Oats exhibit a wealth of carbohydrates,soluble dietary fiber,proteins,lipids,phenolic compounds,alkaloids,vitamins,and minerals. Among these,avenanthramide are compounds exclusively found in oats. This paper primarily reviewed the research progress related to nomenclature,classification,extraction methods,synthesis,content enhancement,structure-activity and antioxidant activity,as well as the bioavailability,and physiological activity of avenanthramide. It prospected the functional value of avenanthramide in food health and clinical medicine,as well as the optimization of chemical synthesis processes,aiming to offer insights for the development and utilization of avenanthramide.

【Objective】To understand the current situation of garden plant resources and application in park green spaces of Yuzhou District,Yulin City.【Methods】A survey of 10 artificial plant communities in park green spaces of Yuzhou district,Yulin City were conducted. The species resources and application of garden plants were statistically analyzed.【Results】There were 76 families,177 genera,and 261 species of garden plants in park green spaces of Yuzhou District,Yulin City,including 1 fern,8 gymnosperms and 252 angiosperms （consisting of 169 dicotyledonous plants and 83 monocotyledonous plants）. The dominant garden plant families were Palmae,Moraceae,Bambusoideae,Euphorbiaceae,Myrtaceae and Caesalpiniaceae. There were 105,84,4,and 68 species of trees,shrubs,woody climber,and herbs. Woody plants were mainly evergreen plants,and herbaceous plants were mainly perennial plants. A total of 19 hydrophytes and phreatophytes were found. There were 177,147,83,22,and 23 species of ornamental flower,foliage, fruit,stem,and aromatic plants,respectively.【Conclusion】The garden plant species in park green spaces of Yuzhou District,Yulin City were abundant. The dominant families of garden plants were mainly plants with tropical and subtropical origins. Evergreen trees were widely used. Garden plants were mainly ornamental flower,foliage and fruit plants.

【Objective】The evaluation index system of maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest in Inner Mongolia was established to provide the basis for the evaluation,selection and timely harvest of maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest in Inner Mongolia,and to point out the direction for variety breeding.【Methods】The representative varieties of six maturity groups from extremely early maturity to late maturity were used as experimental materials to study the mechanical grain harvest traits simultaneously in six ecological regions of Inner Mongolia,at the physiological maturity,10,20 and 30 d after physiological maturity,the grain breakage rate,grain fragmentation rate,impurity rate,grain moisture content and plant lodging rate were measured;The varieties with suitable ecological regions conditions and excellent mechanical grain harvest traits were selected for the identification and selection of evaluation index of varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest.【Results】Grain breakage rate,grain fragmentation rate and impurity rate have an extremely significant positive correlation with grain moisture content（ P<0.01）. The grain moisture content at harvest stage has an extremely significant negative correlation with the time and accumulated temperature from emergence to harvest,from silking to harvest,and from maturity to harvest（ P<0.01）,and the correlation increased in turn.The grain dehydration rate has an extremely significant positive correlation with the basic moisture content and daily average temperature（ P<0.01）. The regression equation of grain dehydration rate （ y） with basic moisture content （ x ₁） and daily average temperature （ x ₂） was y=-0.523 318+0.022 732 x ₁+0.025 422 x ₂, R ²=0.419 2, P<0.01. The total yield loss rate and ear drop rate have an extremely significant positive correlation with lodging rate of plants at harvest stage（ P<0.01）,but grain drop rate was not significantly correlated with lodging rate of plants at harvest stage（ P>0.05）. There was no significant correlation between plant lodging rate and plant height,ear height,ratio of ear height to plant height,stem diameter,ratio of stem diameter to plant height（ P>0.05）. The primary and secondary index for the evaluation of maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest were established,covering 3 levels and 55 index.【Conclusion】The evaluation index system of maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest in Inner Mongolia was established.It takes into account the commonness and regional individuality of each ecological region,and the index is quantified and easy to operate. The provision of the “grain fragmentation rate” index points out the invisible loss in the process of mazie mechanical grain harvest,which makes the evaluation of yield loss more comprehensive.

【Objective】To explore the effects of different microbial agents on potato growth and development and soil nutrients in potato fields,so as to provide a reference for green and sustainable potato planting in Inner Mongolia.【Methods】Potato V7 was used as the test material,by setting distilled water（CK）,applying Bacillus sp. 188 bacterial agent（T1）, Pseudomonas sp. BP16 bacterial agent（T2）,and Streptomyces rochei D74 bacterial agent（T3） four treatments to soak the seeds for 30 min. Potato yield,tuber starch content,dry matter mass of each organ,nutrient accumulation per plant,leaf chlorophyll content,nitrate reductase activity,soil ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium content were measured at different growth stages after potato planting.【Results】After 110 days of potato planting,compared with CK,the yield of potato in T2 and T3 treatments was significantly increased by 7.14% and 9.16%（ P<0.05）,the starch content of tubers was significantly increased by 11.84% and 16.38%（ P<0.05）,the dry matter mass of potato roots,stems,leaves,and tubers were significantly increased by 26.87%,16.92%,11.77% and 13.59% by T3 treatment（ P<0.05）,the accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in plants was significantly increased by 28.86%,32.78% and 30.81% by T3 treatment（ P<0.05）. After 70 days of potato planting,the chlorophyll content in potato leaves treated with T3 treatment was the highest [4.29 mg/（g·FW）],and the nitrate reductase activity in the leaves was significantly increased by 15.29% compared to CK（ P<0.05）. After 50 days of potato planting,the soil nitrate nitrogen content in T3 treatment reached its maximum value（42.32 mg/kg）,the available phosphorus content significantly increased by 26.17% compared to CK（ P<0.05）,and the available potassium content in T1 and T3 treatments significantly increased by 24.95% and 21.65% compared to CK（ P<0.05）,respectively.After 70 days of planting,the soil ammonium nitrogen content in T2 treatment significantly increased by 47.03% compared to CK（ P<0.05）.【Conclusion】Soaking seeds with Streptomyces rochei D74 microbial can increase potato yield,tuber starch content,dry matter mass of each organ,plant nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium accumulation,at agent tuber formation stage,the leaf chlorophyll content at maturation stage,soil nitrate nitrogen,available potassium,available potassium content at early growth stage,soil ammonium nitrogen at agent tuber formation stage. It can be used as a suitable microbial agent for potato cultivation in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

【Objective】Clarify the effects of planting densities on the agronomic traits and yield of broad beans,to explore the optimal planting density of broad beans in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia.【Methods】In 2022 and 2023,using Mengcan No. 1 and Mengcan No. 2 broad beans as experiment materials and randomized block design,five planting densities, D1（90 000 plants/hm ²）,D2（120 000 plants/hm ²）,D3（150 000 plants/hm ²）,D4（180 000 plants/hm ²）,and D5（210 000 plants/hm ²） were set up to analyze the effects of different planting densities on the main agronomic traits,yield traits,yield and economic benefits of broad beans.【Results】The plant height of broad beans had increasing trend with the increase of planting densities,while the total number of branches and effective branch number per plant had decreasing trend. With the increase of planting densities,the main yield traits,yield and economic benefits of broad beans had the trends of first increase and then decrease. The performance of different planting densities were：D4>D3>D5>D2>D1. Under D4 treatment,the yield of Mengcan No. 1 and Mengcan No. 2 were highest at 2 089.74,2 210.66 kg/hm ² in 2022 and 2 152.15,2 249.66 kg/hm ² in 2023,the net income were highest as well at 13 439.76,14 478.16 yuan/hm ² in 2022 and 13 947.97,14 739.54 yuan/hm ² in 2023.【Conclusion】The optimal planting density for broad beans in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia was 180 000 plants/hm ². Under this density,the agronomic traits of broad bean performed well,the yield and economic benefits were the best.

【Objective】To clarify potato blackleg disease source of infection in Ulanqab City,Inner Mongolia,and provide the basis for formulating effective prevention and control measures for potato blackleg disease.【Methods】The pathogen isolation,pathogenicity identification,molecular identification and soil survival tests of potato blackleg disease were carried out. Through pot experiment and field experiment,seven treatments were set up to investigate the occurrence of potato blackleg disease in the soil of continuous cropping land,seed potatoes of diseased land and diseased residues,and analyze and verify the differences in incidence rate of different treatments.【Results】The incidence rate of potato blackleg harvested in diseased areas and planted as seed potato over winter was 40.00%. Pectobacterium atrosepticum was isolated from the disease residue buried in soil after overwintering,and the incidence rate was 43.33% in the experiment of planting disease-free potato after the disease residue was planted in the disease-free soil. The incidence rate of disease-free potato was 6.67% in the previous diseased plots. The amount of pathogenic bacteria in unsterilized soil gradually decreased with the extension of time,and no longer survived after two months at normal temperature,and no longer survived after four months at -20 ℃. The results indicated that P. atrosepticum could survive the winter in the disease residual and become the primary infection source in the second year. The pathogenic bacteria in diseased soil were related to the occurrence of disease,but the bacteria free in cultivated soil could only survive for two months at natural temperature.【Conclusion】 The primary infection source of potato blackleg disease in Ulanqab City,Inner Mongolia is the infected seed potato and the disease residual after winter,and the amount of bacteria carried by the seed potato is an important factor affecting the occurrence of the disease.

Sea buckthorn is widely planted in the northwest region of China,and its fruit contains abundant phenolic compounds,sugars,vitamins,etc. It has antioxidant and anti-aging,immune regulation,anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor,skin health and other effects. As a medicinal and edible plant,sea buckthorn fruit is used in industries such as food,medicine,agriculture,and animal husbandry. The article provides an overview of the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of sea buckthorn fruit,aiming to lay the foundation for further exploration and utilization of sea buckthorn fruit resources.

In response to the urgent demand for mechanization,lightened and simplified cotton production management,as well as the breeding difficulties of collaborative improvement and enhancement of plant architecture,early maturity,yield,fibre quality,and disease resistance for cotton varieties,research on new variety development with the early maturity,high yield,good fibre quality and suitability for mechanization and coordinative cultivation techniques were carried out. Breeding technologies of synchronous improvement of early maturity,density resistance,lodging resistance and suitability for mechanization were established with “two modifications,two increases,and four selections”. Ten elite breeding parent materials were produced. A total of 633 SNP loci associated with 14 traits were determined,including flowering period,Verticillium wilt resistance,boll weight,lint percentage,fibre length,fibre strength and so on. Twenty-six KASP markers with lower cost and higher throughput were developed for breeding selection of fibre quality and Verticillium wilt resistance. Twelve key genes regulating early maturity,fibre quality,adversity resistance and seed germination were discovered. And their expression patterns in different varieties were documented. Using the elite breeding parent materials,breeding techniques,and developed molecular markers,four new varieties including Jinongda 23,Jinongdamian 24,Jinongdamian 25 and Jinongda 36 were bred with early maturity,high yield,good fibre quality and suitability for mechanization. New breakthroughs were made in improving mechanical characteristics such as compact plant architecture,early maturity,concentrated boll opening,and synergistic enhancement with high yield,good fibre quality and disease resistance. Simple,labor saving,and efficient supporting techniques with “one-hole-one-seed machinery sowing,expanding the number of bolls in the population,chemical regulation in whole growing season and pruning-free,and concentrated harvesting in cotton fields” were created for mechanical harvesting. By combining science,enterprises and application,demonstration bases with strong representatives,wide coverage,and strong driving force were established,leading the large-scale production and application of new varieties,with an income increase of 2 700-3 000 yuan per hectare and 60-75 labor saving,significantly reducing costs and increase efficiency.

【Objective】Analyze the characteristics of leaf air temperature difference during the critical water demand period of maize to clarify the main climatic factors affecting maize leaf air temperature in semi-arid sandy areas.【Methods】During maize critical water demand period（July-September）,distributed multi-point leaf temperature continuous measurement experiment was carried out in the field in the maize planting area in Chifeng City,Inner Mongolia. The changing characteristics of leaf temperature and leaf air temperature difference indexes during maize critical water demand period were analyzed. The influence degrees of wind speed,air humidity,rainfall,and soil moisture on the leaf air temperature difference were discovered by correlation analysis to reveal the key influencing climatic factors.【Results】As maize grew and the length of drought duration increased,leaf air temperature change during maize critical water demand period gradually became more drastic,daily leaf air temperature difference increased,leaf temperature difference had an overall upward trend. The overall trend of wind speed gradually decreased. The air humidity was consistent with the process of rainfall changes. Soil moisture decreased with the time progress. The effect of wind speed variation on maize leaf air temperature difference was mainly reflected in sunny days. Wind speed variation had negative correlation with maize leaf air temperature and positive correlation of maize leaf temperature. Air humidity was strongly correlated with both leaf air temperature difference and leaf temperature and was not affected by weather conditions. Rainfall made the fluctuation of leaf air temperature difference became smaller and irregular,but the value of leaf air temperature difference became larger. As the 0-80 cm layer soil moisture storage in maize planting plot gradually decreased,the leaf air temperature difference gradually became larger. The impact of climatic factors on maize leaf air temperature difference during maize critical water demand period were wind speed>air humidity>rainfall>soil moisture.【Conclusion】The leaf air temperature difference showed a fluctuating upward trend during the critical water demand period of maize,and was significantly affected by climatic factors. Wind speed and air humidity were the main climatic driving factors leading to the change of maize leaf air temperature difference.

【Objective】Explore the effects of long-term different fertilization modes on potato yield and nutrient absorption in the dry farming area at the northern foothills of Yinshan Mountains.【Methods】On the basis of the long-term positioning tests at the National Soil Quality Wuchuan Observation and Experimental Station,using Huasong No.7 as test material,four treatments including no fertilization（CK）,nitrogen phosphorus potassium fertilization（NPK）,organic fertilization only（M）,and organic fertilization on top of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilization（NPK + M） were set up. The effects of different treatments on soil nutrient contents,potato yield and yield component,dry matter accumulation,nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium accumulation.【Results】On the 90th day after emergence,soil available nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium and organic matter content of NPK+M treatment increased significantly（ P<0.05） by 206.85%,254.15%,241.86%,and 125.18% compared with CK. Soil pH value significantly decreased（ P<0.05） by 10.81% compared with CK. Potato yield and commercial potato rate significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 126.19% and 17.28% compared with CK. Dry matter accumulation significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 196.92% compared with CK. The accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 209.54%,167.74% and 196.13% compared with CK. Potato yield was significantly（ P<0.05） positively correlated with dry matter accumulation,nitrogen accumulation and phosphorus accumulation,and extremely significantly（ P<0.01） positively correlated with potassium accumulation.【Conclusion】Adding organic fertilizer on top of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer increased potato yield and quality,potato had the best nutrient absorption capacity,was the most suitable fertilization mode for potato in the dry farming area at the northern foothills of Yinshan Mountains.

Microbial fertilizer is a new type of fertilizer product with active microorganisms as the main component，which can improve soil fertility，promote plant growth and development，and enhance plant resistance. This paper summarized the development history of microbial fertilizer domestically and internationally，introduced the effect of microbial fertilizer on soil physical，chemical，and biological properties，as well as plant growth and development，yield，quality and resistance. Additionally，the application prospects were prospected to provide references for the subsequent rational application of microbial fertilizers.

Quinoa has multiple health effects such as antioxidant,anti-cancer,anti-allergy,sugar control,lipid regulation,cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protection,etc.Quinoa is a multi-grain food with full nutrients,high biological activity and multi-health functions,and has a large development space. This paper reviews the protein,amino acids,unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid,complex vitamins such as vitamin B ₂,vitamin B ₆,and folic acid,minerals such as Mg,Zn,and Fe,and bioactive substances such as polyphenols,flavonoids,saponins,and polysaccharides in quinoa,and analyzes other functions and development prospects of quinoa. And put forward the scientific and technological research suggestions of quinoa in the big health industry.

【Objective】Study the spatial-temporal characteristics and driving factors of agricultural carbon emissions in Xinjiang,to provide references for promoting green development of agriculture and rural areas and achieving the“dual carbon”goals in the region.【Methods】Using 19 types of carbon sources from plantation,livestock and agricultural energy end-consumption as raw data,the agricultural carbon emissions and carbon emission intensities of Xinjiang from 2007 to 2021 were measured. Using 15 types of carbon sources from plantation and livestock as raw data,the carbon emissions and carbon emission intensities of fourteen prefectures（cities） in Xinjiang in 2010,2015,and 2020 were measured. The driving factors were analyzed by the LMDI（logarithmic mean divisia index） model. The grey prediction model was used to predict the trend of agricultural carbon emissions development in Xinjiang from 2022 to 2030.【Results】During 2007 to 2021,Xinjiang agricultural carbon emissions had the overall trend of“steady-increasing-decreasing-increasing”,while carbon emission intensities had the overall trend of “decreasing-increasing-decreasing”. In 2010,2015 and 2020,Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture had the highest total carbon emissions,Karamay had the lowest total carbon emissions,Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture had the highest carbon emission intensities. Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture had the lowest carbon emission intensities in 2010. Turpan had the lowest carbon emission intensities in 2015 and 2020. The impacts of driving factors on agricultural carbon emissions were：agricultural economic level effect > agricultural structure effect > agricultural population scale effect > agricultural production efficiency. From 2022 to 2030,the agricultural carbon emissions in Xinjiang were predicted to have an increasing trend while the intensities have a decreasing trend.【Conclusion】From 2007 to 2021,the total agricultural carbon emissions in Xinjiang showed an overall upward trend,while the agricultural carbon emission intensity showed an overall downward trend. Agricultural economic level effect promoted the increase of agricultural carbon emissions,while agricultural structure effect,agricultural population scale effect,and agricultural production efficiency restrained the increase of agricultural carbon emissions. It was predicted that from 2022 to 2030,the agricultural carbon emissions in Xinjiang will increase year by year,while the agricultural carbon emission intensities will decrease year by year. Xinjiang agricultural carbon reduction and fixation has enormous potential.

【Objective】The effects of leaf litter leachate of four arbors, Sophora japonica, Salix babylonica, Ulmus pumila,and Betula platyphylla on the growth and physiological characteristics of wheat were studied to provide references for the rational allocation of resources in wheat growth process.【Methods】Using wheat variety Shannong 28 as acceptor material,five treatments of distilled water（CK）, Sophora japonica leaf litter leachate（A1）, Salix babylonica leaf litter leachate（A2）, Ulmus pumila leaf litter leachate（A3）,and Betula platyphylla leaf litter leachate（A4） were set up in the indoor pot experiment. The plant height,root length,ground diameter,leaf chlorophyll content,peroxidase（POD） activity and superoxide dismutase（SOD）activity were measured on the 55th and 100th day after seeding.【Results】On the 55th and 100th day,the wheat plant height under Ulmus pumila leaf litter leachate treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 14.11% and 8.31% compared with CK. Wheat root length under Salix babylonica leaf litter leachate treatment significantly increased by 9.65% and 10.14% compared with CK（ P<0.05）. All the four leaf litter leachate treatments significantly decreased（ P<0.05） wheat ground diameter. On the 55th day,wheat leaf chlorophyll content under Salix babylonica leaf litter leachate treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 11.90% compared with CK. On the 100th day,wheat leaf chlorophyll content under Ulmus pumila leaf litter leachate treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 7.03% compared with CK. On the 55th and 100th day,wheat leaf POD activity under Betula platyphylla leaf litter leachate treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 0.88% and 3.22% compared with CK,wheat leaf SOD activity under Salix babylonica leaf litter leachate treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 13.78% and 9.68% compared with CK. At 55 d and 100 d growth,wheat was most sensitive to the allelopathy of Salix babylonica and Ulmus pumila leaf litter leachate treatment.【Conclusion】The leaf litter leachate of Salix babylonia and Ulmus pumila had strong allelopathic effects on wheat growth,promoted the secretion of specific metabolites of wheat,and changed the surrounding micro ecological environment.

【Objective】In order to investigate the effects of increased application of organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer on soybean growth and development in Hulun Buir City,Inner Mongolia and the economic benefits,and provided a reference for soybean water and fertilizer management in this area.【Methods】The experiment will be carried out in the Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner of Hulun Buir City from 2022 to 2023. Mengdou No. 48 was used as the test material,and three fertilization treatments were set up,conventional fertilization（CK）,increased application organic fertilizer（OF）,and increased application of microbial fertilizer（MF）,respectively. The experiment analyzed soybean growth traits,leaf SPAD value,dry matter accumulation and yield factor indexes,and calculated economic benefits,and calculated synergism and efficiency increase.【Results】The plant height,number of main stem nodes and effective branching number of soybean treated with OM were significantly higher than those treated with CK（ P<0.05）,and the bottom pod height of soybean treated with OM and MF was significantly lower than that treated with CK（ P<0.05）. The changes of dry matter accumulation and leaf SPAD value of soybean increased gradually with the progression of growth stage,and the performance was OM>MF>CK.Dry matter accumulation at podding stage,drumming stage and maturity stage was significantly higher under OM treatment than CK（ P<0.05）. The leaf SPAD value of OM treatment was significantly higher than CK at flowering stage,podding stage and druming stage（ P<0.05）. In the past two years,the number of pod per plant,grain weight per plant,100-grain weight and effective plant number of soybean in OM and MF treatment were significantly higher than those in CK（ P<0.05）,and there was no significant difference between OM and MF treatment（ P>0.05）. Soybean yield has a extremely significant positive correlation with number of pod per plant,number of seeds per plant,grain weight per plant and effective plant number（ P<0.01）. Soybean yield was significantly positively correlated with whole growth period,plant height,number of main stem nodes,dry matter accumulation,leaf SPAD value and 100-grain weight（ P<0.05）. Soybean yield was significantly negatively correlated with bottom pod height（ P<0.05）. In the past two years,the soybean yield under OM treatment increased by 625.70 kg/hm ² and 599.60 kg/hm ² compared with CK,and the benefit increased by 21.20% and 19.30%,respectively.In addition,MF treatment increased production by 375.80 kg/hm ² and 237.10 kg/hm ² compared with CK,and the benefit increased by 10.40% and 3.80%,respectively.【Conclusion】In Hulun Buir City,Inner Mongolia,the best fertilizer mode for increasing soybean yield and efficiency was to apply organic fertilizer on the basis of conventional fertilizer.

【Objective】Screening shade-tolerant soybean varieties（lines） suitable for maize-soybean intercropping planting mode in northern Jiangsu,and constructing an accurate and reasonable soybean shade tolerance evaluation system.【Methods】The natural shade environment created by maize-soybean intercropping in northern Jiangsu was used as the treatment,and the clear seed was used as the control. 12 agronomic traits such as plant height,pod height,and branch number of 24 soybean varieties（lines） were measured at maturity stage. Principal component analysis,membership function method,and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis were used to construct shade tolerance coefficients and evaluate the comprehensive shade tolerance of each soybean variety（lines） under intercropping mode.【Results】Index of shade tolerance coefficient of 12 agronomic traits were transformed into 4 independent comprehensive indexes,representing 74.771% of the original data information. The results of comprehensive shade tolerance evaluation value（ D） and cluster analysis showed that 24 soybean varieties（lines） could be divided into 3 categories according to their adaptability under shade stress,including strong shade-tolerant（six varieties/lines）,moderate shade-tolerant（nine varieties/lines）and weak shade-tolerant（nine varieties/lines）. The regression equation of shade tolerance was constructed by multiple linear stepwise regression analysis： D=-1.158+0.062 X ₂+0.249 X ₅+0.201 X ₇+1.002 X ₁₀+0.665 X ₁₁（ R ²=0.972 2）,and the fitting accuracy was more than 89.14%. Five shade tolerance identification indexes of pod height,pod number per plant,seed number per plant,100-seed weight and yield were selected.【Conclusion】According to the shade tolerance ability,the 24 soybean varieties（lines） were divided into three categories：strong shade-tolerant,moderate shade-tolerant and weak shade tolerant. Under the maize-soybean intercropping model in northern Jiangsu,five traits,including pod height,number of pods per plant,number of grains per plant,100 grain weight,and yield,can be selected for comprehensive evaluation of soybean shade tolerance. Under the maize-soybean intercropping mode in northern Jiangsu,five traits,including pod height,pod number per plant,seed number per plant,100 seed weight,and yield,could be selected to comprehensively evaluate the shade tolerance ability of soybean.

【Objective】To explore the spatial characteristics,source,and development trend of agricultural non-point source pollution in Shandong Province.【Methods】Inventory analysis and output coefficient method were used to calculate the total emission of chemical oxygen demand（COD）,total nitrogen（TN）,and total phosphorus（TP）,equivalent standard emission,emission intensity per unit area,emission per 10 000 yuan output value of agricultural non-point source pollution from different sources in Shandong Province and various cities from 2000 to 2020.【Results】From 2000 to 2020,the equivalent standard emission of agricultural non-point source pollution decreased by 29.43% in Shandong Province. The average annual contribution rates of equivalent standard emission of TN and TP were 51.48% and 38.70%,respectively,with contribution rates of the two over 90%. Livestock and poultry breeding was the main agricultural non-point source pollution in Shandong Province with TN and TP contribution rates over 60%. The emission per 10 000 yuan output value had decreasing trend. Emission intensity per unit area was high in the west and low in the east. Weifang and Linyi were the high pollution areas. Dezhou,Heze and Liaocheng were the relatively high pollution areas. The average contribution rate of intra-regional differences in the Theil index of agricultural non-point source pollution was 97.8%,and the average inter-regional rate was 2.2%.【Conclusion】The overall trend of agricultural non-point source pollution in Shandong Province was decreasing,but the extensive management characteristics of agricultural production were still prominent. The pollutant with the highest contribution rate was TN. Livestock and poultry breeding was the main source of agricultural non-point source pollution in Shandong Province. Difference in emission intensity per unit area between the eastern and the western regions was predominant. The areas with high agricultural non-point source pollution emissions were mainly distributed in the central and western regions with developed agriculture and dense population. The regional differences of agricultural non-point source pollution in the province were gradually narrowing. And the contribution of intra-regional differences was much greater than that of inter-regional differences.

【Objective】To explore the application of fermented mushroom residue and fermented corn cob in improving leaf vegetable seedling substrate.【Methods】Lettuce and romaine lettuce were used as test materials. Using different volume rations of fermented mushroom residue and fermented corn cob mixed with compound substrate of turf and vermiculite mixture,and turf∶vermiculite=7V∶3V as control（CK）,the effects of different substrate ratios on the physicochemical properties of the substrate as well as the growth and development of lettuce and romaine lettuce seedlings were studied.【Results】In the different ratios of compound substrates,the bulk density of T3 treatment was highest among all the treatments at 0.48 g/cm ³. The total porosity,aeration porosity,total phosphorus content,available nitrogen content,pH value,and EC value of T6 treatment were highest among all the treatments,at 79.26%,29.60%,0.21 g/kg,1 564.76 mg/kg,7.51,and 4.47 mS/cm,respectively. The total potassium content of T3 treatment was highest among all the treatments,at 6.44 g/kg. The effective phosphorus content of T7 treatment was highest among all the treatments,at 18.86 mg/kg. The available potassium content of T3 treatment was highest among all the treatments,at 380.68 mg/kg. The emergence rates of lettuce and romaine lettuce in the substrate of T8 treatment（21% fermented mushroom residue,21% fermented corn cob,28% turf,and 30% vermiculite）reached 95.59% and 95.96%,respectively. The plant height,stem diameter,single leaf area,and total dry weight of the seedlings were 8.92 cm,2.08 mm,20.13 cm ²,93.70 mg,and 15.11 cm,3.50 mm,7.40 cm ²,164.01 mg,respectively,all significantly higher than CK（ P<0.05）. The comprehensive evaluation coefficients of seedling growth indexes were 0.974 and 0.959,respectively,all higher than CK and other treatments.【Conclusion】The addition of fermented mushroom residue and fermented corn cob significantly improved the physicochemical properties of leafy vegetable seedling substrate. Equal volume of fermented mushroom residue and fermented corn cob mixture had significant promoting effects on the growth and development of lettuce and romaine lettuce seedlings,could partially replace turf in the seedling substrate of leafy vegetables.

【Objective】To explore a soybean-maize intercropping pattern suitable for the ecological conditions in the cold and arid regions of northeast China.【Methods】 A one-way random block design was used to set up six treatments： 2∶2 pattern （BO-S2∶M2）,4∶4 pattern（BO-S4∶M4）,4∶2 pattern（BO-S4∶M2） and 6∶4 pattern（BO-S6∶M4） of soybean-maize row ratio before optimization,and 6∶2 mode（AO-S2∶M2） and 4∶4 mode（AO-S4∶M4） after optimization,monoculture corn,monoculture soybeanwere used as control. The fertility process of each intercropping pattern land equivalent ratio,net effect,compensating effect,selection effect and economic benefits were analyzed.【Results】 Compare with monocropping soybean under intercropping patterns,the growth period of soybean was delayed by 2-3 days compared with that of monoculture soybean. The land equivalent ratio of each intercropping mode was greater than 1,and the crop yield increased by 13%-36% compared with monoculture. The net effect of AO-S2∶M2 pattern was 317.04 kg/hm ²,which was significantly higher than that of other patterns（ P<0.05）. Among the intercropping patterns,the AO-S2∶M2 pattern had the largest compensating effect,which was significantly higher than that of the BO-S2∶M2 pattern（ P<0.05）. Compared with the pre-optimization period,the AO-S2∶M2 pattern selection effect increased by 46.90%. Compared with monoculture maize,AO-S2∶M2 and AO-S4∶M4 increased by 38.16 and 9.33 yuan/hm ²,respectively. Compared with monoculture soybean,all intercropping patterns showed an increase of 53.39-379.74 yuan/hm ². Principal component analysis（PCA） showed that the AO-S2∶M2 pattern had the highest comprehensive score of 2.11,followed by the AO-S4∶M4 pattern（0.62）.【Conclusion】 The advantages of 2∶2 and 4∶4 intercropping patterns of soybean-maize after optimization of planting technology are prominent,and the intercropping mode of soybean-maize after optimization has the greatest advantage over the 2∶2 intercropping mode,which has more promotion value in cold and arid region of northeast China.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of different mixed sowing proportions of hairy vetch and oat on crop yield,soil enzyme activity and microbial communities in the agricultural dry-crop areas at the northern foothills of the Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia.【Methods】Using hairy vetch and oat as experimental objects,six treatments were set up,namely,single sowing of hairy vetch（DB1）,single sowing of oat（DB2）,80% hairy vetch+ 20% oat（HB1）,60% hairy vetch+40% oat（HB2）,40% hairy vetch+60% oat（HB3）,and 20% hairy vetch+80% oat（HB3）. Soil samples were collected from the 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers in the early,middle,and late stages of growth,respectively. The effects on crop yield,soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content were analyzed,and changes in soil microbial community diversity and structure were analyzed by using high-throughput sequencing technology.【Results】HB1,HB2,HB3 treatments were 1%-11% higher than DB1 treatment for the relative grain yield of hairy vetch,and 3%-25% higher than DB2 treatment for the relative grain yield of oat. During the mid growth stage in the 0-20 cm soil layer,compared with DB1 and DB2 treatments,HB2 treatment soil catalase activity significantly increased by 9.65% and 11.55% （ P<0.05）,respectively,and sucrase activity significantly increased by 11.47% and 15.44%（ P<0.05）,HB1 treatment increased urease activity by 8.07% and 19.41%（ P<0.05）,respectively;HB2 treatment had the highest microbial biomass carbon content,while HB1 treatment had the highest microbial biomass nitrogen content,at 95.79 and 21.02 mg/kg,respectively. Compared with the DB2 treatment,the HB2 treatment soil bacterial OTU index was significantly increased by 15.79%（ P<0.05）,the Shannon index increased by 5.41%;Compared with DB1 treatment,HB2 treatment increased fungal OTU index by 33.58%（ P<0.05）,Shannon index increased by 36.50%,and Chao1 index increased by 6.56%. At the phylum level,HB2 treatment increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria,Chloroflexi,and Mortierellomycota,while decreasing the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota,Acidobacteriota,Ascomycota,and Basidiomycota.【Conclusion】The mixed sowing treatment of 60% hairy vetch +40% oat is a suitable proportion for agricultural dry-crop areas in the northern foothills of Yinshan Mountains,Inner Mongolia. Under this treatment,crop grain yield is the highest,soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content are higher,and soil bacterial and fungal diversity,richness,and relative abundance of beneficial bacterial phyla are all increased.

【Objective】Analyze the total amount,intensity and decoupling effect of agricultural carbon emissions in Henan Province,to provide references for the high-quality development of agriculture and formulation of emission reduction policies in Henan Province.【Methods】Taking Henan Province as the research object and generalized agriculture as the research perspective,the carbon emission coefficient method,intensity calculation formula and Tapio decoupling model were used to calculate the total agricultural carbon emissions,intensity and decoupling elasticity coefficient of Henan Province from 2011 to 2020,and the corresponding temporal-spatial characteristics were analyzed.【Results】The primary sources of agricultural carbon emissions in Henan Province were mainly consists of CH ₄,N ₂O and chemical fertilizer. The total agricultural carbon emissions in Henan Province can be divided into three temporal stages：steady growth period,rapid decline period,and volatility trend decline period and six types of spatial regions：“high-steady”“high-volatility”“medium-steady”“medium-volatility”“low-steady” and“low-volatility”. The agricultural carbon emission intensity in Henan Province,can be divided into two temporal stages：accelerated decline period and fluctuating decline period,as well as three types of spatial regions：convergent decline type,accelerated decline type and back-end rise type. The decoupling effect of agricultural carbon emissions can be classified into three temporal stages：weak decoupling,strong decoupling,and repeated conversion,and three spatial types：economic development and ecological environment good relationship region,stable relationship region and poor relationship region.【Conclusion】Henan Province has made outstanding achievements in agricultural emission reductions. The relationship between agricultural development and ecological environment gradually improved,but lacking stability. The carbon emission characteristics of livestock and poultry industry was strong correlated with agricultural carbon emission characteristics in Henan Province. And there were regional differences in the total amount,intensity and decoupling effect of agricultural carbon emissions. Based on the above analysis,following suggestions were proposed：enriching the carbon emission reduction policy system of livestock and poultry industry,formulating regionally targeted agricultural carbon emission reduction policies,and institutional reform and technological innovation going hand in hand.

【Objective】To verify the accuracy and stability of the established wheat,maize,and sorghum models of the FOSS-Infratec ^TM Nova near-infrared grain quality analyzer.【Methods】To compare the moisture,protein,and starch content detection results of wheat,maize,and sorghum between the two detection units （bulk density module TWM detection unit and STM sample transfer unit） in the FOSS-Infratec ^TM Nova near-infrared grain quality analyzer,and the moisture,protein,and starch content under different optical paths and chemical method detection values in the STM detection unit.【Results】There was no significant difference（ P>0.05） between the moisture,protein,and starch content detection values of wheat samples at an STM unit of 18 mm optical path and maize samples at an STM unit of 29 mm optical path and the detection values of TWM and chemical methods,The moisture,protein,and starch content detection values of sorghum samples at different STM optical paths were not well fitted and correlated with the detection values of chemical methods.【Conclusion】The established models for wheat and maize have stable performance and reliable results in analysis;The detection performance of the sorghum model is poor,and further calibration or reconstruction of the model is needed.

【Objective】Understand the cotton boll and fiber quality traits and their correlation of island-upland hybrid long-staple cotton to provide references for breeding high yield island-upland hybrid long-staple cotton.【Methods】New hybrid combinations of island-upland cotton were developed using self-selected insect-resistant upland cotton germplasm line as female parent,and production promoted and applied Xinjiang long-staple island cotton variety as male parent. The cotton boll traits,fiber quality traits and the correlations of the F ₁ of the 23 island-upland hybrid cotton combinations were analyzed. 【Results】In the 23 island-upland hybrid cotton combinations,the variation range of F ₁ single boll weight was 3.7-5.0 g. 12 combinations had single boll weight over 4.2 g,with a 9.0% coefficient of variation. The variation range of lint percentage was 20.1%-36.7%. 5 combinations had lint percentage over 30.0%,with a 10.7% coefficient of variation. The variation range for fiber length was 34.5-38.5 mm. 22 combinations had fiber length over 35.0 mm,with a 2.6% coefficient of variation. The variation range of fiber specific strength was 34.8-41.8 cN/tex. 9 combinations had fiber specific strength over 39.0 cN/tex,with a 5.3% coefficient of variation. The variation range of micronaire value was 2.8-4.2. There were 10 combinations with A-level micronaire value and a coefficient of variation of 11.8%. The single boll weight of the island-upland hybrid cotton was extremely significantly（ r=-0.683**） negatively correlated with the sterile seed rate,extremely significantly（ r=0.660**）positively correlated with seed numbers per capsule and significantly（ r=0.495*） positively correlated with capsule numbers per boll. The fiber uniformity of the island-upland hybrid cotton was extremely significantly（ r=0.578**, r=0.639**） positively correlated with fiber length and fiber specific strength,and significantly（ r=0.506*） positively correlated with elongation rate. Lint percentage was significantly（ r=-0.475*） negatively correlated with fiber length. Among 23 island-upland hybrid cotton combinations,W042 × Xinhai No. 53,W046 × Xinhai No. 54 and W047 × Xinhai No. 54 showed simultaneous improvement of cotton boll traits and fiber quality traits.【Conclusion】The simultaneous improvement of yield and fiber quality traits of long-staple cotton can be realized by utilizing the complementary heterosis crossing upland cotton with long-staple island cotton.

【Objective】To assess the effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and substitution on potato field soil physicochemical properties,potato yield and potato quality in the north foot of Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia.【Methods】The experiment was carried out in Wuchuan dryland experiment station of Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences. Seven treatments were set up,including conventional fertilization（NPK,CK）,no nitrogen fertilization（PK）,reduced nitrogen fertilization（RN）,reduced nitrogen fertilization+water-soluble fertilizer（RN+WF）,reduced nitrogen fertilization+decomposed sheep manure organic fertilizer（RN+SM）,reduced nitrogen fertilization+bio-organic fertilizer（RN+BM）,and reduced nitrogen fertilization+controlled release urea（RN+RUN）. The impacts of reduced nitrogen fertilization and partial substitution of nitrogen fertilizer with different fertilizers on soil bulk density,total porosity,available nutrients,organic matter as well as potato yield and quality were evaluated.【Results】The soil bulk density and total porosity of RN+BM treatment were significantly （ P<0.05） higher than other treatments. In comparison with NPK treatment,RN+RUN treatment significantly （ P<0.05） elevated the available nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium content in the 10-20 cm soil layer by 1.62%,2.38% and 1.54%,respectively. RN+BM treatment had the highest increase of organic matter content in the 0-10 cm soil layer,with an increase of 2.45% compared with NPK treatment. RN+BM treatment significantly （ P<0.05） improved the potato yield and quality. In comparison with NPK treatment,the potato yield improved by 16.95%,VC,starch,crude protein and reducing sugar content increased by 15.92%,2.96%,16.26% and 6.67% respectively,and nitrate content decreased by 7.89%.【Conclusion】Reduced nitrogen fertilization+bio-organic fertilizer effectively improved potato field soil physicochemical properties,improved potato yield and quality,was the suitable fertilization pattern for potato cultivation in the north foot of Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】Explore the effect of drought stress on the germination of different Panicum miliaceum L. varieties,to clarify the drought resistance evaluation index of Panicum miliaceum L. during germination stage and the drought resistance ability of different varieties.【Methods】Twenty registered Panicum miliaceum L. varieties with large planting areas in the main producing areas were used as experimental materials. 20% PEG-6000 solution was used to simulate drought stress. Eight germination traits including germination potential,germination rate,embryo length,coleoptile length,lateral root number,radicle length,germination index and sprout index were measured. The drought resistance of Panicum miliaceum L. at germination stage was evaluated by correlation analysis and membership function analysis.【Results】Under drought stress,the germination potential,germination rate,embryo length,coleoptile length,lateral root number,radicle length,germination index and sprout index of the 20 Panicum miliaceum L. varieties were all inhibited. Among them,the germination potential,germination rate,germination index and sprout index of Longmei No. 15 were inhibited most,with reduction rates of 59.05%,43.05%,68.68%,and 65.99%,respectively. Longmei No. 7 were less inhibited,with reduction rates of 20.41%,11.49%,40.51%,and 36.78%,respectively. The membership function value comprehensive evaluation results showed that the drought resistance ability of Longmei No. 7 was stronger at 0.868,while Longmei No. 15 was weaker at 0.093. Correlation analysis showed that,relative germination index,relative germination potential,relative embryo length,relative coleoptile length,relative radicle length,and relative lateral root number were significantly correlated with the membership function comprehensive evaluation value（ D value）. 【Conclusion】Longmei No. 7 was screened as strong drought resistance variety while Longmei No. 15 was the weak drought resistance variety. Relative germination index,relative germination potential,relative embryo length,relative coleoptile length,relative radicle length and relative lateral root number can be used as reference indexes for drought resistance evaluation of Panicum miliaceum L. at germination stage.

【Objective】To explore the inhibitory effect of biocontrol strain JT86 on sclerotia-producing pathogens of tobacco. 【Methods】The cell wall hydrolase activities in the fermentation broth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa JT86 were detected using the double-antibody sandwich method. The mycelium and sclerotia morphological changes of the pathogen treated with JT86 fermentation broth were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The inhibitory effects on the hyphal growth and sclerotia germination of Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii,and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were tested.【Results】The inhibitory rates of JT86 fermentation broth on the hyphal growth of R. solani, S. rolfsii and S. sclerotiorum were 77.07%,50.82%,and 95.25%,respectively. After 24 h treatment with JT86 fermentation broth,the sclerotia of the three pathogens did not germinate,with inhibitory rates all reached 100%. JT86 fermentation broth had high protease,cellulase and chitinase activities,but did not produce indoleacetic acid. Scanning electron microscopy showed that JT86 fermentation broth could cause severe hyphal atrophy and deformity of R. solani.【Conclusion】The JT86 fermentation broth had good inhibitory effects on the growth and development,as well as sclerotial germination of R. solani, S. rolfsii and S. sclerotiorum.

【Objective】 Assess the effects of different types and ratios of organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizers on soil fertility and sunflower yield in the Hetao Irrigation Area,to select for the organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application models that could simultaneously improve the soil organic carbon and sunflower yield.【Methods】 Eight treatments were set up including no fertilization（CK）,conventional chemical fertilizer nitrogen application（MN）,20% sheep manure organic fertilizer nitrogen+80% chemical fertilizer nitrogen（SN1）,40% sheep manure organic fertilizer nitrogen+60% chemical fertilizer nitrogen（SN2）,20% cow manure organic fertilizer nitrogen+80% chemical fertilizer nitrogen（CN1）,40% cow manure organic fertilizer nitrogen+60% chemical fertilizer nitrogen（CN2）,20% pig manure organic fertilizer nitrogen+80% chemical fertilizer nitrogen（PN1）,and 40% pig manure organic fertilizer nitrogen+60% chemical fertilizer nitrogen（PN2）. The effects of different types and ratios of organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer on soil organic carbon,total nitrogen content,ammonium nitrogen concentration,nitrate nitrogen concentration,inorganic nitrogen concentration,aggregate composition,as well as sunflower plant traits,aboveground biomass,yield,and nitrogen use efficiency were analyzed.【Results】Compared with MN treatment,application of sheep manure organic fertilizer nitrogen had no significant effect（ P>0.05） on soil organic carbon content. Application of cow and pig manure organic fertilizer nitrogen significantly increased soil organic carbon content（ P<0.05）,and the improvement effect increased with the increase of organic fertilizer application rates;CN1 treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） soil ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations by 9.7%,6.0%,and 7.6%,respectively;PN2 treatment significantly increased （ P<0.05） the mass proportion of soil macroaggregates by 29.3%. Compared with MN treatment,CN1 and PN1 treatments significantly increased（ P<0.05） sunflower disc diameter and thousand grain weight by 5.8% and 4.0%;the aboveground biomass of sunflowers significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 4.6% and 12.8%;the yield and nitrogen use efficiency were significantly improved（ P<0.05）,with CN1 treatment having the highest increase at 14.3% and 66.1%,respectively.【Conclusion】20% cow/pig manure organic fertilizer nitrogen+80% chemical fertilizer nitrogen treatments were beneficial for improving soil organic carbon content and increasing sunflower disc diameter,thousand grain weight,yield,and nitrogen use efficiency,achieved simultaneously improvement of soil organic carbon content and sunflower yield,can be used as suitable organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application models for low fertility farmland in Hetao Irrigation Area.

【Objective】To screen the suitable maize planting density and varieties in Hetao irrigation district of Inner Mongolia,and provide reference for the improvement of maize yield per unit area based on this.【Methods】The experiment was carried out in Bayannur City,Inner Mongolia from 2022 to 2023. A two-factor randomized block design was adopted,and the main treatment was plant density（D1：90 000 plants/hm ²,D2：97 500 plants/hm ²,D3：105 000 plants/hm ²,D4：112 500 plants/hm ²,D5：120 000 plants/hm ²）,and varieties were sub-treated（Sitai 112,Lilong 170,Mingyu 268,Jinyuan 118）. The effects of different densities on agronomic traits,yield components and yield of each maize variety were analyzed,and their economic benefits were calculated.【Results】At 5 densities,the reproductive growth of Sitai 112 was 3 days earlier than that of other varieties. At D3 density,Mingyu 268 plant height and ear height both were the highest,which were 3.18 and 1.33 cm,respectively. At D5 density,the lodging rate and hollow bar ratio of Mingyu 268 both were the highest,which were 30.40% and 14.21%,respectively. With the increase of density,the ear length of each variety gradually decreased and the values of Sitai 112,Lilong 170,Mingyu 268 and Jinyuan 118 reached the maximum at the density of D1,which were 20.10,21.55,18.75 and 20.85 cm,and there was no significant difference in ear diameter among varieties（ P>0.05）. At the density of D1 and D2,the yield and net income of Sitai 112 were highest,which were 14.68,15.01 t/hm ² and 27 394,28 017 yuan/hm ². At the density of D3 and D4,the yield and net income of Lilong 170 were highest,which were 17.09,17.00 t/hm ² and 32 504,32 206 yuan/hm ². At the density of D5,the yield and net income of Jinyuan 118 were highest,which were 13.13 t/hm ² and 23 585 yuan/hm ².【Conclusion】In Hetao irrigation district of Inner Mongolia,the high-yield cultivated varieties were Sitai 112 at 90 000 and 97 500 plants/hm ²,Lilong 170 at 105 000 and 112 500 plants/hm ²,and Jinyuan 118 at 120 000 plants/hm ².

The northern agro-pastoral ecotone is an important ecological security barrier to curb desertification and sandification east to South in China,which is of great strategic significance to national food security and border stability. For a long time,the problems of farmland desertification degradation and productivity decline caused by serious soil wind erosion and over-cultivation have become increasingly prominent. The technology of straw crushing and covering surface wind erosion prevention has been carried out at home and abroad. The application of straw in the agro-pastoral ecotone is easy to blow away the soil and the stability of wind erosion control is poor. Therefore,the in-depth study of straw mulching technology for wind erosion prevention is of great significance in farmland ecological management. The paper discusses straw mulching techniques such as stubble mulching,broken straw mulching and stubble-straw composite mulching on wind erosion prevention and soil moisture conservation and fertilization,elucidates the effects of straw mulching on soil microbial community structure and crop agronomic traits and yield traits,summarizes the innovative content and application effects of stubble-straw composite mulching technology,and clarifies the effect and suitability of the wind erosion prevention by the differentiated stubble-straw composite precision mulching technology created in combination with the ecological characteristics of agro-pastoral ecotone and complex farming systems.The differentiated stubble-straw composite precise mulching technology has become the leading technology in major projects such as black soil protection in Northeast China,national farmland protection and quality improvement,and has been widely promoted and applied,providing important scientific and technological support for farmland protection and utilization,and national food security.

【Objective】To explore the effect and regularity of meteorological factors on the growth and yield of sorghum.【Methods】Taking meteorological factors from different years in the planting area of Chifeng City,Inner Mongolia as the main factor,experiments were conducted for three consecutive years using sorghum varieties Liaonian No. 3 and Liaoza 37 as materials. The effects of meteorological factors on plant height,LAI,dry matteraccumulation,grain weight per panicle,1 000-grain weight,yield of sorghum in each growing stages were studied by correlation analysis and grey relation analysis,and the key meteorological factors were revealed.【Results】The growth period of seedling-emerging stage has a significantly negative correlation with average daily accumulated temperature（ P<0.05） and an extremely significant negative correlation with average sunshine hours（ P<0.01）,the growth period of emerging-flowering stage has a significantly negative correlation with average sunshine hours（ P<0.01）,and the whole growth period had a significantly negative correlation with average daily accumulated temperature（ P<0.05）. There was a extremely significant positive correlation between the growth rate of LAI and rainfall from 10 d to 60 d after emergence（ P<0.01）,There was a significant positive correlation between the growth rate of plant height from 10 d to 70 d after emergence and accumulated temperature（ P<0.01）,There was a significant positive correlation between accumulation rate of dry matter accumulation and sunshine hours at seedling-jointing stage（ P<0.05）,at jointing-flowering stage it was significantly positive correlated with accumulated temperature（ P<0.05）,at 40 days after flowering it was significantly positively correlated with accumulated temperature and sunshine hours（ P<0.05）. The results of grey correlation degree analysis showed that the three meteorological factors that had the greatest influence on grain weight per panicle were the effective accumulated temperature during the growth period,the daily average temperature before flowering,and the effective accumulated temperature before flowering;and the three meteorological factors that had the greatest influence on the 1 000-grain weight were the daily average temperature before flowering,the effective accumulated temperature during the growth period and the effective accumulated temperature before flowering;The three meteorological factors that had the greatest influence on yield were the effective accumulated temperature after flowering,the daily average temperature during growth period and the daily average temperature after flowering.【Conclusion】The key meteorological factors affecting the growth period,plant height,LAI,dry matter accumulation,grain weight per panicle,1 000-grain weight and yield of each growing stage,of sorghum were different. The key meteorological factors affecting each index could be fully utilized in production,such as adjusting the sowing date or other measures to change the growth expectation of sorghum.

【Objective】Clarify the effects of continuous tillage and straw returning on soil nutrients and maize yield,to provide references for the improvement of maize yield.【Methods】Four treatments including subsoiling with straw returning（ST _S）,subsoiling （ST ₀）,no-tillage with straw returning （NT _S） and no-tillage （NT ₀） were set up. Soil samples were collected from 0-100 cm soil layer at maize maturity stage,and tested for soil nitrogen content,nitrogen storage,polysaccharide content,fulvic acid content,humic acid content,aggregate relative content and mean weight diameter,as well as aggregate nitrogen content. Maize yield was tested as well to analyze the effects of continuous tillage and straw returning on soil nutrient content and maize yield.【Results】ST _S significantly increased the soil nitrogen content and nitrogen storage in 0-20 cm soil layer by 96.19% and 89.35% compared with NT ₀. In the 20-100 cm soil layer,ST _S soil nitrogen content were higher,with a 13.13% increase compared with NT ₀. ST _S significantly increased 20-100 cm soil layer nitrogen storage by 29.20% compared with NT ₀. ST _S increased 0-40 cm soil layer polysaccharide,fulvic acid and humic acid content by 17.45%,62.66%,and 10.63% compared with NT ₀. In 0-40 cm soil layer,ST _S significantly increased 2-1 mm and <0.053 mm aggregate relative contents by 41.92% and 336.42% compared with NT ₀. Nitrogen content of aggregates at >1 mm and <0.053 mm in the soil were highest,increased by 14.46% and 6.86% compared with NT ₀. ST _S improved maize yield by 8.29% compared with NT ₀.【Conclusion】Subsoiling with straw returning was more conducive to increasing the continuous tillage and straw returning nitrogen content in 0-20 cm soil layer,the contents of polysaccharide,fulvic acid and humic acid in 0-40 cm soil layer,and promoting the formation of larger aggregates,thus increased maize yield.

【Objective】To investigate the effects of different biochar types and application amounts on loess soil physicochemical properties and millet growth in northern Shaanxi.【Methods】Three biochar types of corn straw（JG）,rice husk（DK）and bamboo stalk（ZG）were selected. Three carbon application levels,C1（300 g/m ²）,C2（600 g/m ²）and C3（1 200 g/m ²）were set up,and no biochar application was set as control（CK）. Using indoor simulation millet cultivation experiments,by measuring soil physicochemical properties and millet growth indexes,the effects of different biochar types and application amounts on loess soil physicochemical properties and millet growth in northern Shaanxi were studied.【Results】DK biochar had significant regulation effects on soil water content and bulk density. Compared with JGC2 and ZGC2 treatments,soil water content of DKC2 treatment decreased significantly（ P<0.05） by 15.78% and 18.26%,respectively. Compared with JGC3 and ZGC3 treatments,the soil bulk density of DKC3 treatment decreased significantly（ P<0.05） by 20.07% and 24.63%,respectively. When applying ZG biochar,the contents of soil organic carbon and available potassium gradually increased with the increase of biochar application amount. Under ZGC3 treatment,the contents of soil organic carbon and available potassium significantly（ P<0.05） increased by 134.35% and 77.94%,respectively,compared with CK. When JG biochar was applied,the millet plant height and aboveground dry weight increased first and then decreased with the increase of biochar application amount. The millet plant height and aboveground dry weight of JGC2 treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 32.62%,77.13%,respectively,compared with CK. Grain weight per panicle,total dry weight and plot yield significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 126.18%,65.36%,57.54% and 79.25%,82.46%,50.37%,respectively compared with DKC2 and ZGC2 treatments. The underground dry weight,root surface area and root shoot ratio of millet treated with DK biochar increased first and then decreased with the increase of biochar amount. Compared with CK,the underground dry weight,root surface area and root shoot ratio of millet under DKC2 treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 104.53%,90.30% and 82.11%,respectively. The grain harvest index of ZGC3 treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 50.00% compared with DKC3 treatment.【Conclusion】Different biochar types and application amounts had different effects on millet growth. 600 g/m ² corn straw biochar treatment was more conducive to the improvement of millet dry weight,600 g/m ² rice husk biochar treatment was more conducive to the growth of millet root system,and 1 200 g/m ² bamboo stalk biochar treatment was more conducive to the improvement of millet harvest index. Planting millet in loess soil of northern Shaanxi,applying corn stalk and bamboo stalk biochar had better ability of regulating soil water and fertilizer and increasing yield and efficiency.

【Objective】Identify the age of Gobio huanghensis,analyze its growth characteristics,to enrich the biological research data of Gobio huanghensis in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River.【Methods】 Gobio huanghensis samples were collected in 7 stations located in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Gansu Province. Otoliths were used as age identification materials. Four models,Von Bertalanffy growth formula（VBGF）,Logistic growth formula（Logistic GF）,Gompertz growth formula（Gompertz GF）,and Power exponential growth formula（Power exponential GF）were selected to simulate the body length growth of Gobio huanghensis. The model parameters were estimated using the maximum likelihood method. And the fitting effects of the models were evaluated by calculating the AIC values to determine the optimal growth model for Gobio huanghensis.【Results】A total of 550 Gobio huanghensis samples were collected,and divided into 5 age groups of 1 to 5 years of age. Among them the 2-year age group had the highest number of 351 samples. Body length ranged from 2.60 to 17.41 cm. Body weight ranged from 0.18 to 99.39 g. For the Gobio huanghensis simulating results of the 4 models,Gomportz GF growth model had the lowest AIC value（4.99）and the best simulating effect,followed by Logistic GF（14.58）,and VBGF（16.29）growth model,while Power exponential GF growth model had the highest AIC value（82.42）and the worst simulating effect. The Gobio huanghensis Gomportz GF growth model was described as： L_t=18.81×exp{-exp[-0.66×（ t_i-1.73）]}.【Conclusion】Gompertz GF growth model was the most suitable growth model for Gobio huanghensis in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River.

【Objective】To screen out safe and efficient soil-applied herbicides suitable for chickpea field.【Methods】To select 12 commonly-used herbicides in production for field soil experiments,use absolute value survey method to evaluate the weeding effect of each herbicide,and analyze the safety of each herbicide on chickpea under experimental doses.【Results】Every treatment had good soil sealing effect on broadleaf weeds in chickpea field,with the plant control efficacy ranging from 93.85% to 100% and the fresh weight control efficacy ranging from 87.80% to 100% at 45 days after application. However,there were some differences of control effect on gramineous weeds among these different treatments. 330 g/L pendimethalin EC,50% acetochlor EC,50% napropamide WDG,960 g/L S-metolachlor EC and 40% pyroxasulfone SC were safe to chickpea and could effectively control the gramineous weeds in chickpea fields,with the plant control efficacy ranging from 95.19% to 100% and the fresh weight control efficacy ranging from 99.13% to 100% after 45 days,42% fluridone SC,65% prodiamine WDG,480 g/L trifluralin EC,240 g/L oxyfluorfen EC and 250 g/L oxadiazon EC also had good control effect on gramineous weeds,with the plant control efficacy ranging from 96.58% to 100%. The fresh weight control efficacy of these five herbicides except 240 g/L oxyfluorfen EC was ranged from 88.24% to 100% after 45 days. However,these five kinds of herbicides exhibited different degree of phytotoxicity to chickpea,which could gradually ease with the growth of chickpea. 50% prometryn WP and 51% flumioxazin WDG could seal gramineous weeds to a certain extent,but the persistence was relatively short and 50% prometryn WP had obvious phytotoxicity.【Conclusion】Based on comprehensive consideration of control effect and crop safety,330 g/L pendimethalin EC,50% acetochlor EC,50% napropamide WDG,960 g/L S-metolachlor EC and 40% pyroxasulfone SC were suitable for soil-applied herbicide chickpea field.

【Objective】To study the effects of different periods of selenium fertilization on the agronomic traits and yield of broomcorn millet in Ordos City,Inner Mongolia,and optimize the production technology of selenium-enriched broomcorn millet in this area.【Methods】Two main varieties of local broomcorn millet,Yimi No. 11 and Yishu No. 11 were used as experimental materials to spray commercial selenium-enriched fertilizer on the leaf surface of broomcorn millet at jointing stage and filling stage. The variance and interaction effects of different selenium fertilizer treatments were analyzed for agronomic traits,yield and grain selenium content of broomcorn millet.【Results】Spraying selenium fertilizer was beneficial to the increase of 1 000-grain weight of broomcorn millet,and the results showed that the filling stage（A0B1）>filling stage+jointing stage （A1B1）>jointing stage（A1B0）. After spraying selenium fertilizer at filling stage+ joniting stage,the yield and grain selenium content of Yimi No. 11 increased more than Yishu No. 11,the yield of Yimi No. 11 increased by 17.85%,i. e. 6 371.17 kg/hm ²,while the yield of Yishu No. 11 increased by 8.06%,i. e. 6 142.28 kg/hm ². After spraying selenium fertilizer at filling stage+joining stage,the highest selenium content of Yimi No. 11 and Yishu No. 11 grains was 1.167 mg/kg and 0.756 mg/kg,respectively,which extremely significant increased the grain selenium content compared with other treatments（ P<0.01）.【Conclusion】Spraying selenium fertilizer can increase the yield of broomcorn millet,and the best spraying effect is at filling stage+jointing stage. Yimi No. 11 is more suitable for selenium fertilizer application. Applying selenium fertilizer at both grain filling stage and jointing stage can give both high yield and rich selenium.

【Objective】To isolate and screen plant growth-promoting strains from the roots and rhizosphere soil of Artemisia argyi.【Methods】To collect root and rhizosphere soil samples of Artemisia argyi from Ordos and Tongliao in Inner Mongolia,isolate and purify symbiotic fungi-dark septate endophytes（DSE） and functional bacteria,identify them using molecular biology techniques,screen DSE strains and functional bacteria with significant growth promoting effects,construct artificial microbial communities,and set up non inoculated bacteria（A）,single inoculated DSE（B）,single inoculated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria（C）,single inoculated nitrogen-fixing bacteria（D）,DSE+phosphate-solubilizing bacteria（E）,DSE+nitrogen-fixing bacteria（F）,phosphate-solubilizing bacteria+nitrogen-fixing bacteria（G）,DSE+phosphate-solubilizing bacteria+nitrogen-fixing bacteria（H） eight treatments were used to conduct a rewinding experiment on Artemisia argyi plants to screen for the best bacterial strain.【Results】The colonization rate of DSE fungi in the roots of Artemisia argyi was the highest,and the symbiotic structure was mainly chain,strip,brain and scattered. Four strains of DSE were successfully isolated from the roots of Artemisia argyi,among which Paraphoma chrysanthemicola was the dominant strain in both test sites. A total of 36 functional bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Artemisia argyi,including 26 phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and 10 nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The phosphate-solubilizing bacteria were mainly Bacillus,accounting for 30.50% of the total number of isolates,of which Bacillus pumilus accounted for 27.20%. Rhizobium was the main nitrogen-fixing bacteria,accounting for 16.67% of the total number of isolates,of which Rhizobium cellulosilyticum accounted for 33.30%.The growth indexes of Artemisia argyi in B-H treatments were better than those in A treatment. Among them,H treatment had the best growth-promoting effect,and its stem diameter,leaf number,aboveground biomass and underground biomass increased by 24.93%,80.00%,279.17% and 251.69%,respectively.【Conclusion】The compound inoculation of Paraphoma chrysanthemicola, Bacillus pumilus and Rhizobium cellulosilyticum had the best growth-promoting effect,and DSE+phosphate-solubilizing bacteria+nitrogen-fixing bacteria treatment was the best growth-promoting microbial combination.

【Objective】 To clarify the cold tolerance of Atractomorpha burri population.【Methods】 The supercooling capacity of each stage of Atractomorpha burri and the survival rate of young and old nymphs at low temperature conditions were determined by using the supercooling point tester in Qujing City,Yunnan Province.【Results】 There were significant differences in the supercooling point and freezing point of different stages of Atractomorpha burri（ P<0.05）. The supercooling point and freezing point of egg stage were the lowest,which were -16.16,-8.13 ℃,respectively. The supercooling point and freezing point of the 3rd instar nymphs were the highest,which were -8.35,-5.20 ℃,respectively. The supercooling point and freezing point of male adults were -10.26,-7.18 ℃,respectively,which were lower than -9.00,-7.00 ℃ of female adults. The variation of supercooling point and freezing point of different individuals in the same stage conformed to normal distribution. Under low temperature conditions,the temperature of more than 50% mortality of the 3rd and 5th instar nymphs was -7.00,-9.00 ℃,respectively.【Conclusion】The cold tolerance of the egg stage of Atractomorpha burri was the strongest,the 5th instar nymphs had stronger low temperature tolerance,and the cold resistance of male adults was stronger than that of female adults.

【Objective】To study effects of different selenium application amount on selenium content,quality and yield of flower buds of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni,provide reference for planting selenium-rich Hemerocallis citrina Baroni.【Methods】Four varieties of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni were selected,including Changzuizihua,Sanyuehua,Qingchong,and Dawuzui. Selenium fertilizer was applied to the roots during the bolting period,with selenium application amounts of 150 kg/hm ² （Se10）,225 kg/hm ²（Se15）,and 300 kg/hm ²（Se20）,respectively,with no selenium fertilizer application as the control （Se0）. The selenium content,quality,yield,and selenium accumulation in the flower buds of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni were measured after harvesting on June 30 and July 8,2022.【Results】After selenium treatment,the selenium content and selenium accumulation of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni flower buds increased,and the selenium content and selenium accumulation of Changzuizihua were the highest,which were 0.031 mg/kg and 752.786 mg/hm ². With the increase of selenium application amount,the selenium content in the flower buds of all varieties at two picking times showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing,the optimal selenium application amount for Changzuizihua and Sanyuehua was 150 kg/hm ²,and the selenium content in flower buds was 0.031,0.070 mg/kg and 0.010,0.003 mg/kg,respectively. While the optimal selenium application amount for Qingchong and Dawuzui was 225 kg/hm ²,and the selenium content of flower buds was 0.006,0.015 mg/kg and 0.015,0.030 mg/kg,respectively. After drying,the selenium content of dry sample showed a multifold relationship with that of fresh sample,which was 3.47-4.00,consistent with the water content. There was no loss of selenium content during drying process. With the increase of selenium application amount,the flower bud weight and flower bud yield of all varieties increased first and then decreased,but the effects on bud length and width were different among all varieties. 【Conclusion】Moderate application of selenium fertilizer can improve the selenium content,quality,and yield of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni flower buds. Excessive application of selenium fertilizer can inhibit the weight of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni flower buds and reduce yield.

【Objective】Explore the effects of different irrigation periods and amounts on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of quinoa in the northern foothills of the Yinshan Mountains,to determine the reasonable irrigation system for quinoa in the area.【Methods】In Wuchuan Dry Farming Experiment Station in Inner Mongolia,6 drip irrigation treatments,W1（irrigation in the seedling stage + branching stage）,W2（irrigation in the seedling stage + heading stage）,W3（irrigation in the seedling stage + filling stage）,W4（irrigation in the seedling stage + branching stage + heading stage）,W5（irrigation in the seedling stage + branching stage + filling stage）,and W6（irrigation in the seedling stage + heading stage + filling stage）were set up. The plant dry matter accumulation dynamics,leaf area index,changes in photosynthetic characteristics and crop yield effects of quinoa during the growth period were monitored.【Results】During the entire growth period of quinoa,dry matter accumulation and leaf area index showed upward trends with the increase of drip irrigation amount. The leaf area index of W5 treatment increased by 45.00% compared with W1 treatment in the filling stage. During the flowering stage of quinoa,the leaf photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and stomatal conductance had downward trends as the drip irrigation amount increased,but some levels of deficit irrigation could significantly improve leaf water use efficiency. The leaf water use efficiency of W5 treatment significantly increased（ P<0.05） by 39.04% compared to W1 treatment. There were significant differences in the yield of quinoa under different drip irrigation treatments. W5 treatment had the highest yield of 2 245.60 kg/hm ²,which was significantly increased （ P<0.05） by 78.68% compared to W1 treatment.【Conclusion】In the northern foothills of Yinshan Mountains,irrigation with a total volume of 1 350 m ³/hm ² during the seedling,branching,and filling stages of quinoa improved water use efficiency and achieved high yield.

【Objective】By analyzing the total amount of carbon emissions from agriculture in Gansu Province during 2000 to 2020 and its development and evolution characteristics,and the decoupling effect as a reference for the development of green and low-carbon agriculture in Gansu Province.【Methods】The agricultural carbon emissions in Gansu Province between 2000 to 2020 were measured based on the IPCC carbon emission coefficient method using agricultural inputs as the carbon source,and using the grey prediction model GM（1,1）,the agricultural carbon emissions of different years were selected as samples to predict the agricultural carbon emissions in Gansu Province from 2025 to 2030,and the prediction results were compared and analyzed. The Tapio decoupling model was used to study and analyse the relationship between agricultural carbon emissions and economic development.【Results】Agricultural carbon emissions in Gansu Province from 2000 to 2020 show a trend of increasing and then decreasing.The source of carbon emissions were mainly chemical fertilizers and agricultural films,chemical fertilizer carbon emissions accounted for 31.27% to 43.22% of agricultural carbon emissions,always at the highest level during the 20-year period;agricultural carbon emissions reached a maximum of 2.825 138 million tons in 2015. After 2015,it began to decline gradually,and the agricultural carbon emissions in 2020 were 2.288 601 million tons. The decoupling relationship of agricultural carbon emissions from 2000 to 2020 mostly showed strong decoupling or weak decoupling. Using the data of the last 10 years and the data of the last 5 years as the samples to predict the agricultural carbon emissions as a whole all showed a clear downward trend.The model′s prediction accuracy was the highest when using the data of the last 5 years as the sample for prediction. The agricultural carbon emissions in Gansu Province have reached the peak before 2025,agricultural carbon emissions projected for a sample of the last 5 years of data will be 17.08% lower in 2025 compared to 2020,the rate of reduction will reach 30.36% in 2030,and the average annual reduction rate will be 0.139 million tons.【Conclusion】Gansu Province′s agricultural carbon emissions continue to decline,the agricultural economy shows stable growth,and agricultural carbon emissions will peak before 2025,indicating that Gansu Province has made some progress in green low-carbon agriculture in recent years. Measures should be taken according to the actual local situation in order to achieve the goal of continuously promoting the development of green agriculture,reducing high-carbon emission activities,increasing agricultural carbon sinks,and realizing agricultural carbon emission reduction in Gansu Province.

The foothill of Daxing′anling Mountains is an important production base of agricultural and livestock products in China.For a long time,unreasonable tillage methods such as excessive tillage and single tillage have accelerated the degradation of farmland wind erosion,quality decline,and reduced production capacity.Therefore,reducing soil wind erosion,improving farmland fertility and crop yield are urgent issues that need to be addressed for sustainable agricultural development.In this article,the techniques and application effects of traditional tilling,long-term no-tilling and rational rotation in areas of different ecological types were reviewed,and the content of core techniques of wind resistance and erosion reduction for micro ripper covering were discussed,as well as their effects on soil wind erosion,water retention and crop growth and yield. It was clarified that micro ripper covering is a key technology and approach for wind erosion prevention and control in winter and spring in the black soil region along the foothill of Daxing′anling Mountains,and the application in large areas has been effective,which solves the scientific and technological problems of the gradual degradation of farmland caused by heavy exposed wind erosion and heavy soil and water loss for a long time. It provides significant support for wind erosion prevention and control of plowed farmland along the foothill of Daxing′anling Mountains and its similar ecological types.

【Objective】The system presents research dynamics,hot topic evolution,and development trends in innovation-driven agricultural development.【Methods】Using the CNKI database and CiteSpace 6.2 R4 econometric analysis software,a visual knowledge graph analysis was conducted on the research dynamics,hot topic evolution,and development trends in innovation-driven agricultural development in China From January 17,2001 to July 15,2023.【Results】From 2001 to 2023,research on innovation-driven agricultural development in China has progressed through three stages：the embryonic stage,rapid growth stage,and high-quality development stage. The top 5 disciplines in terms of number of publications were agricultural economy,economic system reform,agricultural basic science,scientific research management,and information economy,reflecting the emerging interdisciplinary integration of innovation-driven agricultural development research. The author with the highest number of publications JIANG Changyun,with 6 articles. Government departments,universities,and research institutes were the main contributors to research publications on innovation-driven agricultural development. While there was a certain degree of cooperation among authors and institutions,the cooperation was relatively loose. The most frequently occurring keywords was innovation-driven,with a frequency of 87. #0 innovation-driven was the cluster with the most citations in innovation-driven agricultural development research. From the perspective of keywords emergence,the top five keywords with the strongest emergence were：rural revitalization（2.44）,smart agriculture（1.92）,innovation-driven（1.91）,industrialization（1.86）,and transformation and upgrading（1.76）. From 2001 to 2023,#0 innovation-driven had been the most popular and cross-disciplinary research topic.【Conclusion】Innovation-driven,scientific and technological innovation,No. 1 central document,and modern agriculture are currently the research hotspots in innovation-driven agricultural development. Research on rural revitalization,smart agriculture,and transformation and upgrading needs to be deepened,and future trends will focus on industrial integration,digital agriculture,and agricultural digitization research.

【Objective】To clarify the effects of nitrogen fertilization operation on maize yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency under drip irrigation in Tumochuan plain of Inner Mongolia,and explore the feasibility of using the nitrogen nutrient index as monitoring index to diagnose the nitrogen nutrient status of maize under drip irrigation with water and fertilization integration in Tumochuan plain.【Methods】The nitrogen nutrient content of mazie under 3 nitrogen fertilization rates（0,270,360 kg/hm ²）and 3 and 5 nitrogen fertilization rates during the whole growth period were tested in Tumed Right Banner of Baotou City and Tumed Left Banner of Hohhot City in Inner Mongolia from 2022 to 2023. The yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of maize were studied by using variance analysis and statistical modeling. The changes of canopy nitrogen concentration and aboveground biomass were analyzed and construct a critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve model.【Results】Increasing the rate and times of nitrogen application could significantly increase ear number,grain number per ear and 1 000-grain weight of maize,thus increasing yield. In addition,increasing nitrogen application times could significantly improve nitrogen utilization efficiency of maize（ P<0.05）. Nitrogen application rate increased from 270 kg/hm ² to 360 kg/hm ²,and the average annual yield increased by 5.79%. Nitrogen application times increased from 3 times to 5 times,and the average annual yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency increased by 3.15% and 22.25%,respectively. The critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve of maize for drip irrigation in Tumochuan plain is N_c=3.36 W ^-0.22, R ²=0.94, P<0.05,and the validation accuracy RMSE,NRMSE and MAE were 0.40%,11.50% and 0.20%,respectively. The stability of the model was good.According to the model calculation,when the nitrogen application rate was 270 kg/hm ²,the corresponding suitable nitrogen application times were 5 times,and the ratio of 15∶25∶35∶15∶10 was applied at 4 leaf extension stage,8 leaf extension stage,12 leaf extension stage,silking stage and milking stage,respectively,the mazie yield was the best,was 14.09 t/hm ². In this area,the nitrogen fertilization requirements at jointing stage,9 leaf extension stage,12 leaf extension stage,silking stage and milking stage were -3.42 to 15.29,-16.80 to 22.90,-26.86 to 62.32 and -54.65 to 85.14 and -48.18 to 111.80 kg/hm ².【Conclusion】Appropriate increase of nitrogen application rate and nitrogen application times can significantly improve maize yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency in Tumochuan plain of Inner Mongolia. The critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve model of maize under drip irrigation in Tumochuan plain of Inner Mongolia can effectively identify the nitrogen nutrient status of maize plants from the jointing stage to the milking stage and calculate and recommend the appropriate fertilization application rate,so as to realize the on-demand operation of maize growth.

【Objective】Study the growth characteristics of different Lentinula edodes strains and the differences between strains to screen for the elite strains suitable for cultivation in the western regions of Inner Mongolia.【Methods】26 Lentinula edodes strains were used as test materials. The colony morphology,mycelium growth rate,optimum growth temperature,mycelial growth vigor,and phylogenetic relationships between strains were analyzed by morphological observation and antagonistic test.【Results】The optimum growth temperature of the test strains was 25 ℃. XG-168,XG-Y,Dongxiang No. 4,and Dongxiang No. 5 had complete colony edges,fast mycelial growth rate,vigorous colony growth,and multiple lock-like joint structure. The average mycelium growth rates were all 3.33 mm/d. Mycelium germination times were all 2 d. The full growth times of mycelium were all 12 d,with vigorous and dense mycelium growth. The genetic relationships between XG-Y and Fupingxianggu 0912,HXG-8L1 and Qingyuanxianggu,Zunhuaxianggu 168 and Pingquanxianggu 168,XG-Y and MXG-1669,XG-12 and MXG-1669 strains were relatively close. While Baolin No. 2 had a distant genetic relationship with other strains.【Conclusion】XG-168,XG-Y,Dongxiang No. 4 and Dongxiang No. 5 had prominent growth characteristics,could be used as elite strains for cultivation in the western regions of Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】To explore the application effect and suitable substitution ratio of organic fertilizer substitute chemical fertilizer in potato production in the northern foothills of Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia.【Methods】The experiment was conducted in Wuchuan County,Hohhot City,Inner Mongolia. Eight treatments were set up,including 100%M（100% organic fertilizer）,75%M（75% organic fertilizer + 25% chemical fertilizer）,50%M（50% organic fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer）,25%M（25% organic fertilizer + 75% chemical fertilizer）,NPK（chemical fertilizer only,N 210 kg/hm ²,P ₂O ₅ 120 kg/hm ²,K ₂O 180 kg/hm ²）,no nitrogen fertilizer（PK）,no phosphorus fertilizer（NK）,and no potassium fertilizer（NP）. The effects of different organic fertilizer substitution ratios on potato yield,nutrient accumulation,fertilizer utilization rate,and water use efficiency were analyzed.【Results】Under different organic fertilizer substitution ratios,yield,large tuber yield,small tuber yield,and number of tubers per plant of 25%M treatment were highest at 31 812,18 250,13.56 kg/hm ²,and 7.90,respectively. Increased by 3.14%,2.22%,4.39%,and 23.82% compared with NPK treatment. 25%M treatment had the highest increase of potato dry matter accumulation amount,and significantly higher（ P<0.05） N accumulation amount compared with other treatments. Organic fertilizer increased potato fertilizer utilization rate,with 50%M treatment having the highest nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate at 43.94%. 25%M treatment had the highest phosphorus and potassium fertilizer utilization rate at 17.57%,60.95% and highest agronomic efficiencies of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizer at 35.86%,38.98%,and 25.00%,respectively. 25%M treatment had the highest water use efficiency at 125.81 kg/（hm ²·mm）,significantly higher（ P<0.05）than other treatments.【Conclusion】25%M（25% organic fertilizer + 75% chemical fertilizer）treatment increased potato yield,nutrient accumulation,and fertilizer utilization rate,improved water use efficiency,was the optimal fertilization method for potato production in the northern foothills of Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia.

【Objective】Propose a disease target detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv5 model,to achieve automatic recognition of apple leaf diseases and solve the problems of miss and false detection in the YOLOv5 detection model.【Methods】Based on the YOLOv5 model improved by convolutional neural network,weighted bidirectional feature pyramid network（BiFPN）feature fusion method was used to effectively improve the adverse effect of PANet on multi-scale feature fusion. The CBAM module was added to enable the network to more accurately locate and identify apple leaf diseases and establishing an algorithm model for detecting apple leaf diseases. The ATCSP module and top-down feature fusion method were used to enhance the detection performance of the model for multi-scale diseases. The model was compared with SSD,YOLOv4,YOLOv6,and YOLOv7 models.【Results】The improved YOLOv5 detection algorithm model significantly improved the accuracy of apple leaf disease detection. Compared with the original algorithm,accuracy（ P） increased by 5.1%,reaching 90.8%;average precision mean（mAP）increased by 1.2%,reaching 93.4%;the model size reduced by 21.4 MB. The accuracy of improved YOLOV5 algorithm was 11.3,4.4,4.2,and 3.6 percentage points higher than SSD,YOLOv4,YOLOv6,and YOLOv7 models,respectively.【Conclusion】A convolutional neural network-based improved YOLOv5 apple leaf disease detection model was proposed. The improved YOLOv5 model had fast detection speed,high detection accuracy,and small size,which can achieve automatic recognition of apple leaf diseases.

【Objective】To identify the optimal nitrogen fertilization mode to maximize the yield of wide-range densely planted oats in the southern foothills of Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia.【Methods】A two-factor experimental design was employed with five nitrogen levels（N1：35 kg/hm ²,N2：70 kg/hm ²,N3：105 kg/hm ²,N4：140 kg/hm ²,N5：175 kg/hm ²） and two topdressing stages（T1：tillering stage,T2：booting stage）. The impact of different nitrogen application levels and topdressing stages on nitrogen balance index（NBI）,photosynthetic characteristics and yield of oats at each growing stages were analyzed.【Results】During the middle and late growth stages,both the net photosynthetic rate and NBI of oats increased first and then decreased with rising nitrogen levels. At grain-filling stage,N4 nitrogen level in the T2 treatment had best photosynthetic efficiency,but no significant difference（ P>0.05）with N3 nitrogen level. At the same nitrogen level,compared with T1 treatment,T2 treatment enhanced the net photosynthetic rate and NBI of middle and late growth period stages oats by 1.40%-11.97% and 9.82%-23.26%,respectively,with N3 nitrogen level having the most significant increasing. In comparison with T1 treatment,oat yield components of T2 treatment had synergistic improvement,with grain yield increased by 3.99%-9.10%. The grain yield of N4 nitrogen level was highest at 3 901.13 kg/hm ². However the difference with N3 nitrogen level was not significant（ P>0.05）. Correlation analysis revealed that chlorophyll index（Chl）and NBI of oat had extremely significant positive correlations with yield during the heading and grain-filling stage,with grain filling stage having a higher correlation coefficient.【Conclusion】The optimal nitrogen application rate for wide-range densely planted oats in the southern foothills of Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia was 105-140 kg/hm ². Booting stage was the most effective timing for nitrogen application.

【Objective】To analyze the effect of spraying compound biological agents on the quality of tobacco leaves in southern Shaanxi during the initial baking process of flue-cured tobacco,so as to provide a reference for the selection of the material ratio of compound biological agents and the regulation of the quality of tobacco leaves after curing.【Methods】The upper leaves （B2F） of Yunyan 99 was the main flue-cured tobacco cultivar in Shangluo City,Shaanxi Province,were used as the experimental materials,and three kinds of compound biological agents （SXC-4） were designed,including 5% material ratio （T1）,4% material ratio （T2） and 3% material ratio （T3）,and sprayed at the yellowing stage and final stage （42 °C） at the initial baking stage,and the chemical composition and aromatic substance content of the flue-cured tobacco leaves were determined, and the sensory evaluation and analysis were carried out.【Results】Compared with CK,the degradation effect of pectin and lignin was the best under T1 treatment,which decreased by 58.00% and 5.90%,respectively;the content of free amino acids and aromatic substances in the downstream of T2 treatment had the best effect,increasing by 6.50% and 51.80%,respectively;under T3 treatment,the contents of reducing sugar,total sugar,chrysatropic acid,degradation products of plastid pigments,phenylalanine aromatic substances and Amadori compounds content increased the most,which were 21.00%,17.00%,51.00%,54.80%,2.70% and 11.20%,respectively,and the score of sensory quality was the highest,was 60.95;pectin and lignin of T3 treatment decreased by 43.49% and 4.50%,respectively,and the content of free amino acids increased by 2.90%,the treatment effect was worse than T1 and T2 treatments.【Conclusion】The spraying of compound biological agents in the initial baking stage of flue-cured tobacco can improve the coordination of chemical components,the aroma quality and quantity of tobacco leaves,improve the transmission,reduce miscellaneous qi and thrill,improve the concentration and strength,and significantly improve the sensory quality,among which the spraying of compound biological agents with 3% material ratio can significantly improve the quality of tobacco leaves in southern Shaanxi.

【Objective】 To explore the improvement effect of adding sheep manure and humic acid on saline-alkali land in Hebei Province.【Methods】 A field experiment was conducted in Lincheng County,Hebei Province,and five treatments were set up： no fertilization （CK）,single application of compound fertilizer （T1）,compound fertilizer with sheep manure （T2）,compound fertilizer with humic acid （T3）,and compound fertilizer with sheep manure and humic acid （T4）. The effects of different fertilization treatments on soil fertility,wheat yield,soil physical properties,enzyme activities and microorganisms were analyzed.【Results】 Compared with CK,soil fertility was significantly improved by all treatments,and the maximum increase of T4 treatment was 154.81%. Wheat yield was significantly increased by 58.52%,89.25%,83.96%,108.81% （ P<0.05）,and T4 treatment had the best effect. It can reduce soil pH value,soluble salt concentration （EC） and bulk density. T4 treatment has significant effect,and the maximum reduction was 6.72%,21.75% and 7.75%,respectively. Soil porosity could be improved,and the maximum increase of T4 treatment was 33.94%. Soil enzyme activity was significantly increased（ P<0.05）,and the maximum increase of T4 treatment was 142.41%. The number of fungi,bacteria and actinomycetes and the total amount of microorganisms in soil could be increased by T4 treatment,and the maximum increase was 158.10%,147.32%,117.99% and 145.25%,respectively.【Conclusion】 Adding application of sheep manure and humic acid can improve soil fertility saline alkali land,increase wheat yield,improve soil physical properties,increase soil enzyme activity and microbial total amount,and can be used as an effective means to improve saline-alkali soil in Lincheng County,Hebei Province.

【Objective】To investigate the prevention and control effect of plant inducible resistance agents on field sunflower broomrapes,and provide a new perspective for the comprehensive prevention and control of sunflower broomrapes.【Methods】The test sites were located in Siziwang Banner,Ulanqab City and Guyang County,Baotou City,Inner Mongolia. The parasitism rate and parasitism degree of sunflower broomrape were assessed at four different time points（20 th July,10 th August,15 th August,and 30 th September） using a drip irrigation system in the field. The treatments included jinmiao target,chitin and Bacillus subtilis,a combination of jinmiao target and chitin and Bacillus subtilis complex,and water as control（CK）. The effects of two plant inducible resistance agents on Orobanehe cumana parasitical sunflower growth indexes and yield were investigated. 【Results】After drip irrigation with jinmiao target alone,the parasitism degrees of sunflower broomrape in both test sites was significantly lower than that of CK（ P<0.05）,which were reduced by 2.95,6.27,3.97 and 1.11,4.99,4.08. The plant height and yield of sunflower increased significantly in both sites（ P<0.05）. The plant height was increased by 39.15,36.97,20.66 and 22.50 cm. The yield was increased by 892.80 and 984.00 kg/hm ²,respectively. After only drip irrigation with chitin and B. subtilis,parasitism degrees increased significantly compared with CK at different time points（ P<0.05）. The parasitism degrees of the two test sites increased by 5.71,3.77,1.91 and 1.36,14.12,13.03,respectively. There was no significant difference between CK and other sunflower growth indexes（ P>0.05）. After a combination of jinmiao target and chitin and B. subtilis drip irrigation,parasitism rates and parasitism degrees were significantly reduced compared with CK. The parasitism rate decreased by 79.60%,31.80%,19.00% and 36.67%,81.00%,35.67%,respectively. Parasitism degree decreased by 7.25%,9.69%,8.80% and 1.33%,6.01%,5.61%,respectively. Plant height,disc diameter and yield of sunflower were significantly increased compared with CK（ P<0.05）. The plant height was increased by 23.08,33.49 and 14.08,11.33 cm,respectively. The disc diameter was increased by 6.18 and 4.44 cm,respectively. The yield was increased by 796.80 and 835.20 kg/hm ²,respectively.【Conclusion】The combination of jiaomiao target and drip irrigation can be integrated into the green prevention and control technology system of sunflower broomrapes for effective prevention and control.