Oats exhibit a wealth of carbohydrates,soluble dietary fiber,proteins,lipids,phenolic compounds,alkaloids,vitamins,and minerals. Among these,avenanthramide are compounds exclusively found in oats. This paper primarily reviewed the research progress related to nomenclature,classification,extraction methods,synthesis,content enhancement,structure-activity and antioxidant activity,as well as the bioavailability,and physiological activity of avenanthramide. It prospected the functional value of avenanthramide in food health and clinical medicine,as well as the optimization of chemical synthesis processes,aiming to offer insights for the development and utilization of avenanthramide.

【Objective】To understand the current situation of garden plant resources and application in park green spaces of Yuzhou District,Yulin City.【Methods】A survey of 10 artificial plant communities in park green spaces of Yuzhou district,Yulin City were conducted. The species resources and application of garden plants were statistically analyzed.【Results】There were 76 families,177 genera,and 261 species of garden plants in park green spaces of Yuzhou District,Yulin City,including 1 fern,8 gymnosperms and 252 angiosperms （consisting of 169 dicotyledonous plants and 83 monocotyledonous plants）. The dominant garden plant families were Palmae,Moraceae,Bambusoideae,Euphorbiaceae,Myrtaceae and Caesalpiniaceae. There were 105,84,4,and 68 species of trees,shrubs,woody climber,and herbs. Woody plants were mainly evergreen plants,and herbaceous plants were mainly perennial plants. A total of 19 hydrophytes and phreatophytes were found. There were 177,147,83,22,and 23 species of ornamental flower,foliage, fruit,stem,and aromatic plants,respectively.【Conclusion】The garden plant species in park green spaces of Yuzhou District,Yulin City were abundant. The dominant families of garden plants were mainly plants with tropical and subtropical origins. Evergreen trees were widely used. Garden plants were mainly ornamental flower,foliage and fruit plants.

Saline-alkali land is an important reserve cultivated land resource in China. The development and utilization of saline-alkali cultivated land has important practical significance for meeting population and food needs of as well as agriculture long-term sustainablility. Straw returning can improve soil structure and fertility,improve the quality of cultivated land,and reduce the salt accumulation in topsoil,making it an effective measure for improving saline-alkali soil. This paper summarized the current state of domestic straw returning technology,explained the principle and application of straw returning technology to improve saline-alkali soil,and discussed the effects of improvement on saline-alkali soil from the aspects of soil physical properties,chemical properties,biological characteristics and crop yield. The impact of improved saline-alkali straw returning technology application foreground was prospected.

【Objective】The evaluation index system of maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest in Inner Mongolia was established to provide the basis for the evaluation,selection and timely harvest of maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest in Inner Mongolia,and to point out the direction for variety breeding.【Methods】The representative varieties of six maturity groups from extremely early maturity to late maturity were used as experimental materials to study the mechanical grain harvest traits simultaneously in six ecological regions of Inner Mongolia,at the physiological maturity,10,20 and 30 d after physiological maturity,the grain breakage rate,grain fragmentation rate,impurity rate,grain moisture content and plant lodging rate were measured;The varieties with suitable ecological regions conditions and excellent mechanical grain harvest traits were selected for the identification and selection of evaluation index of varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest.【Results】Grain breakage rate,grain fragmentation rate and impurity rate have an extremely significant positive correlation with grain moisture content（ P<0.01）. The grain moisture content at harvest stage has an extremely significant negative correlation with the time and accumulated temperature from emergence to harvest,from silking to harvest,and from maturity to harvest（ P<0.01）,and the correlation increased in turn.The grain dehydration rate has an extremely significant positive correlation with the basic moisture content and daily average temperature（ P<0.01）. The regression equation of grain dehydration rate （ y） with basic moisture content （ x ₁） and daily average temperature （ x ₂） was y=-0.523 318+0.022 732 x ₁+0.025 422 x ₂, R ²=0.419 2, P<0.01. The total yield loss rate and ear drop rate have an extremely significant positive correlation with lodging rate of plants at harvest stage（ P<0.01）,but grain drop rate was not significantly correlated with lodging rate of plants at harvest stage（ P>0.05）. There was no significant correlation between plant lodging rate and plant height,ear height,ratio of ear height to plant height,stem diameter,ratio of stem diameter to plant height（ P>0.05）. The primary and secondary index for the evaluation of maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest were established,covering 3 levels and 55 index.【Conclusion】The evaluation index system of maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest in Inner Mongolia was established.It takes into account the commonness and regional individuality of each ecological region,and the index is quantified and easy to operate. The provision of the “grain fragmentation rate” index points out the invisible loss in the process of mazie mechanical grain harvest,which makes the evaluation of yield loss more comprehensive.

【Objective】 To comprehensively understand and analyze the development process of Orthoptera insect taxonomy research,and provide reference for relevant scientific researchers.【Methods】 The data sources were the 1750—2000 Orthopteran insects taxonomy literature entries included in the Bibliographia Systematica Orthopterorum Saltatoriorum and the 2001—2019 Orthopteran insects taxonomy literature entries included in the Orthoptera Species File website,and the EndNote software was used to establish an Orthopteran insects taxonomy literature database,and based on the R language,the statistical analysis was carried out from three aspects：the distribution of annual literature,the amount of articles published by authors,and the amount of articles in source journals.【Results】 The taxonomy research of Orthoptera insects has gone through four development periods：budding period（1750—1778）,initial development period（1779—1829）,slow development period（1830—1947）and rapid development period（1948—2019）. There were a total of 281 core authors,of which 10 were high-yield core authors,and the Chinese entomologist ZHENG Zhemin published the most articles.From the distribution of source journals,a core journal group composed of 14 journals including Zootaxa, Journal of Orthoptera Research, Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, Articulata and Entomological News has been formed,among which Zootaxa was the largest number of articles.【Conclusion】 From 1750 to 2019,the number of articles on the taxonomy research of Orthoptera insects showed a fluctuating upward trend. At present,a stable core author group and core journal group have been formed.

One of the most important organs in plants is the root system. To maximize crop output potential,cultivating a healthy root system is critical. The growth,development,and configuration of maize root system have been studied extensively by researchers in China and overseas. This paper summarized the research results of maize root system characteristics,important factors affecting root system growth,root system configuration research methods,and main factors affecting root system configuration,based on the research progress of maize root system and its configuration,in order to provide a reference for future maize root system research.

The pastoral complex has received increasing attention and has become a research hotspot in the past two years.The land in the suburbs of China′s megacities is increasingly scarce.In order to use the scarce land resources in the suburbs of megacities to establish an pastoral complex,the concept of the pastoral complex,the main construction content,characteristics and functions are firstly discussed in this article.Then taking Beijing Daxing as an example,we put forward the idea of the construction of the pastoral complex in the suburbs of the megacity should be free from the traditional agricultural development road.Instead,it should be based on the demand of leisure and holiday tourism of urban residents,as this is the main demand driving consumption for the local pastoral complex.At the same time,it is also necessary to build a high-end scientific agriculture,with high integration of agricultural and technological innovation based on the pastoral complex.

Many lakes exist and punctuate the channel in the Hetao Irrigation District in Inner Mongolia,which is convenient for drip irrigation using lake water.Managing the drip irrigation with lake water is complex,involving the water source selection,the water recharge,regulation,water supply,water storage,purification of water,and many other considerations.The results showed that there are 98 lakes which occupy 98.4×102 hm2 in area and could be used for drip irrigation in Spring with a the water storage capacity of 1.66×108 m3.The lake water is alkaline with excessive pH values,total salt levels,chloride and hardness,with the salinity taking a leading role in determining water suitability for irrigation.The water from the Yellow River and ice diversion are the effective supply sources for the drip irrigation along with lake water,which can together make the water storage and regulation of lake water up to 1.97×108 m3 while keeping existing functions unchanged.Making good use of the regulation and purification abilities of lake water from the Yellow River is the key for realizing the water quality purification with low cost and the sustainable development of drip irrigation in this region.

【Objective】To provide convenience for the identification,monitoring and precise extraction of large-scale crops in the region by analyzing the spectral characteristics of major crops in southern Xinjiang.【Methods】Based on the remote sensing data of Zhuhai No.1 hyperspectral satellite,the spectral characteristics of land cover in reclamation area of Alar City,southern Xinjiang were analyzed. Two dimensional（wavelength-reflectance） spectral spatial models and three dimensional（phase-wavelength-reflectance） spectral spatial models were constructed by extracting information from analyzed end-member spectrum features,then analyzed the spectral characteristics of crops such as cotton and corn in the reclamation area from April to October.【Results】Based on the spectral curve characteristics of the same region at different times,the growth cycles of crops planted in the farmland of the reclamation area including the slow seedling stage,peak stage,and fruiting stage were determined. By calculating the mean value of land cover spectral curve,the average spectral curve was constructed to reflect its overall reflectance characteristics in a specific period of time. The overall reflectance of cotton was higher than that of corn and jujube trees. The absorption capacity of rice was noticeably stronger in the infrared band range. The spectral curves of sandy land and water body tend to be smooth and stable. Based on time,the maximum spectral reflectance curve could highlight the characteristics of crops,with cotton having higher reflectance,corn having lower reflectance,and rice having relatively stable reflectance. The spectral reflectance profile curves at a single time point during the vegetation growth cycle all followed the characteristics of vegetation spectral curves,with visible light range being valleys and peaks appearing in the near-infrared range. Major crops such as cotton,jujube,corn,and rice had similar overall spectral surface trends in the three dimensional spectral spatial model. The overall reflectance of sandy land and water body was not high,mostly concentrated below 25%,and their spectral reflectance curves had their own characteristics.【Conclusion】In different growth stages of crops in the reclamation area of Alar City in southern Xinjiang,the reflectance of different wavelengths was different. In the slow seedling stage,the light absorption capacity of visible light band was weak,and the reflectance was high. During the peak stage of vegetation,the light absorption capacity in the visible light band was relatively strong,and the reflectance was relatively low. Sandy land had relatively constant reflectance compared with that of crops. The overall variation range of water body reflectance was not large and the value was not high.

The paper summarized the plastic film cover technologies and characteristics on tobacco planting.It clarified the actions and effects of different covers technique in the ways of increasing temperature and keeping moisture,improving soil structure,increasing soil fertility,promoting growth development and raising production quality.In the same time it also analyzed the problems and research direction of the covers technique at the present time.

Plant height is an important indicator of the ideal plant type of maize and closely related to yield. It affects plant photosynthetic utilization，lodging resistance，harvest index，etc. By altering cell division and elongation，phytohormones change the length and quantity of maize internodes，modifying maize plant height to achieve the effect of dwarfing crops. This paper reviewed the research progress in recent years on the mapping and cloning of QTL/genes that control maize plant height and the formation of dwarf mutants under the regulation of hormones（GA₃，IAA，BR），in order to provide references for the production and application of maize breeding.

The rise of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is one of the main reasons for the greenhouse effect.The methods of carbon dioxide fixation were mainly studied in this paper,and put forward some methods and suggestions to strengthen carbon sequestration.The domestic and foreign carbon fixation methods mainly include artificial and natural carbon fixation.And the artificial carbon fixation includes physical carbon fixation method,chemical method and biological method.The artificial carbon sequestration method affects the balance of the ecosystem.The natural carbon sequestration includes forest ecosystem carbon sequestration,grassland ecology carbon sequestration and carbon sequestration in agricultural system.Natural carbon sequestration is a safe and effective carbon sequestration measure,but there are unreasonable land use and management.The agricultural carbon sequestration is the most practical and universal,and is most closely related to humans.It has the advantages of environmental protection and safety.The scope of agricultural production in our country is large,and the total amount of products is much.It impacts on the development of carbon sequestration deeply.However,the approaches improving the agricultural carbon sequestration efficiency also need to research.

In the paper, the kinds of organic fertilizer and proper application as well as the using methods are mentioned,the article explains the disadvantage of abuse of organic fertilizer which has crucial meaning for the modern agricuhure.Put forward the measures for organic agricluture：deal with the cropstalks properly,enlarge the planting of green manure;develop the stock raising greatly;sustain the organic fertilizer artifacting;draw the standards for organic agriculture,monitor the soil-products- water system.

【Objective】To reveal the current situation and water-saving potential of main crops irrigation in Hetao Irrigated Area and put forward optimization suggestions.【Methods】The irrigation situation was analyzed by using the survey data and literature data of 310 households in Hanggin Rear Banner.【Results】In this region, wheat, corn and sunflower were irrigated for many times with high irrigation quota, and the average crop irrigation water productivity was only 1.43 kg/m ³.By adopting water-saving planting technology and scientific irrigated in Autumn, the three main crops could save 200 million-315 million m ³ water per year.【Conclusion】Since the irrigation behavior and low water resource utilization efficiency in Hetao irrigated area, large water-saving space can be ture by combining the border irrigation and high efficient water-saving irrigation.

【Objective】To explore the effects of different microbial agents on potato growth and development and soil nutrients in potato fields,so as to provide a reference for green and sustainable potato planting in Inner Mongolia.【Methods】Potato V7 was used as the test material,by setting distilled water（CK）,applying Bacillus sp. 188 bacterial agent（T1）, Pseudomonas sp. BP16 bacterial agent（T2）,and Streptomyces rochei D74 bacterial agent（T3） four treatments to soak the seeds for 30 min. Potato yield,tuber starch content,dry matter mass of each organ,nutrient accumulation per plant,leaf chlorophyll content,nitrate reductase activity,soil ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium content were measured at different growth stages after potato planting.【Results】After 110 days of potato planting,compared with CK,the yield of potato in T2 and T3 treatments was significantly increased by 7.14% and 9.16%（ P<0.05）,the starch content of tubers was significantly increased by 11.84% and 16.38%（ P<0.05）,the dry matter mass of potato roots,stems,leaves,and tubers were significantly increased by 26.87%,16.92%,11.77% and 13.59% by T3 treatment（ P<0.05）,the accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in plants was significantly increased by 28.86%,32.78% and 30.81% by T3 treatment（ P<0.05）. After 70 days of potato planting,the chlorophyll content in potato leaves treated with T3 treatment was the highest [4.29 mg/（g·FW）],and the nitrate reductase activity in the leaves was significantly increased by 15.29% compared to CK（ P<0.05）. After 50 days of potato planting,the soil nitrate nitrogen content in T3 treatment reached its maximum value（42.32 mg/kg）,the available phosphorus content significantly increased by 26.17% compared to CK（ P<0.05）,and the available potassium content in T1 and T3 treatments significantly increased by 24.95% and 21.65% compared to CK（ P<0.05）,respectively.After 70 days of planting,the soil ammonium nitrogen content in T2 treatment significantly increased by 47.03% compared to CK（ P<0.05）.【Conclusion】Soaking seeds with Streptomyces rochei D74 microbial can increase potato yield,tuber starch content,dry matter mass of each organ,plant nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium accumulation,at agent tuber formation stage,the leaf chlorophyll content at maturation stage,soil nitrate nitrogen,available potassium,available potassium content at early growth stage,soil ammonium nitrogen at agent tuber formation stage. It can be used as a suitable microbial agent for potato cultivation in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

In the process of plant growth,drought is an important factor restricting growth,development and yield.Humic acid （HA） plays an important role in many biological processes related to plant defense responses and morphological development.In this review,the effects of humic acid on plant morphology,physiology,biochemistry and molecular mechanisms under drought stress are reviewed.The effects of humic acid on the growth and development of plant roots and above ground plant parts under drought stress,and its effects at the plant physiological level on photosynthesis,osmotic regulation,antioxidative metabolism,hormones and mineral nutrition are discussed.The existing problems in the research of humic acid are summarized and the prospects for the application of humic acid in plant drought resistance are examined.

【Objective】Clarify the effects of planting densities on the agronomic traits and yield of broad beans,to explore the optimal planting density of broad beans in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia.【Methods】In 2022 and 2023,using Mengcan No. 1 and Mengcan No. 2 broad beans as experiment materials and randomized block design,five planting densities, D1（90 000 plants/hm ²）,D2（120 000 plants/hm ²）,D3（150 000 plants/hm ²）,D4（180 000 plants/hm ²）,and D5（210 000 plants/hm ²） were set up to analyze the effects of different planting densities on the main agronomic traits,yield traits,yield and economic benefits of broad beans.【Results】The plant height of broad beans had increasing trend with the increase of planting densities,while the total number of branches and effective branch number per plant had decreasing trend. With the increase of planting densities,the main yield traits,yield and economic benefits of broad beans had the trends of first increase and then decrease. The performance of different planting densities were：D4>D3>D5>D2>D1. Under D4 treatment,the yield of Mengcan No. 1 and Mengcan No. 2 were highest at 2 089.74,2 210.66 kg/hm ² in 2022 and 2 152.15,2 249.66 kg/hm ² in 2023,the net income were highest as well at 13 439.76,14 478.16 yuan/hm ² in 2022 and 13 947.97,14 739.54 yuan/hm ² in 2023.【Conclusion】The optimal planting density for broad beans in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia was 180 000 plants/hm ². Under this density,the agronomic traits of broad bean performed well,the yield and economic benefits were the best.

The article discussed the progress,method and main problem about rural land transfer in Ordos city.Morever, the tipical cases of unsuccessful transter were listed. And then, the cause of these problems were analyzed. Finaly, some countermeasures and suggestions for solving this existing problems were proposed.

【Objective】 In order to reveal the physiological response of different sugar beet varieties to saline-alkali stress and screen salt-alkali tolerant varieties.【Methods】 15 main sugar beet varieties were used as materials to simulate the effects of different degrees of salt-alkali stress（control,light,moderate and severe saline-alkali soil）on the growth and physiological indexes of sugar beet seedlings under natural soil conditions.【Results】 Compared with the control,the seedling emergence rate,fresh weight,dry weight and chlorophyll content of 15 sugar beet varieties decreased in varying degrees with the increase of salt-alkali stress.The five varieties of seedling emergence rate decreasing slightly： were MA3001,MA2070,KWS1176,KWS9149,MA079,and the five varieties of fresh weight decreasing slightly： were MA3001,KWS1176,KWS2323,NEI2499,BETA379,and the five varieties of dry weight decreasing slightly：were KWS1176,BETA5043,MA3001,MA079,BETA379.The decreases of MA3001 and KWS1176 were smaller so that these were the salt-alkali tolerant varieties.The plasmalemma permeability and MDA content in leaves of 15 sugar beet varieties increased with the increase of salt-alkali stress，and small the increase ofor the salt-alkali tolerant sugar beet seedlings was smaller.With the increase of salt-alkali stress，the SOD activity of 15 sugar beet varieties was different，and the POD activity of different varieties showed a single peak curve change，and SOD activity and POD activity of salt-alkali tolerant varieties decreased slightly in severe saline-alkali soil.【Conclusion】 MA3001 and KWS1176 are salt-alkali tolerant sugar beet varieties.They can effectively reduce the membrane lipid peroxidation and the plasmalemma permeability of leaves by strengthening the activity of antioxidant enzymes，thereby improving the salt-alkali tolerance of sugar beet seedlings.

【Objective】To investigate a more sensible grazing and fertilization mode in mildly degraded natural Leymus chinensisgrassland and to serve as a guide for raising the quality of the forage.【Methods】In a random block design,the plant height,leaf fresh weight and leaf Ca,Fe,and Zn content were measured under various grazing conditions including different grazing intensity[no grazing(CK),light grazing,medium grazing,and heavy grazing],different grazing modes[no grazing(CK),cattle herding alone,sheep herding alone,mixed grazing of cattle and sheep],as well as different fertilization modes[no fertilizer(CK),NPK compound fertilizer,humic acid fertilizer,ammonium nitrate].【Results】Heavy grazing increased the Fe content of Leymus chinensis leaves by 76% compared with CK(P<0.05). Cattle herding alone,sheep herding alone,mixed grazing of cattle and sheep increased the Fe content in Leymus chinensis leaves by 36%,174%,and 164% compared with CK(P<0.05). The Ca,Fe,and Zn content in Leymus chinensis leaves were unaffected by light or medium grazing,application of NPK compound fertilizer,humic acid fertilizer,or ammonium nitrate. In comparison with CK,applying 75,150,225 kg/hm² NPK compound fertilizer and 1 500 kg/hm² humic acid,the plant height of Leymus chinensis rose by 10.0%,22.1%,28.5%,and 13.0%,respectively. When 150 and 225 kg/hm² NPK compound fertilizer were applied,the fresh weight of Leymus chinensis rose by 35.0% and 63.0%,respectively(P<0.05). The application of 75 kg/hm² of NPK compound fertilizer 1 500 kg/hm² of humic acid and in comparison with CK had no significant impact on the fresh weight of Leymus chinensis(P>0.05). The application of varying concentrations of ammonium nitrate had no significant effect on Leymus chinensis plant height and fresh weight(P>0.05).【Conclusion】For mildly degraded natural Leymus chinensis grassland heavy grazing,cattle herding alone,sheep herding alone,and mixed grazing of cattle and sheep all encouraged the accumulation of Fe content in the leaves of Leymus chinensisand improved the feeding quality of Leymus chinensis. Applying NPK compound fertilizer and humic acid boosted the increase in plant height and fresh weight of Leymus chinensis.

【Objective】To screen varieties of dryland spring maize suitable for planting in Shanxi Province.【Methods】From 2020 to 2021，four spring maize varieties with good growth and high yield were selected as experimental materials and tested at two test sites of Chaoyang Town，Shouyang County and Dongyang Town，Yuci District in Jinzhong City. Using single factor randomized block design，the agronomic traits，photosynthetic characteristics，and dry matter accumulation of spring maize varieties were compared and the correlation analysis on yield and yield components were performed.【Results】At the test site in Chaoyang Town，Shouyang County，Dafeng 30 and Dika 159 had excellent agronomic traits，strong photosynthetic characteristics，high dry matter accumulation in leaves and panicles，and low dry matter accumulation in stems. The average yield increased by 3.59% and 1.70% compared to Taiyuan No. 9（CK），respectively. At the test site in Dongyang Town，Yuci District，the photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation of Dafeng 30 were significantly higher than those of Jindan 86 in the early growth stage，while there was no significant difference between the two in the later growth stage. Compared with Jinboshi 806（CK），the average yields of Dafeng 30 and Jindan 86 increased by 4.13% and 3.69%，respectively. The yield of spring maize was negatively correlated with bald tip length，but positively correlated with ear length，number of grains per ear，100-grain weight，and yield per plant.【Conclusion】Dafeng 30，Dika 159，and Jindan 86 were suitable for large-scale demonstration and promotion planting in the dryland spring maize planting areas of Shanxi.

【Objective】To clarify potato blackleg disease source of infection in Ulanqab City,Inner Mongolia,and provide the basis for formulating effective prevention and control measures for potato blackleg disease.【Methods】The pathogen isolation,pathogenicity identification,molecular identification and soil survival tests of potato blackleg disease were carried out. Through pot experiment and field experiment,seven treatments were set up to investigate the occurrence of potato blackleg disease in the soil of continuous cropping land,seed potatoes of diseased land and diseased residues,and analyze and verify the differences in incidence rate of different treatments.【Results】The incidence rate of potato blackleg harvested in diseased areas and planted as seed potato over winter was 40.00%. Pectobacterium atrosepticum was isolated from the disease residue buried in soil after overwintering,and the incidence rate was 43.33% in the experiment of planting disease-free potato after the disease residue was planted in the disease-free soil. The incidence rate of disease-free potato was 6.67% in the previous diseased plots. The amount of pathogenic bacteria in unsterilized soil gradually decreased with the extension of time,and no longer survived after two months at normal temperature,and no longer survived after four months at -20 ℃. The results indicated that P. atrosepticum could survive the winter in the disease residual and become the primary infection source in the second year. The pathogenic bacteria in diseased soil were related to the occurrence of disease,but the bacteria free in cultivated soil could only survive for two months at natural temperature.【Conclusion】 The primary infection source of potato blackleg disease in Ulanqab City,Inner Mongolia is the infected seed potato and the disease residual after winter,and the amount of bacteria carried by the seed potato is an important factor affecting the occurrence of the disease.

Biochemistry Experiments is a compulsory course for students in majors involving life science. The teaching effect is important for students in scientific training and basic experimental performance. Towards the current status of difficulty of students in active learning under traditional teaching model, our research group investigated the major problems via questionnaire survey, and then attempted to reform and explore from multimedia courseware design, introduction of differed results, and performance evaluation system. These attempts successfully activated the learning interest of students and improved the teaching effect.

A lot of biological molecules are inside the cell, and they must be released from it. This is achieved by cell disruption .The paper Cell disruption of mechanical and non-mechanical technique and application were summarized. Features and problems of these techniques were discussed. In the end, the development of ultrasonic cell disruption technique was forecasted.

A haploid organism is an individual containing a single set of chromosomes. A double haploid is a homozygous diploid of haploids by double chromosomes. Haploid breeding has been widely used in the research of genetic breeding by research institutions and comnlercial breeding companies worldwide. In this paper, the important technical aspects in haploid breeding and the latest progress in the breeding of haploid plants are reviewed.

【Objective】To investigate the photosynthetic characteristics changes in leaves at different growth stages of Cyperus esculentus and to elucidate the photosynthetic physiological mechanisms as well.【Methods】At the five leaf stage（L ₅）,ten leaf stage（L ₁₀）,and fifteen leaf stage（L ₁₅） of Cyperus esculentus,the diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate（ Pn）,intercellular CO ₂ concentration（ Ci）,stomatal conductance（ Gs）,transpiration rate（ Tr）,and light response curves of leaves were measured. A non-rectangular hyperbolic model was used to mimic the measured light response curves.【Results】The net photosynthetic rate of L ₅ and L ₁₀ leaves had a double peak trend,while L ₁₅ leaves had a single peak. The daily mean of net photosynthetic rate comparison in the three growth stages was L ₁₀>L ₁₅>L ₅,with values of 11.858,10.750,and 8.654 μmol/（m ²·s）respectively. L ₅,L ₁₀,and L ₁₅ had almost identical variation trends in intercellular CO ₂ concentrations,with a “V” trend of decreasing first and then increasing. The minimum value appeared between 11：00 and 13：00. The stomatal conductance of L ₅ showed a single peak trend with peak at 11：00 and a value of 0.478 mol/（m ²·s）. L ₁₀ and L ₁₅ showed a double peak trend. The diurnal change of L ₅,L ₁₀,and L ₁₅ transpiration rates had a single peak trend. The highest daily average value was L ₁₀,and the minimum was L ₅,with values of 3.218 and 2.048 mmol/（m ²·s）,respectively. In terms of simulation parameters,the maximum net photosynthetic rate of L ₁₀ was the highest[21.616 μmol/（m ²·s）],which was 5.03% and 6.96% higher than that of L ₅ and L ₁₅ respectively. The maximum light saturation point of L ₁₀ was 534.121 μmol/（m ²·s）,and the maximum light compensation point of L ₅ was 60.359 μmol /（m ²·s）.【Conclusion】The overall photosynthetic performance of L ₁₀ was stronger than that of L ₅ and L ₁₅,and L ₁₀ had the highest utilization efficiency of strong light,while L ₅ had better utilization efficiency of light energy than L ₁₀ and L ₁₅ under low light conditions.

The leaf chlorophyll content of maize is used to characterize crop growth status，nitrogen nutrition and health status，and is an effective indicator for crop growth evaluation and production potential evaluation. The article summarized the vertical distribution research methods，vertical distribution characteristics，and causes of vertical distribution patterns of maize leaf chlorophyll content in different leaf positions，in order to provide theoretical support for exploring the research methods of maize leaf chlorophyll content vertical distribution.

Chickpeas have high nutritional value and are the third most important bean crop in the world.Chickpea distribution range,nutritional value and medicinal value are reviewed in this paper.Previous research undertaken on chickpeas is introduced,current problems and the development of countermeasures are described,and the future development of chickpeas in China is considered.The review provides a reference for research chickpeas.

【Objective】Conduct genetic analysis of the main nutritional quality traits of maize stems at the molecular level，to provide theoretical basis for genetic improvement of the main nutritional quality traits of maize stems.【Methods】The study used 381 different types of maize inbred lines as associated populations and planted randomly in the experimental field of the Hebi Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Henan Province in 2016 and 2017. The nutritional quality traits acid washing fiber（ADF），neutral washing fiber（NDF），and digestibility（IVDMD） were investigated during the heading，filling，and maturity stages. Using the Maize SNP50 gene chip，461 053 high-quality SNPs were obtained for genome-wide association analysis.【Results】Using the generalized linear model（GLM） analysis，a total of 392 significantly correlated stem nutritional quality traits SNPs（P<1.08×10^-7） were detected on 10 chromosomes of maize during different growth stages of the two years，with phenotypic variation interpretation rates of 9.69% -17.34%. 97 SNPs were found to be independently associated more than twice，resulting in a total of 77 candidate genes associated with stem nutritional quality traits. Using the mixed linear model（MLM）analysis，a total of 257 significantly correlated SNPs were detected over the two years（P<2.17×10^-6），with phenotypic variation interpretation rates of 9.82% -20.20%. 17 SNPs were found to be independently associated more than twice，resulting in a total of 82 candidate genes. Among them，10 overlap with GLM model candidate genes. A total of 159 candidate association genes were identified by GLM and MLM，among which 43 candidate genes were detected twice or more. Zm00001d021261 was found to be associated with ADF，NDF，and IVDMD in different years 31 times at multiple loci. This gene encoded ATP binding protein and chloroplast sensor kinase，had the highest expression in leaves at maturity stage. Zm00001d021255 was found to be associated with stem nutritional quality traits 10 times at two loci. This gene encoded cysteine rich receptor like protein kinase 25，which was only expressed in developmental internodes and female panicles，can be further studied and validated.【Conclusion】Using GLM and MLM models could quickly and effectively associate significant loci related to maize stem nutrient quality. HC-SNP could be screened through repetitive significant loci，and then associated gene enrichment regions could be excavated.

【Objective】To clarify the effects of different microbial inoculants on biomass of continuous cropping A. membranaceus var. mongholicus and soil fungal community structure.【Methods】 Four treatments were set up using A. membranaceus var. mongholicus as test material，ETS compound inoculant（ETS），Doveite antibacterial inoculant（DWTK），multifunctional vitamin bacterial inoculant（WSS）and blank control（CK）. The biomass of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus was measured. And high-throughput sequencing technology was used to examine the fungal community structure in the soil.【Results】The biomass of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus above ground tissues and roots was significantly（P<0.05）increased by DWTK treatment，with above ground biomass increased by 17.5% and root biomass increased by 18.4%，compared with CK. The three microbial inoculants clearly improved the soil fungal community. Among them，the number of soil fungi OTU in DWTK treatment was substantially higher than that of CK and WSS treatment，and the fungal groups were more abundant. In comparison to the other three treatments，the DWTK treatment significantly reduced the abundance of pathogenic fungi Fusarium and increased the abundance of Gibberella.【Conclusion】Doveite antibacterial inoculant effectively improved the structure of rhizosphere fungi community of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus，reduced the number of pathogenic fungi，and increased the number of fungi. It was advantageous to strengthen the continuous cropping A. membranaceus var. mongholicus disease resistance and boost the biomass.

Sea buckthorn is widely planted in the northwest region of China,and its fruit contains abundant phenolic compounds,sugars,vitamins,etc. It has antioxidant and anti-aging,immune regulation,anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor,skin health and other effects. As a medicinal and edible plant,sea buckthorn fruit is used in industries such as food,medicine,agriculture,and animal husbandry. The article provides an overview of the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of sea buckthorn fruit,aiming to lay the foundation for further exploration and utilization of sea buckthorn fruit resources.

From the division of duties of departments and agencies and the acceptance process and the required attachments which is necessary to grasp and the ability which financial assistant should have three aspects,the research institutes should carry out their work in all kinds of major projects to implement the financial power,and the project focus for auditing department was point out in the article.

Silage maize plays an important role in the development of animal husbandry.Germplasm resources,major characteristics and present silage maize breeding in China were reviewed.The breeding target of silage maize in the near future was proposed,and discussed the prospects for the development of silage maize to provide reference for future silage maize breeding.

【Objective】To assess the degree of Phytophthora resistance of pepper germplasm resources and examine the indoor antifungal activity of common chemical agents against Phytophthora capsici，in order to provide guidance for the prevention and control of Phytophthora.【Methods】The resistance of 28 pepper germplasm resources to Phytophthora capsici was evaluated by root inoculation. The sensitivity of Phytophthora capsici S90 to 16 common fungicides in the market was analyzed by mycelial growth rate method.【Results】The disease resistance of different pepper germplasm resources was significantly different，and the disease index was 0-100. Among them，the disease index of C164，C186，C167，C189，Beixing No.1 and Beixing No. 6 was 0，showing high resistance，accounting for 21.43% of the total resources. There were 1 medium resistant and 21 highly susceptible materials，accounting for 3.57% and 75.00% of the total resources，respectively. Among the 16 fungicides，the suspension of 32% pyraclostrobin·fluopicolide had the highest inhibitory activity of P. capsici S90，with EC₅₀ value at 6.935 0 mg/L. The EC₅₀ values of iprodione，carbendazim，myclobutanil，ethylicin and pyraclostrobin were 21.504 7 to 93.587 8 mg/L. The EC₅₀ values of other fungicides were all greater than 100 mg/L，among which，fluopyramotri·floxystrobin and chlorobromoisocy anuric acid had no inhibitory effect on P. capsici S90.【Conclusion】In the tested pepper germplasm resources，there were six varieties with high Phytophthora capsici resistance. Among the 16 fungicides tested，the suspension of 32% pyraclostrobin·fluopicolide had the highest inhibitory effect on P. capsici S90. Iprodione，carbendazim，myclobutanil，ethylicin and pyraclostrobin also had some inhibitory activities that could be used as effective fungicides for controlling Phytophthora.

【Objective】To explore the effects of salt and drought stress on Allium mongolicum Regel seed germination，and to provide references for the study of artificial cultivation and stress tolerance of Allium mongolicum Regel.【Methods】Taking Allium mongolicum Regel seeds as test material，different concentrations of NaCl and Na₂SO₄ neutral salt mix solution and PEG-6000 solution were used to simulate salt and drought stress. The germination rate，germination potential，germination index and vitality index were tested. The functional equation created by the relative germination rate and each treatment concentration was used to determine the seed tolerance.【Results】Allium mongolicum Regel seeds germination indicators gradually decreased as salt and drought stress increased，and the initial germination time delayed. When the salt concentration was 75 mmol/L and 150 mmol/L，seeds germination time delayed to the day 3 and day 5，respectively，and the germination rate fell to 23.33% and 12.66%，respectively. When the concentration of PEG-6000 was 15% and 20%，the seeds germination time delayed to day 3 and day 4，respectively，and germination rate fell to 38.66% and 25.33%，respectively. The salt tolerance and drought resistance semi-lethal osmotic potentials were -0.20 MPa and -3.80 MPa，and the salt tolerance and drought resistance limit osmotic potentials were -0.60 MPa and -7.38 MPa，respectively.【Conclusion】The seeds germination of Allium mongolicum Regel was not significantly suppressed under mild drought stress，with drought tolerance limit osmotic potential of -7.38 MPa. Low-permeability salt solution significantly inhibited Allium mongolicum Regel seed germination，with salt tolerance limit osmotic potential of -0.60 MPa.