years and the temperature of each month in recent 22 years were statistically analyzed.The results showed that the relative soil moisture of soil layer in depth of 20-30 cm and the returning green days of Leymus chinensis was not the main factor that influencing returning green stage Ctemperature was the main factor that influencing returning green stage.Based on the correlation between returning green date of Leymus chinensis and average temperature of Match to May and Match to April,the forecast model for returning green stage of Leymus chinensis in Ewenke Autonomous County was established as Y=-2.34×T3-5＋123.38,Y=-1.79×T3-4＋113.41. The established model would provide theoretical basis for the timely and accurate forecast of returning green stage of natural pasture forage.

The biological characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus study is an important prerequisite for mushroom cultivation. Only by understanding and mastering the human biological characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation in order to obtain the greatest success ,creating the optimal output and maximum efficiency.

Thin-shell Carya cathayensis was a deciduous tree belonging to Juglandaceae Carya,which was an excellent landscaping tree species. The paper introduced the current situation of introduction and breeding of thin-shell Carya cathayensis,and the characteristics of six main cultivated varieties：Pawnee,Mahan,Caddo,Wichita,Shoshoni and Jinhua.Three asexual propagation techniques of thin-shell Carya cathayensis including grafting,tissue culture and cutting were reviewed,and the existing problems were analyzed in the research. At the same time,the future research direction of thin-shell Carya cathayensis was prospected in order to provide basis for seedling production and related research of the plant.

Millet has the value of diet therapy and medicinal use.This paper gives an overview of the nutritional components such as protein,fat,starch,dietary fiber,vitamins,minerals and the bioactive substances such as polysaccharides,polyphenols,yellow pigments,sterols in millet,and analyzes the special nutritional components,functions and development and application of millet,with the aim providing reference for better mining the comprehensive value of millet and utilizing millet resources.

Dry-cured duck is a peculiarly traditional meat product of china, and also one of the most famous dry-cured meat products in the world. Dry-cured duck, with a long production history and a unique flavor, is enjoying a high reputation in china or southeast Asia. Up to now, the laggard traditional processing technology adopted in small-scale workshops has influenced the sustainable development of dry-cured duck seriously. This paper summarized the bottleneck of subsistence and development of tradition Nanjing dry-cured duck in modern times.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of different concentrations of gibberellin（GA）,melatonin（MT）,and salicylic acid（SA） priming treatments on the seeds germination and seedling growth of sugar beet,aiming to provide reference for the screening of sugar beet seed initiators.【Methods】Using the domestically bred sugar beet variety NT39106 as the experimental material,GA（50,100,200 and 300 mg/L）,MT（50,100,200 and 300 μmol/L） and SA（50,100,200 and 300 mg/L） priming treatments were applied for 8 h,with untreated seeds as the control（CK）. Seeds germination and seedling growth parameters of sugar beet were analyzed for each treatment.【Results】The germination potential and germination rate of sugar beet seeds under different concentrations of gibberellin（GA）,melatonin（MT）,and salicylic acid（SA） treatments were significantly higher than those of the CK（ P<0.05）. With the increase of the concentration of the three initiators,the promoting effects on sugar beet seed germination exhibited a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. Among them,the treatment with 100 mg/L GA demonstrated the best results,and the germination potential and germination rate were up to 91.00% and 93.67%,respectively,followed by the SA treatment,both surpassing the MT treatment. Compared with CK,different concentrations of GA,MT（except for the 300 μmol/L treatment） and SA treatments markedly increased the average bud length and fresh weight of sugar beet seedlings,particularly with the 100 mg/L GA treatment,which resulted in average bud length and fresh weight of 5.43 cm and 0.37 g/10 plants,respectively.【Conclusion】Priming sugar beet seeds with 100 mg/L gibberellin（GA）resulted in better germination performance and remarkably promoted seedling growth.

The primary nutritional components of Zophobas atratus Fab. were determined by the modern analysis technique.The results showed the content of moisture of pupa was higher than the larva and adult and the content of crude fat of the larva was higher than that of pupa and adult. The content of crude protein was very high and significant different between insect state.The fatty acid content was rich,it insect contained 3 kinds of essential fatty acids to human,the unsaturated fatty acid and must fatty acids content was rich,the content of it was higher than 60% and 20%,especially the content of oleic acid and linoleic acid was high;the amino acid content was rich,it contained 7 kinds of essential amino acid to human,the first limiting amino acid of protein was the amino acid containing sulfur Met ＋Cys and the essential amino acid soccupied43.59%、44.90%、44.68%、42.53%、42.27% of the total amino acids,more than the FAO/WHO recommend protein mode.

Cucumber is an important vegetable facility,occupies a important proportion in protected cultivation, however due to physiological characteristics of cucumber and farming system constraints,leading to serious cucumber disease.A large number of application of chemical pesticides to control disease occurred in spite of effective,but the serious consequences of excessive and scientific application of chemical pesticides cause has appeared.Allelopathy is the interaction between plants,not only can influence each other,but also can prevent and cure some diseases and insect pests.The research status in recent years of cucumber allelopathic effects was summarized in this article,the allelopathy effect on cucumber and crop diseases discussed,the cucumber mechanism of allelopathy expounded,and allelopathic crops in cucumber prevention and control diseases and insect pests provided the theoretical basis for the application.

Dwarfing-sterile wheat is a Taigu genic male-sterile wheat with dwarf marker.According to the characteristics of the wheat and the principle of recurrent selection,to establish 4 return selection colony of high yield,high quality,diease-resistant,early-maturing,and keep on selecting and breeding the high yield and the high quality wheat.

4 years old dwarfing intermediate stock Yanfu 3 and Tianhong 2 apple trees were used to study the influence of different load to the tree growth,fruit quality and yield.The result showed that the load on tree height,crown diameter,shoot length and trunk circumference was not significant.With the increase of load,fruit weight,fruit shape index,fruit coloring area and smoothness became smaller,the content of soluble sugar reduced,but fruit firmness and titratable acid content had no significant change.The higher fruit load,the more serious of fruit dropped,so actual harvesting fruit number and actual output were much lower than expected.According to the comprehensive analysis,treatment 3 and 4 were more suitable load levels,and the yield was 30 000~33 750 kg/hm2.

【Objective】To determine the optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction of perilla leaf total flavonoids and to evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant activities.【Methods】After determining the optimal conditions for each factor through single-factor experiments,response surface methodology was employed to design the extraction process optimization experiment,and the optimal extraction conditions for perilla leaf total flavonoids were determined using Design-Expert 13.0. The antibacterial capacity was assessed using the inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus as an indicator,while antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays.【Results】Under different factor levels,the extraction yields of perilla leaf total flavonoids reached the highest values of 2.72%,3.20%,2.76%,and 3.02%,respectively,with the ethanol volume fraction of 35%,liquid-to-solid ratio of 15:1（mL:g）,ultrasonic power of 300 W,and extraction time of 30 min. After optimization using response surface methodology,the extraction yield of perilla leaf total flavonoids reached a maximum of （3.375±0.098）% under the conditions of 36% ethanol volume fraction,liquid-to-solid ratio of 17:1（mL:g）,ultrasonic power of 303 W,and extraction time of 33 min. The obtained perilla leaf total flavonoids extract exhibited a significant inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus,with maximum DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging rates of 97.86% and 95.79%,respectively.【Conclusion】The optimal extraction conditions for perilla leaf total flavonoids are an ethanol volume fraction of 36%,liquid-to-solid ratio of 17:1（mL:g）,ultrasonic power of 303 W,and extraction time of 33 min. The perilla leaf total flavonoids demonstrate significant inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus and strong free radical scavenging capacity.

Pomegranate can be eaten fresh,ornamental,and has high medicinal value,its seed is soft edible,more juicy and easy to swallow.The introduction,cultivars,tissue culture,molecular biology and cultivation techniques of soft-seed pomegranate were reviewed in this paper,and provides the research and development direction of soft-seed pomegranate in the future.

Grafting is an efficient technology that can be used to create disease resistance and increase yield,and can help solve problems associated with continuous cropping in agriculture.Grafted seedlings can not only overcome soil-borne disease problems,but also improve stress resistance of seedlings.This paper introduces three kinds of grafting rootstocks,describes five grafting methods and operation practices,discusses the role and application of hormones in raising grafted seedlings,and describes the development and present situation of mechanized grafted seedling raising technology.The application and popularization of cucumber grafting technology in China is reviewed.

【Objective】To identify and analyze the cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase（CRK） gene family members of Gossypium hirsutum,and provide genetic resources and theoretical basis for cotton Verticillium wilt resistance breeding.【Methods】According to the results of whole genome sequencing,the GhCRK gene family in the Gossypium hirsutum Nongdamian 8 genome was identified using bioinformatics methodologies,analyses were conducted on protein physicochemical properties,chromosomal localization and genetic evolution. Furthermore,gene expression data were employed to potential Verticillium wilt resistance genes,and the resistance function of candidate gene was assessed through virus induced gene silencing（VIGS） technology.【Results】The genome of Gossypium hirsutum cultivar Nongdamian 8 harbored a total of fifty GhCRKs,distributed across fourteen chromosomes. These length of the encoded protein was 390 to 1 774 amino acid residues,resulting in diverse molecular weights spanning from 43.15 kDa to 196.66 kDa,the average isoelectric point was observed at 6.94. The majority of GhCRKs were predominantly localized in the plasma membrane. Protein domain analysis showed that 90 % of GhCRKs（45） contained two Stress-antifung domains. The promoter regions of GhCRKs encompassed seven cis-acting elements relating to responsiveness to plant hormones,including methyl jasmonate,abscisic acid,salicylic acid,et al. Fourteen GhCRKs exhibited up regulation expression in response to Verticillium dahliae infection. Following the silencing of GhCRK08 and GhCRK33, Gossypium hirsutum exhibited exacerbated symptoms of Verticillium wilt and a significantly higher disease index.【Conclusion】The genome of Gossypium hirsutum Nongdamian 8 contains a substantial number of CRKs,among which 14 hold potential as significant candidate genes for Verticillium wilt resistance. Additionally,the role of GhCRK08 and GhCRK33 in Verticillium wilt resistance has been further elucidated.

Systemic uptake and translocation of pesticides in plants is a crucial process for effective pest and disease control. Understanding the behavior and research methodologies of pesticide translocation within plants is essential for optimizing pesticide application and enhancing control efficacy. This review summarizes the processes of pesticide uptake,translocation,accumulation,and degradation in plants. Factors influencing systemic uptake and translocation of pesticides are discussed from four perspectives：physicochemical properties,molecular structure characteristics,pesticide adjuvants,and application methods. Recent research methodologies for studying pesticide translocation are also reviewed,including residue analysis,bioassay,radioactive isotope tracing,fluorescence tracing,and mass spectrometry imaging. This review aims to provide theoretical references for future research on systemic uptake and translocation of pesticides and the safe and rational application of pesticides.

【Objective】Study the relevant nutrients of tomato sensory quality evaluation to establish a simple model for the determination of tomato sensory quality.【Methods】19 tomato varieties were tested for 8 nutrients，and 5 sensory evaluation indexes were investigated by questionnaires. Correlation analysis，principal component analysis （PCA） and regression analysis were used for comprehensive evaluation.【Results】Except zinc，7 of the 8 nutrients had correlation coefficients greater than 0.300 with sensory quality. The correlation coefficients between soluble solid and score，vote，taste，aroma intensity，pulp texture，and juice abundance in both large and cherry tomatoes were greater than 0.400，and the correlations were stable and prominent. Soluble sugar was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with score，vote，taste and aroma intensity in large tomatoes，while the correlation were not obvious in cherry tomatoes. Water content was negatively correlated with score，vote，and juice abundance in both large and cherry tomatoes. Principal component analysis summarized the 11 evaluation indicators into 3 principal components，with an accumulated variance contribution rate of 74.939%. A simple model was obtained through multivariate linear regression analysis：tomato sensory quality predicted score =93.039-0.304 × vitamin C content -0.179 × lycopene content -0.621 × iron content +2.314 × soluble solid content -1.585 × titratable acid content.【Conclusion】A rapid，simple and quantitative determination model of tomato sensory quality based on nutrients was established.

Because of non-renewable resources,limited restrictions,the use of renewable resources in the preparation of activated carbon is receiving increasing attention.Conditions because of the restrictions,the majority of biomass burning by -products should not be utilized to the fullest and cause environmental pollution.Could make full use of this part of the material made of activated carbon can not only reduce its impact on the environment,but also able to re-use of waste resources,but will have enormous economic and social benefits.This paper introduces the preparation of several active agents for activated carbon and its principles,at the same time to explore a variety of active agents Preparation of the yield of activated carbon and activated carbon on the performance of each product were measured in order to select a more appropriate activating agent.

Tagetes patura is a kind of annual herbage of Asteraceae.Tagetes patura has so excellent ornamental characteristics that widely being used in flower beds and gardens.This article gave a summary to its researches on its genetic characteristics,breeding,cultivation,stresses resistance,allelopathy and some other aspects.The objective is to provide some kinds of references for further researches on Tagete spatula and to put forward the outlook of its further researches.

【Objective】To reveal the current situation and water-saving potential of main crops irrigation in Hetao Irrigated Area and put forward optimization suggestions.【Methods】The irrigation situation was analyzed by using the survey data and literature data of 310 households in Hanggin Rear Banner.【Results】In this region, wheat, corn and sunflower were irrigated for many times with high irrigation quota, and the average crop irrigation water productivity was only 1.43 kg/m ³.By adopting water-saving planting technology and scientific irrigated in Autumn, the three main crops could save 200 million-315 million m ³ water per year.【Conclusion】Since the irrigation behavior and low water resource utilization efficiency in Hetao irrigated area, large water-saving space can be ture by combining the border irrigation and high efficient water-saving irrigation.

【Objective】Clarify the representative indexes for evaluating fruit quality and screen for excellent varieties of taste type tomatoes，to provide references for constructing quality evaluation systems of taste type tomatoes.【Methods】Using 17 taste type tomato varieties as experiment materials，10 quantitative trait indexes related to quality were tested. Factor analysis，stepwise regression analysis and correlation analysis were used to screen for the representative indexes for evaluating fruit quality. The quality of taste type tomatoes were then comprehensively evaluated.【Results】The variation of aromatic substance content was the largest among the 10 quantitative trait indexes related to quality，with a variation coefficient of 66.49%. With a variation coefficient of 9.56%，the variation of fruit vertical diameter was the smallest. The comprehensive quality analysis of the 10 indexes obtained 3 common factors，with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 80.267%. The explanatory indexes were fruit soluble solids content，reducing sugar content，single fruit weight，aromatic substance content，sugar-acid ratio and titratable acid content. According to the correlation between indexes，and the principle of easy to use and avoiding information overlap，four indexes of fruit soluble solids content，single fruit weight，aromatic substance content and sugar-acid ratio were selected as the representative indexes to evaluate the quality traits of taste type tomatoes. Using common factor scores and variance contribution rates，the comprehensive quality ranking of the varieties were calculated，and 7 high-quality taste type tomato varieties were selected.【Conclusion】Fruit soluble solids content，single fruit weight，aromatic substance content and sugar-acid ratio could be used as representative indexes to evaluate taste type tomatoes. The quality traits of Hangfengaotang，700，1933，Meidai，2001，Tianlian and Jingfan No.1 were better.

SSR （Simple Sequence Repeats） molecular maker is developing in recent ten years,it is one of DNA markers based on the polymerase chain reaction （PCR）.The majority of SSR markers are inherited in a Mendelina codominant manner, they have better stability,polymorphism and much more genetic information. This technique has been widely used in genomic research in various fields.This paper mainly discusses the characteristics,principles and the technical points of Genomic-SSR and EST-SSRs in experiment, and summed up the application of wheat genetic diversity research.

It has become the consensus of the whole society to reduce the application of chemical fertilizer and increase organic fertilizer, but because the understanding of the characteristics of organic fertilizer is not comprehensive, there is unreasonable use of organic fertilizer in the production process at the present. In this paper, the effects of organic fertilizer application on soil physical and chemical properties, soil nutrient supply characteristics, soil biological characteristics, nutrient use efficiency and crop yield were reviewed, and the corresponding suggestions for rational use of organic fertilizer were put forward, in order to provide reference for reducing crop yield and environmental risk caused by reducing chemical fertilizer application and increasing organic fertilizer application.

Using traditional detection technology to meet the requirements of rapid，non-destructive，and effective seed quality detection is challenging. As science and technology advance，spectral imaging technology in conjunction with chemometric methods is now able to get both the spectral and image information of the analyte，offering the benefits of speed，non-destructiveness，and high efficiency. The method is currently applied to all aspects of seed quality detection technology. This paper introduced the theory of spectral imaging technology，summarized the status of maize seeds，the method of spectral data preprocessing，the method of extracting the characteristic wavelength of spectral data，the modeling analysis method and the model evaluation index in the detection process of spectral imaging technology. It also reviewed the research progress of spectral imaging technology in detecting maize seed vitality，moisture，disease，quality and origin. In the end，considering the problems of low data processing efficiency and low model accuracy in the quality detection of maize seeds using spectral imaging technology，the development trend of spectral imaging technology was prospected from the perspectives of research systematization and fusion of new algorithms，in order to provide references for non-destructive testing of maize seeds.