To investigate the immune regulatory effects of Asparagus cochinchinensis polysaccharide (ACP) on immunosuppressed mice, a total of 60 Kunming mice weighing 18-22 g were randomly assigned into the following six groups: a saline control group (n=10) received no treatment, a positive control group (n=10) received intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/(kg·BW) cyclophosphamide, and four drug intervention groups (n=10 in each group) received administration of 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/(kg·BW) ACP solution after intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/(kg·BW) cyclophosphamide, respectively. After the administration for 7 consecutive days, the plasma levels of cytokines including IL-2, IL-6 and IFN-γ of the mice in different groups were determined and compared. Furthermore, the spleen index and thymus index were calculated, and the histological changes of the spleen and thymus were observed. The results showed that the 100 and 200 mg/(kg·BW) ACP intervention groups had obviously higher plasma levels of IL-2 and IL-6 compared to the saline control group and cyclophosphamide control group;the plasma level of IFN-γ in 200 and 300 mg/(kg·BW) ACP intervention groups were significantly elevated;the mice treated with different doses of ASP had a significantly higher spleen index. The results indicated that ACP could enhance the immune function of mice.

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of intraperitoneal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) on estrus rate and number of early embryos and fetuses in female mice. A total of 40 Kunming mice weighing (26±1.37)g were selected and randomly allocated into the following two groups: a control group (n=20) received intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 mL normal saline, and an experimental group (n=20) received intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 mL NMDA solution. The vaginal mucus was sampled by dipping with a cotton swab. The smeared samples were stained with HE staining method to determine the estrus of the mice. On the 3rd day after the mating of estrus female mice and male mice, 10 mice were randomly selected from each group and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. After embryos flush, the number of embryos was observed under the stereomicroscope. On the 9th day after the mating, the remaining mice were sacrificed and their uteri were collected to count the number of fetuses. The results showed that compared to the control group, the estrus rate, embryo number and fetuses number of the mice in NMDA group were increased by 28.57%, 18.18% and 12.94%, respectively. In conclusion, intraperitoneal injection of NMDA can promote the estrus of female mice and increase the number of early embryos and fetuses, which provides a theoretical basis for the application of NMDA in animal reproduction.

The study aimed to investigate the effects of vitrification on development of donkey oocytes. Fresh ovarian tissues were collected and the isolated oocytes were treated in the following three ways: direct freezing (T1 group), recovery after cryopreservation + in vitro maturation treatment for 20 h (T2 group) or 40 h (T3 group). At the same time, fresh GV oocytes were included and served as the corresponding control groups: fresh cells without maturation treatment (C1 group) and those matured for 20 h (C2 group) or 40 h (C3 group). The cells treated in different ways were subjected to transcriptome sequencing. The obtained original data were filtered by Trimmomatic (v0.36) software, and the subsequent data were analyzed. After filtering, the original data were compared with the reference gene pool for annotation analysis and methylation site recognition, and the differences in methylation level between the different groups were compared. The results showed that the methylation levels of T1 and T2 groups were higher than those of C1 and C2 groups, respectively, and the methylation level of T3 group was lower than that of C3 group. In the oocytes treated with vitrification, the highest methylation level of CpGs was observed T1 group, followed by T2 group and T3 group. A total of 1 269 differentially expressed genes were selected, and 677 of them were found to have expressional differences between cryopreserved and unfrozen cells. The most significant differences in methylation level before and after vitrified cryopreservation in donkey oocytes were observed in GFM1 and MRPL15 genes, and the gene pathway was enriched in the mitochondrial extension pathway, which resulted in the lower maturation rate of oocytes after vitrified cryopreservation. The results of this study laid experimental basis for determining the optimal conditions for oocytes cryopreservation.

[Objective] To evaluate the safety of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) for clinical use.[Method] A total of 40 Kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups with 10 mice in each group. Mice in the three experimental groups were intraperitoneally injected with 11.34, 56.70, 113.40 mg/(kg·BW) PNS once a day for 14 consecutive days;mice in the blank control group were intraperitoneally injected with 0.3 mL of normal saline for 14 consecutive days. The body weight, organ index (liver, spleen and kidney index) and blood biochemical indexes of mice in each group were measured and compared;the liver, spleen and kidney tissues of mice in each group were taken to prepare histopathological slide, and the pathological changes of the above tissues were observed by microscopy.[Result] There was no significant difference in body weight between the three PNS treatment groups and the blank control group (P>0.05);the spleen index of 11.34 mg/(kg·BW) PNS group was significantly lower than that of the blank control group (P<0.05);the aspartate aminotransferase activity and serum creatinine content of 113.40 mg/(kg·BW) PNS group were significantly lower than that of the blank control group (P<0.05), while blood urea nitrogen content was significantly higher than that of the blank control group (P<0.05);the histopathological observation demonstrated that PNS had no obvious damage to liver, spleen and kidney.[Conclusion] PNS is actually non-toxic, but its long-term use can produce nephrotoxicity, suggesting that the clinical use of PNS should not be excessive.

The objective of this study was to assess the meat nutritional components between Jingyuan chickens with varied feather colors (white, linen and black) and to evaluate their differences. The core group of the fifth generation of the Jingyuan chickens with three different feather colors were used as experimental animals. The contents of initial moisture, fat, protein and amino acid of the chest muscles and leg muscles were determined by using direct drying method, Soxhlet extraction method, micro -Kjeldahl method and amino acid determination method recommended by national standard GB 5009.124 -2016. The results showed that the initial moisture content of the chest muscles and leg muscles of the three groups of Jingyuan chickens with different feather colors was 71.10%, 70.35%, 70.69% and 72.14%, 70.13%, 72.08%, respectively, and no significances were observed (P>0.05). The highest fat content in the chest muscles and leg muscles was observed in the black-feathered Jingyuan chickens, which was 2.19% and 3.12%, and the lowest was observed in the white-feathered ones. The highest protein content (24.30%) in the chest muscles was observed in the linen-feathered Jingyuan chickens, followed by the white-feathered ones and black-feathered ones. No significant difference in protein content of the leg muscles was found between the three groups (P> 0.05). There was no significant difference in meat amino acid content between the three groups (P >0.05). The content of glutamate in the chest muscles and leg muscles was the highest, followed by aspartic acid, lysine, leucine and arginine. The linen -feathered Jingyuan chickens had the highest contents of essential amino acid and total amino acid in chest muscles compared to the other two groups. While the highest content of essential amino acid in leg muscles was observed in the linen-feathered Jingyuan chickens, the highest content of total amino acid was found in the white-feathered ones. Our results may have referential value for consumers when purchasing Jingyuan chicken.

Diethylstilbestrol, one of the most effective synthetic estrogens, was once used as a growth promoter in animal husbandry. Studies have found that its residue in food origin animals can cause serious harm to human health and ecological environment. In this paper, the characteristics and hazard of diethylstilbestrol residues were reviewed, with emphasis on the research progress of the detection technology of diethylstilbestrol residues.

In this study, the degraded sub-alpine meadow in Shangri-La City, locating in the northwest part of Yunnan Province, was chosen as the subject investigated and was continuously enclosed from 2012 to 2018. Above-ground biomass and botanical composition of vegetation in restoration succession was determined and assessed, and both of their variation trends were characterized. Furthermore, intermediate disturbance hypothesis was used to evaluate the reasonable enclosure period and stocking capacity. The results showed that compared to the degraded areas, the significant higher above -ground biomass was observed in the enclosed plots at the first, second and fifth year of enclosing;the above -ground biomass of the grassland was increased as power function model during the enclosure period, and the resistance and resilience of the grassland was 518.8 g/m^2 and 56.3 months;at the fifth year of enclosure, the non-forage species (including poisonous and harmful species) still accounted for 29.2% of all the species of vegetation, and the suitable stocking capacity was 2.81 -3.37 ewe equivalent per hectare. In conclusion, weeds removing in combination with enclosure during pasture restoration succession is conductive to improve pasture quality and increase pasture productivity in a more efficient way.

In this study, the monthly dynamics of crude protein, crude ash, crude fiber and digestibility of four main herbage plants, Stipa breviflora, Stipa kirschner, Leymus chinensis and Artemisia frigida, in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia were characterized. The differences in nutrient indices between different species in the same month and different months of the same species were statistically compared. The results showed that the in vitro digestibility of the four herbages was decreased with the extension of time. The crude ash content showed different changing rules among different species. While no obvious changes in crude protein content was observed in Artemisia frigida, the crude protein content of the other three plants was found to increase in initial stage and then decrease. The content of crude fibers was increased with the extension of time. The digestibility of forage was extremely significantly positively correlated with crude protein content, and the crude ash content was significantly positively correlated with crude protein content. Our results provide a scientific basis for improving the utilization efficiency of biological resources in desert steppe in this region.

In order to assess the dynamic changes of nutrient content in alfalfa hay bales during storage, the dynamic changes of nutrient content and relative feeding value (RFV) of alfalfa hay bales with water content of 15% and bundles density of 150 kg/m3 at different storage durations (1, 10, 30, 90, 180, 360 d) were studied. The results showed that the crude protein (CP) content of alfalfa hay was decreased in the whole storage process;compared to the first day of storage, the CP content of alfalfa hay was decreased significantly in the other days of storage (P<0.05);from the perspective of CP content, the quality of alfalfa hay was decreased from grade 1 to grade 2. The content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of alfalfa hay was elevated with the prolongation of storage time;the content of NDF in the 360th day of storage was significantly higher than that in the 90th day of storage (P<0.05);from the perspective of NDF content, the quality of alfalfa hay was decreased from grade 2 to grade 3. The content of acid detergent fiber (ADF) was also increased with the prolongation of storage time, after 10 days of storage, the content of ADF began to increase significantly (P<0.05);from the perspective of ADF content, the quality of alfalfa hay was decreased from grade 1 to grade 4. The DMI value of alfalfa hay stored for more than 30 days was significantly lower than that within 30 days (P<0.05);from the perspective of DMI value, the quality of alfalfa hay was decreased from grade 1 to grade 3. The DDM value of alfalfa hay stored for more than 90 days was significantly lower than that stored for less than 90 days (P<0.05);from the perspective of DDM value, the quality of alfalfa hay was decreased from grade 1 to grade 4. With the prolongation of storage time, the RFV value of alfalfa hay was reduced significantly (P<0.05);the RFV value of alfalfa hay was decreased greatly during 180 -360 days of storage;from the perspective of RFV value, the quality of alfalfa hay was decreased from grade 2 to grade 3. In general, the nutritional value of alfalfa hay was significantly reduced after 180 days of storage. Therefore, the alfalfa hay was recommended to be sold or fed to livestock within 180 days of storage.

The stems and leaves are the aerial parts of the leguminous plant Glycyrrhiza uralensis. There are some biological active substances in the stems and leaves of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, such as flavonoids, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizin and liquiritin, which express antibacterial, antiviral, anti -oxidant, lipid-lowering and immune enhancing activities. The nutritional value of stems and leaves of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and their application in ruminants feed were reviewed.

In order to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of compound enzyme on growth performance of lamb, a total of 60 2.5-month-old weaned lambs were selected and randomly divided into three groups according to their weight, including a control group and two experimental groups. All of the groups were reared under the same feeding condition and fed with the same basal diet. The experimental groupⅠand Ⅱ received addition of 0.1% and 0.2% compound enzyme in basal diet, respectively. The results showed that compared to the control group, the average daily gain of the experimental groupⅠand Ⅱ was elevated by 10.90%(P <0.05) and 13.02%(P <0.05), respectively;the experimental group Ⅱ had significantly lower feed -gain ratio compared to the control group and experimental groupⅠ(P<0.05);there were no significant differences in contents of serum urea nitrogen and triglyceride between control group and the two experimental groups (P>0.05);the significantly higher contents of blood sugar, total protein and total cholesterol were observed in the two experimental groups compared to the control group (P< 0.05). Collectively, the experimental groupⅡ(dietary supplementation of 0.2% compound enzyme) showed the best feeding effect in lambs.

The creep feed is prepared to substitute the whole milk and has the function of promoting the growth and development of piglets and improving their weaning weight. It can help the piglets learn to feed during lactation. This article briefly described the efficacy, processing technology and feed morphology of creep feed, and reviewed the effect of antimicrobial-free creep feed on growth and development of piglets, in hoping to provide references for the research and application of creep feed in piglets rearing.

The shortage of conventional feed and the increase of livestock breeding cost have become the key factors restricting the development of animal husbandry in China. Therefore, development and utilization of unconventional feed are the main technical measures to alleviate the shortage of feed resources. In this paper, the development and utilization of potato seedlings as an unconventional feed were reviewed, in hoping to provide references for feed utilization of potato seedlings.

The objective of this study was to explore the feed processing technology of Salix babylonica leaves. Firstly, we characterized the changes of nutrient content of Salix babylonica leaves collected in six growth stages (leaf-expansion stage, early flowering stage, catkin flying stage, green stage, withered and yellow stage, and defoliation stage). Secondly, the nutrient content and fermentation quality of the silage products prepared with the leaves in six growth stages were determined and compared, respectively. Thirdly, the fermentation quality of the silage products prepared with the leaves in withered and yellow stage as well as defoliation stage with or without addition of lactic acid bacteria during fermentation process were compared, respectively. The results showed that from the perspective of nutrient content, the nutritional value of Salix babylonica leaves collected in leaf - expansion stage was similar to that of the high-quality leguminous forage;as the extension of growth stage, the nutrient content and feeding value of the leaves was decreased significantly. The silage products prepared with the leaves in six growth stages had no improvement in fermentation quality compared to the corresponding fresh leaves, and their feeding value was poor. However, the addition of lactic acid bacteria significantly improved the fermentation quality of the silage products prepared with the leaves in withered and yellow stage as well as defoliation stage. In conclusion, the Salix babylonica leaves in leaf-expansion stage are recommended to be fed to livestock directly;the leaves in other growth stages are recommended to be used as raw materials for preparation of silage with addition of lactic acid bacteria.

In order to investigate the residents′ consumption preference of fresh beef in Urumqi, a total of 132 consumers were surveyed and interviewed by using random sampling method. The results showed that 84.09% of the surveyed consumers liked eating beef, but only 8.33% of them consumed beef every day;50.00% of the consumers preferred beef without packaging;the monthly mean consumption of beef for most households was about 3 kg. Based on the above survey results, some suggestions were put forward as follows: expanding the scale of high -quality beef cattle breeding, strengthening brand building and improving packaging design of fresh beef product, optimizing beef segmentation, and improving the quality of fresh beef.

Bone growth and development is very important for animals. Its normal growth mainly maintains the dynamic balance of bone through the bone formation of osteoblasts and bone resorption of osteoclasts. Morinda officinalis, as a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, not only plays an important role in anti-aging and immunity enhancing, but also is particularly prominent in tonifying kidney and strengthening bones and muscles. This article reviews how Morinda officinalis influences the growth and development of bone at cell level and animal level, in hoping to provide theoretical basis for the application of Morinda officinalis as an oral additive in improving the growth of animal bone.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine to treat the symptoms of organ fever, food poisoning, typhoid fever, sore throat, cough due to lung heat, children′s diseases and so on. In recent years, it has been found that the extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis has good anti -cancer activity. 18β-glycyrrhetic acid, one of the main components in the extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, is found to have good anti-cancer activity. It can be obtained by hydrolysis of its precursor of glycyrrhizic acid. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid exerts its anti-cancer effects by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis of cancer cells, suppressing invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, preventing oxidation, prohibiting neovascularization and lymphangiogenesis, and regulating hormone secretion. The research progress of anti -cancer mechanism of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid was reviewed, in hoping to provide references for the subsequent associated researches.

ISEC is the abbreviation of International Scholarly Exchange Curriculum. ISEC teaching emphasizes the international teaching ideas and the "student -centered" teaching mode, adopts the process evaluation system, and pays attention to the cultivation of the students′ critical thinking and the ability of team cooperation. Compared with traditional teaching methods, ISEC teaching have many advantages, such as new teaching idea, perfect curriculum system, diversified teaching methods, processing evaluation mechanism, humanized teaching management and so on. We expounded the characteristics of ISEC teaching from five aspects: teaching mode, teaching method, teaching material, teaching evaluation system and teaching team. Furthermore, by combining with the course characteristics of Food Fermentation and Brewing Technology, we discussed the application of ISEC in practical teaching from seven aspects: the change of teachers′ concept, the change of students′ concept, the formulation of reasonable teaching outline, the establishment of reasonable evaluation system, the construction of independent learning consciousness, the cultivation of critical thinking, and the establishment of ISEC teaching staffs.

Animal Physiology is one of the core courses in animal medicine and animal science specialties, and is also a curriculum that integrates theory with practice. The application -oriented undergraduate teaching focuses on the cultivation of undergraduates′ innovative and practical abilities. Therefore, combining with the talent cultivation objectives of application - oriented undergraduate and the characteristics of the curriculum itself, on the basis of teaching practice, the reform of paradigm teaching was explored from the aspects of comparison between the traditional and new paradigms, learning models and auxiliary courses, in hoping to lay a theoretical foundation for the training of qualified application-oriented talents.

In order to explore the application effect of the teaching method of flip classroom in theoretical teaching of some chapters of Animal Histology and Embryology, and to compare the teaching effects of the flip classroom teaching mode and the traditional teaching mode, Class 1 -3 of veterinary medicine specialty in Grade 2017 in College of Animal Sciences of Tarim University, was used as the experimental group in which the flip classroom teaching mode was adopted;while Class 2-4 of animal science specialty was used as the control group in which the traditional teaching mode was adopted. The results showed that while there was no difference in the highest score in the taught chapters of Animal Histology and Embryology between the experimental group and the control group, the average score of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05). Questionnaire survey showed that more than 90% of students in the experimental group was satisfied with the flip classroom teaching mode. It was indicated that the educational concept and teaching mode of flipped classroom can be used as a new direction of teaching reform in some chapters of Animal Histology and Embryology.

In order to improve the teaching level of parasite morphology and make full use of the large amount of parasite specimens accumulated in the parasitic department of preventive veterinary medicine of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, through strengthening the construction of veterinary parasitology specimen room and exploring the reform of experimental teaching of Veterinary Parasitology, the level of specimen management as well as the service role of parasitology specimen in teaching were improved, in hoping to provide ideas for the teaching reform of this course.

Teaching aids are all equipment that assist classroom instruction in the teaching process, embodying educational ideas, teaching goals, teaching contents, and teaching methods. Teaching aids play a crucial role in veterinary medicine specialty teaching. This paper mainly summarized the types and characteristics of the teaching aids commonly used in veterinary medicine specialty teacing, in hoping to provide references for the development and application of teaching aids.

Canine babesiosis is a commonly observed blood parasitic disease which is transmitted by hard ticks. Clinically, it occurs frequently in spring and summer, and the diseased dogs are clinically characterized by high fever, jaundice, redness of urine, severe anemia, emaciation and mental retardation. In this study, two clinical cases of canine babesiosis in a pet hospital in Zhengzhou of Henan Province were selected, and the diagnosis and treatment methods were summarized.

Lamb diarrhea is a highly contagious disease and has a high mortality rate. Commonly, the occurrence this disease has no obvious seasonality and regularity. Most cases are clinically observed in newborn lambs showing obvious clinical symptoms of diarrhea. Causative factors associated with lamb diarrhea are complicated. A clear understanding of the etiological factors and scientific and effective prevention and treatment measures are conductive to control the lamb diarrhea. We mainly introduced the main etiological factors of diarrhea in lambs, in hoping to provide references for sheep farmers to control this disease.

In order to investigate the prevalence of rotavirus infection associated calf diarrhea in some areas of Daqing City of Heilongjiang Province, six randomly collected fecal samples from calf with diarrhea were detected for the presence of VP7 gene of bovine rotavirus by suing RT-PCR assay, and the VP7 gene positive samples were subjected to genotyping via multiple semi-nested PCR assay. The results showed that all of the six clinical samples were positive for VP7 gene of bovine rotavirus, and they were all proved to belong to G10 type. It was indicated that the G-type bovine rotavirus was one of the main causative agents associated with the calf diarrhea in Daqing area. Therefore, the prevent and control measures targeting on G-type bovine rotavirus infection should be implemented.

African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, severe and highly contagious infectious disease in pigs or wild boars caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). ASF is clinically characterized by unexplained death, high fever, reticuloendothelial system hemorrhage and splenomegaly. The death rate of this disease can reach up to 100%, indicating its extremely fast transmission speed and serious harmfulness. This paper reviews the epidemiology, laboratory diagnostic methods and prevention and control measures of ASF, in hoping to provide references for its comprehensive prevention and control.